The depletion of the ozone layer, a vital shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is now a worldwide environmental concern. Human activities, particularly the release of ozone depleting su...The depletion of the ozone layer, a vital shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is now a worldwide environmental concern. Human activities, particularly the release of ozone depleting substances (ODS), have led to the thinning of this protective layer over recent decades. Simultaneously, illegal trade has emerged as a global challenge, giving rise to economic issues, losses of tax revenue, heightened criminal activities, health risks, and environmental hazards. The depletion of the ozone layer, a critical shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, has become a global environmental concern. This paper delves into the legal dimensions surrounding ozone-depleting substances (ODS), their impact on the ozone layer, and the subsequent risk of skin cancer. As countries navigate international agreements, domestic regulations, and enforcement mechanisms, the intricate interplay between legal frameworks and the health implications of ozone layer depletion comes to the forefront. The paper highlights particular instances of illegal trade in ozone depleting substances, drawing from data reported by the parties to the Montreal Protocol. Notably, China stands out as a significant source of contraband ODS, with other countries such as Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, and France reporting numerous cases. Analyzing these case instances offers insights into the efficacy of legal frameworks and enforcement measures. The paper offers a comprehensive set of recommendations to strengthen global control and enforcement against the illegal trade of ozone depleting substances. These recommendations span diverse aspects such as production monitoring, customs collaboration, mutual verification, cross-border agreements, public-private partnerships, international cooperation, detection equipment, global regulatory standards, resource allocation, public awareness campaigns, alternative substance development, and controlling the trade at its source. By applying these recommendations and enhancing enforcement measures, we aim to protect the ozone layer and create a healthier and safer world for future generations and achieve sustainable development goals.展开更多
An engineering system approach of 2-D cylindrical model of transient mass balance calculations of ozone and other concerned chemicals along with fourteen photolysis, ozone-generating and ozone-depleting chemical react...An engineering system approach of 2-D cylindrical model of transient mass balance calculations of ozone and other concerned chemicals along with fourteen photolysis, ozone-generating and ozone-depleting chemical reaction equations was developed, validated, and used for studying the ozone concentrations, distribution and peak of the layer, ozone depletion and total ozone abundance in the stratosphere. The calculated ozone concentrations and profile at both the Equator and a 60˚N location were found to follow closely with the measured data. The calculated average ozone concentration was within 1% of the measured average, and the deviation of ozone profiles was within 14%. The monthly evolution of stratospheric ozone concentrations and distribution above the Equator was studied with results discussed in details. The influences of slow air movement in both altitudinal and radial directions on ozone concentrations and profile in the stratosphere were explored and discussed. Parametric studies of the influences of gas diffusivities of ozone D<sub>O3</sub> and active atomic oxygen D<sub>O</sub> on ozone concentrations and distributions were also studied and delineated. Having both influences through physical diffusion and chemical reactions, the diffusivity (and diffusion) of atomic oxygen D<sub>O</sub> was found to be more sensitive and important than that of ozone D<sub>O3</sub> on ozone concentrations and distribution. The 2-D ozone model present in this paper for stratospheric ozone and its layer and depletion is shown to be robust, convenient, efficient, and executable for analyzing the complex ozone phenomena in the stratosphere. .展开更多
The concept of classification through deep learning is to build a model that skillfully separates closely-related images dataset into different classes because of diminutive but continuous variations that took place i...The concept of classification through deep learning is to build a model that skillfully separates closely-related images dataset into different classes because of diminutive but continuous variations that took place in physical systems over time and effect substantially.This study has made ozone depletion identification through classification using Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network(F-RCNN).The main advantage of F-RCNN is to accumulate the bounding boxes on images to differentiate the depleted and non-depleted regions.Furthermore,image classification’s primary goal is to accurately predict each minutely varied case’s targeted classes in the dataset based on ozone saturation.The permanent changes in climate are of serious concern.The leading causes beyond these destructive variations are ozone layer depletion,greenhouse gas release,deforestation,pollution,water resources contamination,and UV radiation.This research focuses on the prediction by identifying the ozone layer depletion because it causes many health issues,e.g.,skin cancer,damage to marine life,crops damage,and impacts on living being’s immune systems.We have tried to classify the ozone images dataset into two major classes,depleted and non-depleted regions,to extract the required persuading features through F-RCNN.Furthermore,CNN has been used for feature extraction in the existing literature,and those extricated diverse RoIs are passed on to the CNN for grouping purposes.It is difficult to manage and differentiate those RoIs after grouping that negatively affects the gathered results.The classification outcomes through F-RCNN approach are proficient and demonstrate that general accuracy lies between 91%to 93%in identifying climate variation through ozone concentration classification,whether the region in the image under consideration is depleted or non-depleted.Our proposed model presented 93%accuracy,and it outperforms the prevailing techniques.展开更多
Maritime shipping has been a major facilitator of economic prosperity<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span>throughout the world and it is likely to grow t...Maritime shipping has been a major facilitator of economic prosperity<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span>throughout the world and it is likely to grow to meet continued and growing transport needs in both developed and developing countries. However, global emissions from maritime shipping ha</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ve</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> increased considerably, causing depletion of the ozone layer and most importantly posing threat to lives and coastal environment through air pollution. This study investigated the constituents of ambient air in Onne port’s environment in Rivers State of Nigeria. Six air pollutants (O<sub>3</sub> CO, NO<sub>2</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>) were critically monitored with hand-held mobile Aeroqual gas monitors, series 500, at strategic locations within the port’s environment and Eleme Junction (</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">control). We found that mean concentration</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> (μg·m<sup>3</sup>) of the following pollutants: O<sub>3</sub> (71.776 ± 0.726), CO, (19.145 ± </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">0.275) NO<sub>2</sub> (28.145 ± 0.965) and SO<sub>2</sub> (36.913 ± 0.378) were significantly high. The particulates (PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>) also showed higher mean concentrations of 48.400 ± 0.197 and 29.676 ± 0.352 respectively. The observed values were found<span> to be significantly higher</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">than those observed in the control group and also exceeded the safe permissible limits for gaseous pollutants when compared to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) standards. This exceedance raises questions on Nigeria’s commitments to implementations of (Annex VI) International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution (MARPOL</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> 73/78</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">) from Ships. Again, the findings portend ecological hazards to residents, flora and fauna as elevated levels of these gaseous pollutants have been associated with chronic respiratory diseases. The policy implications of the findings were discussed.</span></span></span>展开更多
文摘The depletion of the ozone layer, a vital shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is now a worldwide environmental concern. Human activities, particularly the release of ozone depleting substances (ODS), have led to the thinning of this protective layer over recent decades. Simultaneously, illegal trade has emerged as a global challenge, giving rise to economic issues, losses of tax revenue, heightened criminal activities, health risks, and environmental hazards. The depletion of the ozone layer, a critical shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, has become a global environmental concern. This paper delves into the legal dimensions surrounding ozone-depleting substances (ODS), their impact on the ozone layer, and the subsequent risk of skin cancer. As countries navigate international agreements, domestic regulations, and enforcement mechanisms, the intricate interplay between legal frameworks and the health implications of ozone layer depletion comes to the forefront. The paper highlights particular instances of illegal trade in ozone depleting substances, drawing from data reported by the parties to the Montreal Protocol. Notably, China stands out as a significant source of contraband ODS, with other countries such as Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, and France reporting numerous cases. Analyzing these case instances offers insights into the efficacy of legal frameworks and enforcement measures. The paper offers a comprehensive set of recommendations to strengthen global control and enforcement against the illegal trade of ozone depleting substances. These recommendations span diverse aspects such as production monitoring, customs collaboration, mutual verification, cross-border agreements, public-private partnerships, international cooperation, detection equipment, global regulatory standards, resource allocation, public awareness campaigns, alternative substance development, and controlling the trade at its source. By applying these recommendations and enhancing enforcement measures, we aim to protect the ozone layer and create a healthier and safer world for future generations and achieve sustainable development goals.
文摘An engineering system approach of 2-D cylindrical model of transient mass balance calculations of ozone and other concerned chemicals along with fourteen photolysis, ozone-generating and ozone-depleting chemical reaction equations was developed, validated, and used for studying the ozone concentrations, distribution and peak of the layer, ozone depletion and total ozone abundance in the stratosphere. The calculated ozone concentrations and profile at both the Equator and a 60˚N location were found to follow closely with the measured data. The calculated average ozone concentration was within 1% of the measured average, and the deviation of ozone profiles was within 14%. The monthly evolution of stratospheric ozone concentrations and distribution above the Equator was studied with results discussed in details. The influences of slow air movement in both altitudinal and radial directions on ozone concentrations and profile in the stratosphere were explored and discussed. Parametric studies of the influences of gas diffusivities of ozone D<sub>O3</sub> and active atomic oxygen D<sub>O</sub> on ozone concentrations and distributions were also studied and delineated. Having both influences through physical diffusion and chemical reactions, the diffusivity (and diffusion) of atomic oxygen D<sub>O</sub> was found to be more sensitive and important than that of ozone D<sub>O3</sub> on ozone concentrations and distribution. The 2-D ozone model present in this paper for stratospheric ozone and its layer and depletion is shown to be robust, convenient, efficient, and executable for analyzing the complex ozone phenomena in the stratosphere. .
文摘The concept of classification through deep learning is to build a model that skillfully separates closely-related images dataset into different classes because of diminutive but continuous variations that took place in physical systems over time and effect substantially.This study has made ozone depletion identification through classification using Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network(F-RCNN).The main advantage of F-RCNN is to accumulate the bounding boxes on images to differentiate the depleted and non-depleted regions.Furthermore,image classification’s primary goal is to accurately predict each minutely varied case’s targeted classes in the dataset based on ozone saturation.The permanent changes in climate are of serious concern.The leading causes beyond these destructive variations are ozone layer depletion,greenhouse gas release,deforestation,pollution,water resources contamination,and UV radiation.This research focuses on the prediction by identifying the ozone layer depletion because it causes many health issues,e.g.,skin cancer,damage to marine life,crops damage,and impacts on living being’s immune systems.We have tried to classify the ozone images dataset into two major classes,depleted and non-depleted regions,to extract the required persuading features through F-RCNN.Furthermore,CNN has been used for feature extraction in the existing literature,and those extricated diverse RoIs are passed on to the CNN for grouping purposes.It is difficult to manage and differentiate those RoIs after grouping that negatively affects the gathered results.The classification outcomes through F-RCNN approach are proficient and demonstrate that general accuracy lies between 91%to 93%in identifying climate variation through ozone concentration classification,whether the region in the image under consideration is depleted or non-depleted.Our proposed model presented 93%accuracy,and it outperforms the prevailing techniques.
文摘Maritime shipping has been a major facilitator of economic prosperity<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span>throughout the world and it is likely to grow to meet continued and growing transport needs in both developed and developing countries. However, global emissions from maritime shipping ha</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ve</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> increased considerably, causing depletion of the ozone layer and most importantly posing threat to lives and coastal environment through air pollution. This study investigated the constituents of ambient air in Onne port’s environment in Rivers State of Nigeria. Six air pollutants (O<sub>3</sub> CO, NO<sub>2</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>) were critically monitored with hand-held mobile Aeroqual gas monitors, series 500, at strategic locations within the port’s environment and Eleme Junction (</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">control). We found that mean concentration</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> (μg·m<sup>3</sup>) of the following pollutants: O<sub>3</sub> (71.776 ± 0.726), CO, (19.145 ± </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">0.275) NO<sub>2</sub> (28.145 ± 0.965) and SO<sub>2</sub> (36.913 ± 0.378) were significantly high. The particulates (PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>) also showed higher mean concentrations of 48.400 ± 0.197 and 29.676 ± 0.352 respectively. The observed values were found<span> to be significantly higher</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">than those observed in the control group and also exceeded the safe permissible limits for gaseous pollutants when compared to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) standards. This exceedance raises questions on Nigeria’s commitments to implementations of (Annex VI) International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution (MARPOL</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> 73/78</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">) from Ships. Again, the findings portend ecological hazards to residents, flora and fauna as elevated levels of these gaseous pollutants have been associated with chronic respiratory diseases. The policy implications of the findings were discussed.</span></span></span>
