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Hard Paternalism and Confucian Familism
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作者 Andrew Tsz Wan Hung 《Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences》 2024年第3期455-478,共24页
In this paper,I criticize Joel Feinberg's argument of soft paternalism,which stands against hard paternalism,as being untenable.As assessing one's voluntariness is very difficult and controversial,paternalisti... In this paper,I criticize Joel Feinberg's argument of soft paternalism,which stands against hard paternalism,as being untenable.As assessing one's voluntariness is very difficult and controversial,paternalistic measures would be preferable to be implemented by hard paternalism rather than soft paternalism.I then examine four usual criticisms of hard paternalism from the perspective of utilitarianism and the principle of autonomy.I argue that these criticisms are unsound and unfounded,and I defend hard paternalism from the perspective of Confucian familism.I argue that as one's life and identity are inseparable from one's family,“self-regarding”actions,traditionally understood,do not only affect the self,but also one's family members.Thus,paternalistic measures to protect individuals from self-harming are also aimed to protect their family members which are indeed compatible with Mill's harm principle. 展开更多
关键词 paternalism Feinberg John S.Mill-Confucian familism Autonomy:Voluntariness
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Development and parentage analysis of SNP markers for Chestnut-vented Nuthatch(Sitta nagaensis)based on ddRAD-seq data
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作者 Qingmiao Yuan Xi Lu +3 位作者 Ruixin Mo Xianyin Xu Xu Luo Yubao Duan 《Avian Research》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第2期271-278,共8页
Extra-pair paternity(EPP)is commonly found in socially monogamous birds,especially in small passerine birds,and there are interspecific and intraspecific variations in the extent of EPP.The Chestnut-vented Nuthatch(Si... Extra-pair paternity(EPP)is commonly found in socially monogamous birds,especially in small passerine birds,and there are interspecific and intraspecific variations in the extent of EPP.The Chestnut-vented Nuthatch(Sitta nagaensis)is a socially monogamous passerine bird,and verifying whether this species has EPP relies on parentage testing-S.nagaensis is not known to have EPP.In this study,we developed SNP markers of this species that are informative for parentage analysis from double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing(ddRAD-seq)data.A panel consisting of 50 SNP markers,with a mean heterozygosity of 0.343,was used to resolve 95% of nestlings to fathers.The combined exclusion probabilities for the first parent and second parent were 0.991 and 0.9999,respectively.This panel of SNP markers is a powerful tool for parentage assignments in S.nagaensis.In addition,we found that three offspring(7.9%)from three nests(23.1%)were the result of extra-pair fertilization out of 38 offspring in 13 nests.Our study provided information on parentage analysis that has not been reported before in S.nagaensis.It also supplemented the understudied EPP behavior of birds in Asia,contributing to a general understanding of the EPP behaviors of birds. 展开更多
关键词 Chestnut-vented Nuthatch ddRAD sequencing Extra-pair paternity Parentage analysis SNPS
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A high level of extra-pair paternity in the Chestnut Thrush(Turdus rubrocanus)
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作者 Huan Liu Yun Fang +1 位作者 Yingqiang Lou Yuehua Sun 《Avian Research》 SCIE CSCD 2023年第4期679-684,共6页
Extra-pair copulation(EPC)can potentially maximize individual reproductive fitness,and this process may involve sexual selection of male and female traits that reflect individual quality.Previous studies have implied ... Extra-pair copulation(EPC)can potentially maximize individual reproductive fitness,and this process may involve sexual selection of male and female traits that reflect individual quality.Previous studies have implied that adult characteristics are associated with the probability of extra-pair paternity(EPP),but it differs between species.Moreover,there are relatively few examples of the adaptive rationale for females’engagement in EPCs based on an examination of these more traditionally recorded traits,in combination with female flight-mediated traits such as wing length.We investigated whether EPP existed in the wild Chestnut Thrush(Turdus rubrocanus)population during three breeding seasons(2019–2021),and whether paternity was related to morphological traits of males and females.Eight highly variable microsatellite loci were used to identify paternity,and generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the relationship between paternity and morphological traits.We found that EPP existed in the Chestnut Thrush.53.3%(N=41/77)of the broods contained at least one extra-pair offspring(EPO),and 34.6%(N=72/208)of the nestlings were EPO.We also found that male wing length was negatively associated with the probability of EPP and the proportion of EPO.Female body length was positively related to the probability of EPP.Both female body condition and mass were negatively associated with the proportion of EPO.While other traits of male and female did not relate to the probability of EPP or the proportion of EPO.Extra-pair males had better body condition compared to the males they cuckolded.EPO did not differ from their half-siblings in terms of body size or body condition.The results suggest that body size and body condition were associated with EPP in the Chestnut Thrush.This study provides fundamental information for further studies on the evolution and maintenance of EPP in the Chestnut Thrush,and it is also useful for the comparison of EPP among Turdus species. 展开更多
关键词 Chestnut Thrush Extra-pair paternity MICROSATELLITE Morphological traits
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PATERNAL INHERITANCE OF PLASTID DNA IN GENUS PHARBITIS 被引量:5
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作者 胡赞民 胡适宜 张金忠 《Acta Botanica Sinica》 CSCD 1996年第4期253-256,共4页
The inheritance of plastid DNA in Pharbitis was studied by the method of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP).Experimental results showed that plastid DNA from Pharbitis was paternally inherited in recipro... The inheritance of plastid DNA in Pharbitis was studied by the method of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP).Experimental results showed that plastid DNA from Pharbitis was paternally inherited in reciprocal crosses,P. nil ×P. limbata and P. limbata×P. nil hybrids.But,in the cross of P. limbata×P. nil,the possibility of biparental inheritance of plastid DNA could not be roled out in our preliminary experiment.Thus Pharbitis became the third genus among angiosperms characterized with male plastid transmission.The mechanisms of paternal plastids DNA inheritance in Pharbitis is unclear.The authors proposed that dilution,exclusion and/or degeneration of maternal plastid,including their DNA,after fertilization should be considered. 展开更多
关键词 PHARBITIS Plastid DNA RFLP PLASTID Paternal inheritance
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87例亲权鉴定案例分析 被引量:1
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作者 杨庆恩 黄秋菊 余纯应 《中国法医学杂志》 CSCD 1991年第3期166-168,共3页
1987年5月至1991年3月,我室共接受亲权鉴定案87例,占我室同期总鉴定例数的44%,现将资料整理报告如下。材料与方法一、材料来源87例亲权鉴定案中,62例由湖北、湖南、河南、江西、江苏省各地、县、市及武汉地区司法机关送检,占71.3%,22例... 1987年5月至1991年3月,我室共接受亲权鉴定案87例,占我室同期总鉴定例数的44%,现将资料整理报告如下。材料与方法一、材料来源87例亲权鉴定案中,62例由湖北、湖南、河南、江西、江苏省各地、县、市及武汉地区司法机关送检,占71.3%,22例为自诉案件,占25.3%,其余3例由主管计划生育部门委托鉴定,占3.4%。 展开更多
关键词 PATERNITY testing BLOOD GROUP index RELATIVE CHANCE of PATERNITY
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Cytological Mechanism of Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Pinus tabulaeformis: Ⅱ. Transmission of Male and Female Organelles During Fertilization and Proembryo Development
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作者 国凤利 胡适宜 +1 位作者 徐是雄 袁宗飞 《Acta Botanica Sinica》 CSCD 2000年第4期341-352,共12页
In an earlier report the ultrastructure and nucleoid organelles of male gamete in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. have been described. Presently, the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm of the egg cell and pollen tube—imm... In an earlier report the ultrastructure and nucleoid organelles of male gamete in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. have been described. Presently, the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm of the egg cell and pollen tube—immediately before fertilization and during cytoplasmic transmission of male gametophyte—has been described for the same species. The fate of parental plastids and mitochondria in the proembryo has also been followed. The mature egg cell contains a large amount of mitochondria, but seems to lack normal plastids. Most plastids have transformed into large inclusions. Apart from the large inclusions, there are abundant small inclusions and other organelles in the egg cell. During fertilization, pollen tube penetrates into the egg cell at the micropylar end and thereafter the contents are released. Plastid and mitochondrion of male origin are lacking near the fusing sperm_egg nuclei. The second sperm nucleus—not involved in karyogamy—remains at a site near the receptive vacuole. This nucleus is surrounded by large amount of male cytoplasm containing mixed organelles from the sperm cell, tube cell, and egg cell. At the free nuclear proembryo stage, organelles of male and female origin are visible in the perinucleus_cytoplasmic zone. Most of the mitochondria have the same morphological features as those in the egg cell. Some of the mitochondria appear to have originated from the sperm and tube cells. Plastids are most likely of male gametophyte origin because they have similar appearance as those of the sperm and tube cell. Large inclusions in the egg cell become vacuole_like. Paternal plastids have been incorporated into the neocytoplasm of the proembryo. In the cellular proembryo, maternal mitochondria are more abundant. Plastids resembling those of the sperm and tube cell are still present. These cytological results clearly show that in P. tabulaeformis, plastids are inherited paternally and mitochondria bipaternally. The cytological mechanism of plastid and mitochondrion inheritance in gymnosperm is discussed. 展开更多
关键词 GYMNOSPERMS cytoplasmic inheritance paternal plastid inheritance maternal mitochondrion inheritance ULTRASTRUCTURE Pinus tabulaeformis
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Cytological Mechanism of Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Pinus tabulaeformis: Ⅰ. Ultrastructural Aspects and Nucleoids of the Male Gametes
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作者 胡适宜 国凤利 +1 位作者 袁宗飞 徐是雄 《Acta Botanica Sinica》 CSCD 2000年第1期23-31,共9页
The cytological mechanism of plastid and mitochondrion inheritance in Pinus is an interesting research topic with only a limited number of published articles. The results indicate that the sperms of Pinus tabu... The cytological mechanism of plastid and mitochondrion inheritance in Pinus is an interesting research topic with only a limited number of published articles. The results indicate that the sperms of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. contain abundant plastids, mitochondria and organelle DNA. These data provide reliable cytological evidence of paternal plastid and mitochondrion inheritance in Pinus . The results are in line with the confirmed general rule of paternal plastid inheritance in Pinaceae. But whether mitochondria in sperm cells can be transmitted into the embryos is an issue needs further developmental studies. Another important finding is that contrary to earlier classification of the male gamete of Pinaceae into the male nuclei type, the results reveal that male gametes in Pinus tabulaeformis are actually cells. However, the sperm cells are only surrounded by plasma membranes without cell walls. The larger leading sperm cell in a pollen tube section is long in shape, with a large amount of cytoplasm; while the second sperm cell is smaller, round in shape and contains less cytoplasm. Whether this feature of the male gamete type could be considered as a representative characteristic of the family is discussed and further conclusions await more experimental evidences from studies on plants from different species. 展开更多
关键词 GYMNOSPERM cytoplasmic inheritance paternal plastid inheritance maternal mitochondrion inheritance gymnosperm sperm cell Pinus tabulaeformis
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Emancipatory reflection on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients
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作者 Lian-Lian Tang 《Frontiers of Nursing》 CAS 2019年第1期19-26,共8页
Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for pat... Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author. 展开更多
关键词 REFLECTION paternalism critical emancipatory REFLECTION Taylor’s model DECISION-MAKING NURSING ETHICAL ISSUE
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"Marikana Has Come to the Farms!!!": An Analysis of the Socio-Economic Impact of the November 2012-January 2013 Farm Workers' Strike in the Western Cape
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作者 WesselVisser 《History Research》 2016年第1期40-54,共15页
In August 2012 a bloody strike broke out at the Marikana platinum mine, close to Rustenburg in the Northwest Province. The strike, involving 3,000 African miners, became violent and police opened fire and killed 34 pe... In August 2012 a bloody strike broke out at the Marikana platinum mine, close to Rustenburg in the Northwest Province. The strike, involving 3,000 African miners, became violent and police opened fire and killed 34 people. The issue of minimum wages and union recognition, inter alia, were underlying causes of this strike. The much televised Marikana strike had a knock-on effect and a few months later a widespread strike broke out among workers in the agricultural sector of the Western Cape. Large-scale destruction of property and crop damage took place on farms reaching levels of militancy never previously encountered in this sector. As in the case of the Marikana strike the root causes of the strike action in the Western Cape seemed to be the question of minimum wages, and, to a lesser extent, union recognition and other social issues involving political undertones. This article explores the socio-economic causes of the strike and its ramifications for labour and agriculture in the province. 展开更多
关键词 farm workers' strike Western Cape De Dooms paternalism labour brokering casual workers agricultural trade unions
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Is Hiding Success a Good Idea?A Systematic Review of Reasons and Costs of Hiding Success
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作者 Jingjing Yao Yuxin Xie 《教育研究前沿(中英文版)》 2022年第3期116-121,共6页
Hiding success,which is defined as intentionally withholding positive information about oneself or one’s accomplishments,is a common phenomenon and culturally recognized.It has been found that hiding success is guide... Hiding success,which is defined as intentionally withholding positive information about oneself or one’s accomplishments,is a common phenomenon and culturally recognized.It has been found that hiding success is guided by paternalistic motives and it may have social costs.Although the consequences of hiding success within many different types of relationships are slightly different,sharing success is better than hiding success.From the point of view of explaining the reasons and costs of hiding success,a systematic review was conducted in this paper.There have been some limitations of the current literature,such as the lack of systematic theoretical explanation of the mechanism of hiding success.We recommended that future research should explore deeply from the aspects of a real-world setting,the communication medium and choice of words,the relationship between the communicator and target,culture and so on. 展开更多
关键词 Interpersonal Communication Hiding Success DECEPTION paternalism
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Paternò-Büchi反应的区域选择性 被引量:1
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作者 孔峰峰 宋钦华 《化学进展》 SCIE CAS CSCD 北大核心 2007年第6期911-919,共9页
Paternò-Büchi(P-B)反应,即羰基-烯的[2+2]光环化加成反应,利用其特殊的区域及立体选择性可以合成一些结构精巧的取代氧杂环丁烷。随着P-B反应在有机合成中越来越广泛的应用,人们对P-B反应的区域选择性的研究也越来越深入。在... Paternò-Büchi(P-B)反应,即羰基-烯的[2+2]光环化加成反应,利用其特殊的区域及立体选择性可以合成一些结构精巧的取代氧杂环丁烷。随着P-B反应在有机合成中越来越广泛的应用,人们对P-B反应的区域选择性的研究也越来越深入。在P-B反应发现之初,人们一直用“最稳定的双自由基规则”解释其区域选择性,这一规则对有些体系却不适用,近年来有人开始运用“自旋化学”理论来解释区域选择性。本论文结合作者的研究工作,评述了近年来P-B反应的区域选择性的研究进展,重点阐述了反应温度、反应物的取代基对P-B反应区域选择性的影响及其规律。 展开更多
关键词 Paternò-Büchi(P-B)反应 区域选择性 最稳定的双自由基规则 自旋化学 Salem-Rowland规则 温度效应 取代基效应
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The effects of advanced paternal age on fertility 被引量:13
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作者 Jason R Kovac Josephine Addai Ryan P Smith Robert M Coward Dolores J Lamb Larry I Lipshultz 《Asian Journal of Andrology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2013年第6期723-728,I0005,共7页
Modern societal pressures and expectations over the past several decades have resulted in the tendency for couples to delay conception. While women experience a notable decrease in oocyte production in their late thir... Modern societal pressures and expectations over the past several decades have resulted in the tendency for couples to delay conception. While women experience a notable decrease in oocyte production in their late thirties, the effect of age on spermatogenesis is less well described. While there are no known limits to the age at which men can father children, the effects of advanced paternal age are incompletely understood. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding advanced paternal age and its implications on semen quality, reproductive success and offspring health. This review will serve as a guide to physicians in counseling men about the decision to delay paternity and the risks involved with conception later in life. 展开更多
关键词 aging male fertility outcomes male infertility paternal age
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Advanced paternal age and reproductive outcome 被引量:13
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作者 Zofnat Wiener-Megnazi Ron Auslender Martha Dirnfeld 《Asian Journal of Andrology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2012年第1期69-76,176,共9页
Women have been increasingly delaying the start of motherhood in recent decades. The same trend is seen also for men. The influence of maternal age on fertility, chromosomal anomalies, pregnancy complications, and imp... Women have been increasingly delaying the start of motherhood in recent decades. The same trend is seen also for men. The influence of maternal age on fertility, chromosomal anomalies, pregnancy complications, and impaired perinatal and post-natal outcome of offspring, has been thoroughly investigated, and these aspectsare clinically applied during fertility and pregestational counseling. Male aging and reproductive outcome has gained relatively less attention. The purpose of this review is to evaluate updated and relevant literature on the effect of paternal age on reproductive outcome. 展开更多
关键词 ART outcomes FERTILITY male aging paternal age reproductive outcome
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Growth of eight Pacific abalone families at three temperatures 被引量:13
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作者 LIUXiao DENGYuewen ZHANGGuofan 《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2005年第3期148-153,共6页
Growth rates, measured as shell length and body weight daily growth, were studied in the eight families of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, reared at 12, 16 and 20 ℃for 40 d respectively. The results show... Growth rates, measured as shell length and body weight daily growth, were studied in the eight families of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, reared at 12, 16 and 20 ℃for 40 d respectively. The results show that J1Rh family grew the best at 12 ℃, with growth rates of (32.88±4.66) μm/d and (5.24±1.84) mg/d. C1Jm family had the highest growth rates of (58.00±2.00) μm/d and (9.71±1.21) mg/d at 16 ℃. J1Jm family ranked the first at 20 ℃, with growth rates of (66.00±1.76) μm/d and (10.99±0.34) mg/d. RjRh family had the slowest growth rates at all three temperatures. Shell length growth rates were 18.25, 33.00 and 43.13 μm/d respec- tively, while body weight growth rates were 2.47, 2.56 and 4.75 mg/d respectively. Both temperature and family had significant effect on growth rates (P< 0.05). At 16 and 20 ℃, maternal effects on growth rates were not significant (P> 0.05), but paternal effects on growth rates were significant (P< 0.05). Results of this study indicate genetic difference among the families and importance of select- ing male breeders in the commercial hatchery. 展开更多
关键词 Haliotis discus hannai Ino TEMPERATURE growth rates maternal and paternal effects
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Establishment of paternity testing system using microsatellite markers in Chinese Holstein 被引量:9
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作者 Fei Tian Dongxiao Sun Yuan Zhang 《Journal of Genetics and Genomics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 北大核心 2008年第5期279-284,共6页
To estimate the efficiency of microsatellite markers in paternity testing among Chinese Holstein, 30 microsatellite loci were used to differentiate 330 Chinese Holstein genotypes, according to the calculation of the a... To estimate the efficiency of microsatellite markers in paternity testing among Chinese Holstein, 30 microsatellite loci were used to differentiate 330 Chinese Holstein genotypes, according to the calculation of the allele frequency, number of alleles, effective number of alleles, genetic heterozygosity, polymorphic information content (PIC), and the exclusion probability in this cattle population. The results demonstrated that the exclusion probability ranged from 0.620 in locus BM1818 to 0.265 in locus INRA005 with the average of 0.472 and 11 microsatellite markers exceeding 0.5. The combined exclusion probability of nine microsatellite markers was over 0.99. The result showed that paternity testing of Chinese Holstein was basically resolved using the nine microsatellite markers selected. 展开更多
关键词 Chinese Holstein rnicrosatellite paternity testing exclusion probability
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Developmental Toxicity in Mice Following Paternal Exposure to Di-N-Butyl-Phthalate (DBP) 被引量:9
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作者 Malgorzata M.DOBRZY SKA Ewa J.TYRKIEL Krzysztof A.PACHOCKI 《Biomedical and Environmental Sciences》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2011年第5期569-578,共10页
Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paternal Di‐N‐butyl‐phthalate (DBP) exposure pre‐ and postnatally on F1 generation offspring,and prenatally on F2 generation offspring.Met... Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paternal Di‐N‐butyl‐phthalate (DBP) exposure pre‐ and postnatally on F1 generation offspring,and prenatally on F2 generation offspring.Methods Male mice were exposed to either 500 mg/kg or 2 000 mg/kg of DBP for 8 weeks,and mated with non‐exposed females.Three‐quarters of the females were sacrificed a day prior to parturition,and examined for the number of living and dead implantations,and incidence of gross malformations.Pups from the remaining females were assessed for developmental markers,growth parameters,as well as sperm quantity and quality.Results There were no changes in the fertility of parents and in intrauterine development of the offspring.Pups of DBP‐exposed males demonstrated growth‐retardation.Following paternal exposure to 500 mg/kg bw of DBP,there were almost twice the number of males than females born in the F1 generation.F1 generation females had a 2.5‐day delay in vaginal opening.Paternal exposure to 2 000 mg/kg bw of DBP increased the incidence of sperm head malformations in F1 generation males;however,there were no changes in the fertility and viability of foetuses in the F2 generation.Conclusion Paternal DBP exposure may disturb the sex ratio of the offspring,delay female sexual maturation,and deteriorate the sperm quality of F1 generation males. 展开更多
关键词 Di‐n‐butyl phthalate Paternal exposure Pre‐ and postnatal effects Male‐mediated developmental toxicity
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Risk factors for hypospadias in China 被引量:4
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作者 Ling-Fan Xu Chao-Zhao Liang +6 位作者 Julia Lipianskaya Xian-Guo Chen Song Fan Li Zhang Jun Zhou Sheng Tai Chang-Qin Jiang 《Asian Journal of Andrology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2014年第5期778-781,I0011,共5页
This case-controlled study was designed to evaluate the association between various baseline parental factors and the risk of hypospadias in China. Patients were selected from tertiary referral hospitals in Anhui, a p... This case-controlled study was designed to evaluate the association between various baseline parental factors and the risk of hypospadias in China. Patients were selected from tertiary referral hospitals in Anhui, a province in mid-eastern China. A questionnaire was given to the parents of each patient. The final database included 193 cases and 835 controls. The incidence of additional coexistent anomalies was 13.0%, primarily cryptorchidism (9.8%). Ten patients (5.1%) were from families with genital anomaly, including five families (2.6%) with hypospadias. The risks of hypospadias was higher for children of mothers 〉 35 (odds ratio [OR] =1.47) and 〈 18 (OR = 2.95) years of age, and in mothers who had consumed alcohol (OR = 2.67), used drugs (OR = 1.53) and had an infection (OR = 1.87) during pregnancy. The risk of hypospadias was also higher when mothers (OR = 1.68) and fathers (OR = 1.74) were engaged in agriculture. Other factors assessed were not associated with the risk of hypospadias. 展开更多
关键词 GENETICS HYPOSPADIAS maternal exposures paternal exposures PREGNANCY risk factors
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High level of extra-pair paternity in the socially monogamous Marsh Tits(Poecile palustris) 被引量:2
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作者 Juan Wang Yanhui Wei +3 位作者 Lei Zhang Yiting Jiang Keke Li Dongmei Wan 《Avian Research》 SCIE CSCD 2021年第4期722-726,共5页
Background:Extra-pair copulation behavior has been widely studied among socially monogamous birds.Many species revealed high rates of extra-pair paternity.But few of the studies have been carried out in the Asian popu... Background:Extra-pair copulation behavior has been widely studied among socially monogamous birds.Many species revealed high rates of extra-pair paternity.But few of the studies have been carried out in the Asian population.Methods:From 2012 to 2019,we explored the extra-pair paternity of Marsh Tits(Poecile palustris)in Xianrendong National Nature Reserve,Liaoning Province,China.During the study,adult Marsh Tits were captured with mist nets and parental birds,with nest-box traps.Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein.Parentage analyses were carried out using nine highly variable microsatellite loci through Cervus 3.0 software and maximum likelihood approach.Results:Forty-nine offspring(15.08%)from 20 nests(45.45%)were the results of extra-pair fertilization out of a total of 325 offspring in 44 nests.The average extra-pair offspring ratio was 33.54%,with a set varying from 11.11 to 71.43%.Nine extra-pair fathers had been successfully identified,four of whom were the close neighbors of the focus nest while the nests of the remaining five were relatively far.No significant difference was found in the genetic similarity between the social and extra-pair mates of the female,nor in the heterozygosis among the maternal half-siblings.Conclusions:In general,our study proved that the extra-pair paternity in Marsh Tits and its extra-pair mating is independent of the genetic compatibility hypothesis.This complements the understudied bird's extra-pair paternity in Asian area and contributes to the comprehensive insight of birds'extra-pair paternity behaviors. 展开更多
关键词 Extra-pair paternity Genetic compatibility hypothesis Marsh Tits MICROSATELLITE
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Genetic Analysis of Multiple Paternity in an Endangered Ovoviviparous Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus 被引量:1
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作者 Huayuan HUANG Dan LUO +3 位作者 Cong Guo Zhuo TANG Zhengjun WU Jinping CHEN 《Asian Herpetological Research》 SCIE CSCD 2015年第2期150-155,共6页
The crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus croeodilurus) is an ovoviviparoug lizard belonging to a monotypic family that originated during the end of the quaternary ice age. A rare species in the wild, the crocodile lizard w... The crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus croeodilurus) is an ovoviviparoug lizard belonging to a monotypic family that originated during the end of the quaternary ice age. A rare species in the wild, the crocodile lizard was listed in CITES Appendix II. Knowledge of the reproductive biology and mating system of this species is important for designing conservation strategies and improving genetic variation. To investigate the paternity of the crocodile lizards and to interpret their reproductive behaviour, we collected saliva from females, potential fathers and offspring in a semi- natural enclosure experiment and analyzed the paternity of the crocodile lizard using 12 microsatellite genetic loci. The overall observed incidence of multiple paternity was 42.9% (6 of 14 clutches) and Fis was 0.089 ± 0.056. These results indicate that the primary mating mode of the crocodile lizard is that males are polygynous while with females are polyandrous, and there is multiple paternity among offspring of the same mother. 展开更多
关键词 Shinisaurus crocodilurus Mating system Paternity assessment Saliva sample Microsatellite Polygyny Polyandry
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Mode of pollen spread in clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis 被引量:4
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作者 Fu-Juan Feng Xin Sui +3 位作者 Min-Min Chen Dan Zhao Hi-Jie Han Mai-He Li 《Journal of Biophysical Chemistry》 2010年第1期33-39,共7页
The patterns of effective pollen dispersal and the relationships between pollen dispersal and genetic composition in Pinus koraiensis are still unclear. Hence, we investigated the mode of pollen dispersal of P. koraie... The patterns of effective pollen dispersal and the relationships between pollen dispersal and genetic composition in Pinus koraiensis are still unclear. Hence, we investigated the mode of pollen dispersal of P. koraiensis in a clonal seed orchard in Lushuihe Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province, using SSR molecular markers tech-nique and the method of maximum likelihood. A total of 13 pairs of nuclear microsatellites po-lymorphic primers were used in the paternity analysis. We analyzed 100 progenies and 150 paternities. A total of 56 alleles were detected in 13 loci with 3-6 alleles (4.3 alleles in average) in a single locus. The primers of SsrPt_ctg7170 and SsrPt_ctg5333 had the maximum (6) and the minimum (3) alleles, respectively. The averaged values of observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and polymorphism information content of experimental groups were 0.648, 0.601 and 0.533, respectively. The mating dis-tance of P. koraiensis followed an approximately normal distribution. The most effective pollen for the female parent came from male parent trees 15-45 m away with an average mating dis-tance of 32.60 m and the longest of 67.88 m. The pollen source of offspring was not random but greatly affected by the wind direction during the pollination season of P. koraiensis. These re-sults have important implications for seed or-chard design to improve the genetic quality of seeds and seed production. 展开更多
关键词 PINUS Koraiensis Seed ORCHARD Nuclear Microsatellites MARKERS PATERNITY Analysis POLLEN SPREAD
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