Extensive work on a Cu-modified TiO_(2) photocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction under visible light irradiation was conducted. The structure of the copper cocatalyst was established using UV-vis diff use refl ectance spect...Extensive work on a Cu-modified TiO_(2) photocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction under visible light irradiation was conducted. The structure of the copper cocatalyst was established using UV-vis diff use refl ectance spectroscopy, high-resolution transmis- sion electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that copper exists in different states (Cu 0 , Cu^(+) , and Cu^(2+) ), the content of which depends on the TiO_(2) calcination temperature and copper loading. The optimum composition of the cocatalyst has a photocatalyst based on TiO_(2) calcined at 700℃ and modified with 5 wt% copper, the activity of which is 22 μmol/(h·g cat ) (409 nm). Analysis of the photocatalysts after the photocatalytic reaction disclosed that the copper metal on the surface of the calcined TiO_(2) was gradually converted into Cu_(2) O during the photocatalytic reaction. Meanwhile, the metallic copper on the surface of the noncalcined TiO_(2) did not undergo any trans- formation during the reaction.展开更多
The reduction of molecular nitrogen(N_(2))to ammonia(NH_(3))under mild conditions is one of the most promising studies in the energy field due to the important role of NH_(3)in modern industry,production,and life.The ...The reduction of molecular nitrogen(N_(2))to ammonia(NH_(3))under mild conditions is one of the most promising studies in the energy field due to the important role of NH_(3)in modern industry,production,and life.The photocatalytic reduction of N_(2)is expected to achieve clean and sustainable NH_(3)production by using clean solar energy.To date,the new photocatalysts for photocatalytic reduction of N_(2)to NH_(3)at room temperature and atmospheric pressure have not been fully developed.The major challenge is to achieve high light-absorption efficiency,conversion efficiency,and stability of photocatalysts.Herein,the methods for measuring produced NH_(3)are compared,and the problems related to possible NH_(3)pollution in photocatalytic systems are mentioned to provide accurate ideas for measuring photocatalytic efficiency.The recent progress of nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)photocatalysts at ambient temperature and pressure is summarized by introducing charge transfer,migration,and separation in photocatalytic NRR,which provides a guidance for the selection of future photocatalyst.More importantly,we introduce the latest research strategies of photocatalysts in detail,which can guide the preparation and design of photocatalysts with high NRR activity.展开更多
Photocatalysis is an effective way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.Numerous photocatalysts have been developed and various strategies have been proposed to improve the photocatalyt...Photocatalysis is an effective way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.Numerous photocatalysts have been developed and various strategies have been proposed to improve the photocatalytic performance.Among them,Bi-based photocatalysts have become one of the most popular research topics due to their suitable band gaps,unique layered structures,and physicochemical properties.In this review,Bi-based photocatalysts(BiOX,BiVO_(4),Bi_(2)S_(3),Bi_(2)MoO_(6),and other Bi-based photocatalysts)have been summarized in the field of photocatalysis,including their applications of the removal of organic pollutants,hydrogen production,oxygen production etc.The preparation strategies on how to improve the photocatalytic performance and the possible photocatalytic mechanism are also summarized,which could supply new insights for fabricating high-efficient Bi-based photocatalysts.Finally,we summarize the current challenges and make a reasonable outlook on the future development direction of Bi-based photocatalysts.展开更多
AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)ternary composites were prepared to form a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and introduce Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst.The as-prepared AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites showed higher ...AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)ternary composites were prepared to form a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and introduce Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst.The as-prepared AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites showed higher photocatalytic activity than pure AgCl and Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)for photooxidation of a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative(1,4-DHP)and tetracycline hydrochloride(TCH)under visible light irradiation(λ>400 nm).The photocatalytic activity of AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites depended on Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)content,and the catalytic activity of the optimized samples were 6.9 times higher than that of pure AgCl for 1,4-DHP photodehydrogenation and 7.3 times higher than that of Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)for TCH photooxidation.The increased photocatalytic activity was due to the formation of a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and the introduction of Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst,which lowered the internal resistance,sped up the charge transfer,and increased the separation efficiency of photogenerated carries.Photogenerated holes and superoxide radical anions were the major active species in the photocatalytic process.展开更多
Trace environmental pollutants have become a serious problem with special attention on the hazardous heavy metals, refractory organics, and pathogenic microorganisms. With coupling biosorption and photocatalysis to de...Trace environmental pollutants have become a serious problem with special attention on the hazardous heavy metals, refractory organics, and pathogenic microorganisms. With coupling biosorption and photocatalysis to develop biomaterial/TiO2 composite photocatalysts is a promising method to remove these trace pollutants because of the synergistic effect. Biomaterials provide multiple function groups which can selectively and efficiently enrich trace pollutants onto the surface of the photocatalysts, thus facilitating the following transformation mediated by TiO2 photocatalysis. Biomaterials can also help the dispersion and recovery of TiO2, or even modify the band structure of TiO2. The fabrication of chitosan/TiO2, cellulose/TiO2, as well as other biomaterial/TiO2 composite photocatalysts is discussed in detail in this review. The application significance of these composite photocatalysts for the selective removal of trace pollutants is also addressed. Several problems should be solved before the realistic applications can be achieved as discussed in the final section.展开更多
In recent years,the excessive use of antibiotics has become a serious problem for human health.BiV04 regarded as one of the most promising visible-light-driven photocatalysts was used to degrade the antibiotics.In thi...In recent years,the excessive use of antibiotics has become a serious problem for human health.BiV04 regarded as one of the most promising visible-light-driven photocatalysts was used to degrade the antibiotics.In this paper,we fabricated Bi/BiV04 plasmonic photocatalysts which enhanced the photocatalytic activity of BiV04 for degradation of tetracycline(TC)antibiotic.The Bi/BiV04 photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.In addition,the photocatalytic experiment results show that the 0.04-Bi/BiVO4 sample has the best photocatalytic activity for 2 times than the pure BiV04 photocatalyst.The cycle experiments,after four repetitions of the experiments,showed the sample still maintained a high photocatalytic activity.Finally,the photocatalytic reaction mechanism was also studied by free radical capture experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.展开更多
Synthesis and characterization of hybrid fluorescent superparamagnetic core-shell particles of Fe@C-CNx composition are presented for the first time. The prepared Fe@C-CNx hybrid nanoparticles were found to possess mu...Synthesis and characterization of hybrid fluorescent superparamagnetic core-shell particles of Fe@C-CNx composition are presented for the first time. The prepared Fe@C-CNx hybrid nanoparticles were found to possess multifunctionality by exhibiting strong superparamagnetic properties and bright fluorescence emissions at 500 nm after the excitation with light in the UV-visible range. Fe@C-CNx also exhibits photocatalytic activities for organic dye degradation comparable to pure amorphous CNx with reusability through magnetic separation. The combination of magnetic and fluorescent properties of core-shell Fe@C-CNx nanoparticles opens opportunities for their application as sensors and magnet manipulated reusable photocatalysts. Superparamagnetic Fe@C core-shell nanoparticles were used as the template material in the synthesis, where the carbon shell was functionalized through one-step free-radical addition of alkyl groups terminated with carboxylic acid moieties. The method utilizes the organic acyl peroxide of dicarboxylic acid (succinic acid peroxide) as a non-oxidant functional free radical precursor for functionalization. Further, covalently functionalized succinyl-Fe@C core-shell nanoparticles were coated with the amorphous carbon nitride (CNx) generated by an in-situ solution-based chemical reaction of cyanuric chloride with lithium nitride. A detailed physicochemical characterization of the microstructure, magnetic and fluorescence properties of the synthesized hybrid nanoparticles is provided.展开更多
Building a covalently connected structure with accelerated photo-induced electrons and charge-carrier separation between semiconductors could enhance the photocatalytic performance.In this work,we report a facile and ...Building a covalently connected structure with accelerated photo-induced electrons and charge-carrier separation between semiconductors could enhance the photocatalytic performance.In this work,we report a facile and novel seed growth method to coat NH2-MIL-125 MOFs with crystalline and porous covalent organic frameworks(COFs)materials and form a range of NH2-MIL-125@TAPB-PDA nanocomposites with different thicknesses of COF shell.The introduction of appropriate content of COF could not only modify the intrinsic electronic and optical properties,but also enhance the photocatalytic activity distinctly.Especially,NH2-MIL-125@TAPB-PDA-3 with COF shell thickness of around 20nm exhibited the highest yield(94.7%)of benzaldehyde which is approximately 2.5 and 15.5 times as that of parental NH2-MIL-125 and COF,respectively.The promoted photocatalytic performance of hybrid materials was mainly owing to the enhanced photo-induced charge carriers transfer between the MOF and COF through the covalent bond.In addition,a possible mechanism to elucidate the process of photocatalysis was explored.Therefore,this kind of MOF-based photocatalysts possesses great potentials in future green organic synthesis.展开更多
In this contribution, an efficient and simple two-step hybrid electrochemical-thermal route was developed for the synthesis of cubic shaped Zn_2SnO_4 (ZTO) nanoparticles using aqueous sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO_3) and s...In this contribution, an efficient and simple two-step hybrid electrochemical-thermal route was developed for the synthesis of cubic shaped Zn_2SnO_4 (ZTO) nanoparticles using aqueous sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO_3) and sodium stannate(Na_2SnO_3) electrolyte. The sacrificial Zn was used as anode and cathode in an undivided cell under galvanostatic mode at room temperature. The bath concentration and current density were respectively varied from 30 to 120 mmol and 0.05 to 1.5 A/dm^2. The electrochemically generated precursor was calcined for an hour at different range of temperature from 60 to 600. The crystallite sizes in the range of 24-53 nm were calculated based on Debye-Scherrer equation. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy results reveal that all the particles have cubic morphology with diameter of40-50 nm. The as-prepared ZTO samples showed higher catalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue(MB) dye, and 90% degradation was found for the sample calcined at 600, which is greater than that of commercial TiO_2-P25 photocatalysts. The photodegradation efficiency of ZTO samples was found to be a function of exposure time and the dye solution p H value. These results indicate that the ZTO nanoparticles may be employed to remove dyes from wastewater.展开更多
CO_2 conversion via photocatalysis is a potential solution to address global warming and energy shortage.Photocatalysis can directly utilize the inexhaustible sunlight as an energy source to catalyze the reduction of ...CO_2 conversion via photocatalysis is a potential solution to address global warming and energy shortage.Photocatalysis can directly utilize the inexhaustible sunlight as an energy source to catalyze the reduction of CO_2 to useful solar fuels such as CO, CH_4, CH_3OH, and C_2H_5OH. Among studied formulations, Cubased photocatalysts are the most attractive for CO_2 conversion because the Cu-based photocatalysts are low-cost and abundance comparing noble metal-based catalysts. In this literature review, a comprehensive summary of recent progress on Cu-based photocatalysts for CO_2 conversion, which includes metallic copper, copper alloy nanoparticles(NPs), copper oxides, and copper sulfides photocatalysts, can be found. This review also included a detailed discussion on the correlations of morphology, structure, and performance for each type of Cu-based catalysts. The reaction mechanisms and possible pathways for productions of various solar fuels were analyzed, which provide insight into the nature of potential active sites for the catalysts. Finally, the current challenges and perspective future research directions were outlined, holding promise to advance Cu-based photocatalysts for CO_2 conversion with much-enhanced energy conversion efficiency and production rates.展开更多
The particles of titanium-iron (Ti/Fe) complex with different Fe contents were prepared by means of the sol-gel method and used as a photocatalyst. The activity of the catalyst was investi- gated as a function of the ...The particles of titanium-iron (Ti/Fe) complex with different Fe contents were prepared by means of the sol-gel method and used as a photocatalyst. The activity of the catalyst was investi- gated as a function of the Fe content during the liquid-phase oxidation of tetracycline, which showed an enhancement at the low Fe content. The XRD, Raman, XPS, and UV-Vis absorp- tion spectra indicated that the crystalline structure of the Ti/Fe complex particles changed from anatase phase to rutile phase when the Fe content increased. The isolated Fe203, Fe304, FeO species were observed and Fe3+ ions were highly dispersed in the TiO2 matrixes, then Ti-O-Fe species were formed. These species increased the surface defects of the Ti/Fe particles. Also, ac- tive hydroxyl radicals could be generated in the catalytic transformation, which led to the higher activity of the catalyst than bare Ti02 for the degradation of tetracycline.展开更多
Photocatalysts with perovskites for hydrogen production from aqueous solution were reviewed. Among the most of metal oxide photocatalysts, the family of ABO3 Perovskite-type oxide shows higher photocatalytic activity,...Photocatalysts with perovskites for hydrogen production from aqueous solution were reviewed. Among the most of metal oxide photocatalysts, the family of ABO3 Perovskite-type oxide shows higher photocatalytic activity, especially alkaline earth titanate and alkali tantalate. Therein, sodium tantalate showed the highest activity for water splitting. The reasons for the high photocatalytic activity of ABO3 perovskties are considered to the diverse and flexible crystal structure. The photocatalytic activity of ABO3 perovskties can be improved by doping other element at A site, B site or O site and loading co-catalysts such as NiO and Pt. In this paper, the mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting, the structure of ABO3 perovsktie, and Perovskite-type photocatalysts were reviewed.展开更多
The magnetically separable ternary polyetherimide/titanate@Fe_3 O_4(PTF) photocatalysts of special heterostructure between magnetite(Fe_3 O_4) microspheres and titanates nanosheets modified by polyetherimide(PEI) were...The magnetically separable ternary polyetherimide/titanate@Fe_3 O_4(PTF) photocatalysts of special heterostructure between magnetite(Fe_3 O_4) microspheres and titanates nanosheets modified by polyetherimide(PEI) were successfully fabricated via a simple facile hydrothermal deposition method. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy etc. The results showed that the as-fabricated material had a structure of Fe_3 O_4 microspheres coated with titanates nanosheets modified by PEI. The special interfacial contact between 3 D microsphere and 2 D nanosheets in the nanoarchitectures was formed via electrostatic attraction. Furthermore, the resulted photocatalysts were tested by degradation reaction of methylene blue under visible light irradiation and demonstrated an enhanced performance than the pure Fe_3 O_4 microspheres, and the photocatalytic activity enhanced with the molar ratio of Fe_3 O_4 microspheres and modified titanate gradually, which was attributed to the expansion of the surface area and the different electrostatic contact between the Fe_3 O_4 microspheres and titanate nanosheets. Moreover, the obtained results revealed the high yield magnetic separation and efficient reusability of PTF-5(96.7%) over 3 times reuse.展开更多
A series of CdxZn1-xS (x = 0.1-0.9) photocatalysts were prepared by coprecipitation. They could form solid solution semiconductors with hexagonal phase in agreement with pure CdS by characterization of XRD. The photop...A series of CdxZn1-xS (x = 0.1-0.9) photocatalysts were prepared by coprecipitation. They could form solid solution semiconductors with hexagonal phase in agreement with pure CdS by characterization of XRD. The photophysical properties of CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts were measured by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS). The band gap energy gradually reduced with the increasing of x value in CdxZn1-xS,and when x = 0.7,the Cd0.7Zn0.3S photocatalyst had the strongest surface photovoltage. CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts were used in the photodecomposition of H2S to H2. The evolution rate of H2 over the Cd0.7Zn0.3S photocatalyst was also the highest among CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts. And the effect of calcination temperature on the evolution rate of H2 was investigated and the optimum temperature was 650°C.展开更多
The interest in CO_(2)conversion to value-added chemicals and fuels has increased in recent years as part of strategic eff orts to mitigate and use the excessive CO_(2)concentration in the atmosphere.Much attention ha...The interest in CO_(2)conversion to value-added chemicals and fuels has increased in recent years as part of strategic eff orts to mitigate and use the excessive CO_(2)concentration in the atmosphere.Much attention has been given to developing two-dimensional catalytic materials with high-effi ciency CO_(2)adsorption capability and conversion yield.While several candidates are being investigated,MXenes stand out as one of the most promising catalysts and co-catalysts for CO_(2)reduction,given their excellent surface functionalities,unique layered structures,high surface areas,rich active sites,and high chemical sta-bility.This review aims to highlight research progress and recent developments in the application of MXene-based catalysts for CO_(2)conversion to value-added chemicals,paying special attention to photoreduction and electroreduction.Furthermore,the underlying photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO_(2)conversion mechanisms are discussed.Finally,we provide an outlook for future research in this fi eld,including photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal CO_(2)reduction.展开更多
Inverse vulcanized polymers(IVPs) that generated from elemental sulfur and smaller amounts of alkenes have found broad promising applications such as cathode materials for Li-S batteries, dynamic and repairable materi...Inverse vulcanized polymers(IVPs) that generated from elemental sulfur and smaller amounts of alkenes have found broad promising applications such as cathode materials for Li-S batteries, dynamic and repairable materials, optics applications, and metal sorption. However, their exploration in organic synthesis is still unprecedented. Here we first report the application of inverse vulcanized polymers in catalysis for organic transformations. A biomass-derived inverse vulcanized polymer(IVP-EAE) is found to be capable of catalyzing cross-coupling reactions in a transition-metal-free fashion under visible light.This method allows the direct C–H functionalization of pyrroles and N-arylacrylamides with(hetero)aryl halides, respectively, leading to the formation of two sets of structurally important scaffolds including pyrrole-containing biaryls and 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles with high selectivity. We anticipate this study will not only unveil the new potential of IVPs, but also offer a distinct type of catalysts for organic transformations.展开更多
The visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution is extremely important,but the poor charge transfer capa-bility,a sluggish evolution rate of hydrogen,and severe photo-corrosion make photocatalytic hydrogen evolution impra...The visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution is extremely important,but the poor charge transfer capa-bility,a sluggish evolution rate of hydrogen,and severe photo-corrosion make photocatalytic hydrogen evolution impractical.In this study,we present 1D/2D ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods for photocatalytic hy-drogen evolution,comprised of a ReS_(2)nanosheet layer grown on CdS nanorods.We found that precise control of the contents of the ReS_(2)nanosheet layer allows for manipulating the electronic structure of Re in the ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods.The ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods with optimal ReS_(2)nanosheet layer content dramatically improve photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.Notably,photocatalytic hydro-gen evolution activity(64.93 mmol g^(−1)h^(−1))of ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods with ReS_(2)nanosheet layers(Re/Cd atomic ratio of 0.051)is approximately 136 times higher than that of pure CdS nanorods under visible light irradiation.Furthermore,intimated coupling of the ReS_(2)nanosheet layer with CdS nanorods reduced the surface trap-site of the CdS nanorods,resulting in enhanced photocatalytic stability.The de-tailed optical and electrical investigations demonstrate that the optimal ReS_(2)nanosheet layer contents in the ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods can provide improved charge transfer capability,catalytic activity,and light absorption efficiency.This study sheds light on the development of photocatalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.展开更多
Herein,we review the significant of ordered macroporous(OM)TiO_(2)-based catalysts for boosting pho-tocatalytic CO_(2)reduction.Based on the need to improve the three key factors of photogenerated charge separation ef...Herein,we review the significant of ordered macroporous(OM)TiO_(2)-based catalysts for boosting pho-tocatalytic CO_(2)reduction.Based on the need to improve the three key factors of photogenerated charge separation eficiency,solar energy utilization and CO_(2)adsorption rate during the conversion of CO_(2)to H_(2)O,we summarized five modification measures:including doping ions into OM TiO_(2),introducing sec-ond semiconductor coupling and noble metal nanoparticles for fabricating multiple Z-scheme heterojunc-tions,constructing hierarchical pore and carbon-loaded OM TiO_(2)materials,which effectively enhance the absorption rate of visible light,the separation rate of electrons-hole pairs and the selection of multiple active sites.The OM structured TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts solve the single or multiple key factors for en-hancing photocatalytic performances during CO_(2)conversion.The catalytic mechanism and pathways of OM structured TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts for CO_(2)reduction are discussed and summarized.It provides new insights on the development of high-efficient catalyst for photocatalytic CO_(2)conversion to solar fu-els.展开更多
Obtaining detailed insight into the photocatalytic performance of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials,is important for evaluating material properties as well as guiding material design.However,capture of the detail...Obtaining detailed insight into the photocatalytic performance of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials,is important for evaluating material properties as well as guiding material design.However,capture of the detailed matter changes on a photocatalyst surface in real time,and in situ during photocatalysis remains challenging.This work reports a promising optical microfiber sensor integrating a photocatalytic reaction monolayer on an optical microfiber surface to monitor reaction kinetics using Cu_(2)O-based heterogeneous photocatalysts,as an example.The evanescent field of microfiber is used to track the photocatalytic process in real time,through the interaction with the catalytic layer,by monitoring the surface refractive index changes caused by adsorption and degradation.Since the catalytic layer is less than 1µm thick,the typical high-power light source can be replaced by low-power light irradiation.This method successfully reveals that relative to the pristine Cu_(2)O microspheres,the photocatalytic activity is enhanced by the incorporation of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene into Cu_(2)O,whereas incorporation of CdS into Cu_(2)O suppresses the activity.Compared with the existing methods used for photocatalysis evalu-ation,this optical microfiber can be directly employed in real matrices to track local photocatalytic performance.It can also provide details about the different adsorption/degradation kinetics of photocatalysts.It is suitable for most photocatalytic processes and is not limited to pollutants with characteristic UV–visible absorption spectra.This study provides important inspiration for the future development of in situ,real-time reaction assessment.展开更多
Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has shown great prospects in converting solar energy into chemical energy to mitigate energy crisis and solve environmental pollution problems.The key issue is the development o...Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has shown great prospects in converting solar energy into chemical energy to mitigate energy crisis and solve environmental pollution problems.The key issue is the development of high-efficiency photocatalysts.Various strategies in the state-of-the-art advancements,such as heterostructure construction,heteroatom doping,metal/single atom loading,and defect engineering,have been presented for the graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4)-based nanocomposite catalysts to design their surface chemical environments and internal electronic structures to make them more suitable for different photocatalytic applications.In this review,nanoarchitecture design,synthesis methods,photochemical properties,potential photocatalytic applications,and related reaction mechanisms of the modified high-efficiency carbon nitride-based photocatalysts were briefly summarized.The superior photocatalytic performance was identified to be associated with the enhanced visible-light response,fast photoinduced electron-hole separation,efficient charge migration,and increased unsaturated active sites.Moreover,the further advance of the visible-light harvesting and solar-to-energy conversions are proposed.展开更多
基金supported by Russian Science Foundation (No.#21-73-10235)
文摘Extensive work on a Cu-modified TiO_(2) photocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction under visible light irradiation was conducted. The structure of the copper cocatalyst was established using UV-vis diff use refl ectance spectroscopy, high-resolution transmis- sion electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that copper exists in different states (Cu 0 , Cu^(+) , and Cu^(2+) ), the content of which depends on the TiO_(2) calcination temperature and copper loading. The optimum composition of the cocatalyst has a photocatalyst based on TiO_(2) calcined at 700℃ and modified with 5 wt% copper, the activity of which is 22 μmol/(h·g cat ) (409 nm). Analysis of the photocatalysts after the photocatalytic reaction disclosed that the copper metal on the surface of the calcined TiO_(2) was gradually converted into Cu_(2) O during the photocatalytic reaction. Meanwhile, the metallic copper on the surface of the noncalcined TiO_(2) did not undergo any trans- formation during the reaction.
基金Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:tsqn201812068Higher School Youth Innovation Team of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:2019KJA013+1 种基金The Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,Grant/Award Number:SKLOP202002006National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:51872173。
文摘The reduction of molecular nitrogen(N_(2))to ammonia(NH_(3))under mild conditions is one of the most promising studies in the energy field due to the important role of NH_(3)in modern industry,production,and life.The photocatalytic reduction of N_(2)is expected to achieve clean and sustainable NH_(3)production by using clean solar energy.To date,the new photocatalysts for photocatalytic reduction of N_(2)to NH_(3)at room temperature and atmospheric pressure have not been fully developed.The major challenge is to achieve high light-absorption efficiency,conversion efficiency,and stability of photocatalysts.Herein,the methods for measuring produced NH_(3)are compared,and the problems related to possible NH_(3)pollution in photocatalytic systems are mentioned to provide accurate ideas for measuring photocatalytic efficiency.The recent progress of nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)photocatalysts at ambient temperature and pressure is summarized by introducing charge transfer,migration,and separation in photocatalytic NRR,which provides a guidance for the selection of future photocatalyst.More importantly,we introduce the latest research strategies of photocatalysts in detail,which can guide the preparation and design of photocatalysts with high NRR activity.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the support of this research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172206,21871078)the Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China(JQ2019B001)+4 种基金the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021MB016)the Heilongjiang Provincial Institutions of Higher Learning Basic Research Funds Basic Research Projects(2021-KYYWF-0007)the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Startup Fund(LBH-Q14135)the Heilongjiang University Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(JCL201802)the Development plan of Youth Innovation Team in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province.
文摘Photocatalysis is an effective way to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage.Numerous photocatalysts have been developed and various strategies have been proposed to improve the photocatalytic performance.Among them,Bi-based photocatalysts have become one of the most popular research topics due to their suitable band gaps,unique layered structures,and physicochemical properties.In this review,Bi-based photocatalysts(BiOX,BiVO_(4),Bi_(2)S_(3),Bi_(2)MoO_(6),and other Bi-based photocatalysts)have been summarized in the field of photocatalysis,including their applications of the removal of organic pollutants,hydrogen production,oxygen production etc.The preparation strategies on how to improve the photocatalytic performance and the possible photocatalytic mechanism are also summarized,which could supply new insights for fabricating high-efficient Bi-based photocatalysts.Finally,we summarize the current challenges and make a reasonable outlook on the future development direction of Bi-based photocatalysts.
基金This work was supported by the Opening Project of the Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education(LZJ2002)the Open Project of Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(CSPC2016-3-2).
文摘AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)ternary composites were prepared to form a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and introduce Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst.The as-prepared AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites showed higher photocatalytic activity than pure AgCl and Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)for photooxidation of a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative(1,4-DHP)and tetracycline hydrochloride(TCH)under visible light irradiation(λ>400 nm).The photocatalytic activity of AgCl/Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)composites depended on Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)content,and the catalytic activity of the optimized samples were 6.9 times higher than that of pure AgCl for 1,4-DHP photodehydrogenation and 7.3 times higher than that of Ti_(3)C_(2)@TiO_(2)for TCH photooxidation.The increased photocatalytic activity was due to the formation of a heterojunction structure between AgCl and TiO_(2)and the introduction of Ti3C2 as a cocatalyst,which lowered the internal resistance,sped up the charge transfer,and increased the separation efficiency of photogenerated carries.Photogenerated holes and superoxide radical anions were the major active species in the photocatalytic process.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21525625,21838001)the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China(2014CB745100)+1 种基金the(863)High Technology Project of China(2013AA020302)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(JD1417)
文摘Trace environmental pollutants have become a serious problem with special attention on the hazardous heavy metals, refractory organics, and pathogenic microorganisms. With coupling biosorption and photocatalysis to develop biomaterial/TiO2 composite photocatalysts is a promising method to remove these trace pollutants because of the synergistic effect. Biomaterials provide multiple function groups which can selectively and efficiently enrich trace pollutants onto the surface of the photocatalysts, thus facilitating the following transformation mediated by TiO2 photocatalysis. Biomaterials can also help the dispersion and recovery of TiO2, or even modify the band structure of TiO2. The fabrication of chitosan/TiO2, cellulose/TiO2, as well as other biomaterial/TiO2 composite photocatalysts is discussed in detail in this review. The application significance of these composite photocatalysts for the selective removal of trace pollutants is also addressed. Several problems should be solved before the realistic applications can be achieved as discussed in the final section.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21522603,21503142,21671083)Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province(XCL-025)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M611720)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Scientific Committee(BK20170526).
文摘In recent years,the excessive use of antibiotics has become a serious problem for human health.BiV04 regarded as one of the most promising visible-light-driven photocatalysts was used to degrade the antibiotics.In this paper,we fabricated Bi/BiV04 plasmonic photocatalysts which enhanced the photocatalytic activity of BiV04 for degradation of tetracycline(TC)antibiotic.The Bi/BiV04 photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.In addition,the photocatalytic experiment results show that the 0.04-Bi/BiVO4 sample has the best photocatalytic activity for 2 times than the pure BiV04 photocatalyst.The cycle experiments,after four repetitions of the experiments,showed the sample still maintained a high photocatalytic activity.Finally,the photocatalytic reaction mechanism was also studied by free radical capture experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
文摘Synthesis and characterization of hybrid fluorescent superparamagnetic core-shell particles of Fe@C-CNx composition are presented for the first time. The prepared Fe@C-CNx hybrid nanoparticles were found to possess multifunctionality by exhibiting strong superparamagnetic properties and bright fluorescence emissions at 500 nm after the excitation with light in the UV-visible range. Fe@C-CNx also exhibits photocatalytic activities for organic dye degradation comparable to pure amorphous CNx with reusability through magnetic separation. The combination of magnetic and fluorescent properties of core-shell Fe@C-CNx nanoparticles opens opportunities for their application as sensors and magnet manipulated reusable photocatalysts. Superparamagnetic Fe@C core-shell nanoparticles were used as the template material in the synthesis, where the carbon shell was functionalized through one-step free-radical addition of alkyl groups terminated with carboxylic acid moieties. The method utilizes the organic acyl peroxide of dicarboxylic acid (succinic acid peroxide) as a non-oxidant functional free radical precursor for functionalization. Further, covalently functionalized succinyl-Fe@C core-shell nanoparticles were coated with the amorphous carbon nitride (CNx) generated by an in-situ solution-based chemical reaction of cyanuric chloride with lithium nitride. A detailed physicochemical characterization of the microstructure, magnetic and fluorescence properties of the synthesized hybrid nanoparticles is provided.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0701100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51802015 and 51890893)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRFTP-16-028A1)。
文摘Building a covalently connected structure with accelerated photo-induced electrons and charge-carrier separation between semiconductors could enhance the photocatalytic performance.In this work,we report a facile and novel seed growth method to coat NH2-MIL-125 MOFs with crystalline and porous covalent organic frameworks(COFs)materials and form a range of NH2-MIL-125@TAPB-PDA nanocomposites with different thicknesses of COF shell.The introduction of appropriate content of COF could not only modify the intrinsic electronic and optical properties,but also enhance the photocatalytic activity distinctly.Especially,NH2-MIL-125@TAPB-PDA-3 with COF shell thickness of around 20nm exhibited the highest yield(94.7%)of benzaldehyde which is approximately 2.5 and 15.5 times as that of parental NH2-MIL-125 and COF,respectively.The promoted photocatalytic performance of hybrid materials was mainly owing to the enhanced photo-induced charge carriers transfer between the MOF and COF through the covalent bond.In addition,a possible mechanism to elucidate the process of photocatalysis was explored.Therefore,this kind of MOF-based photocatalysts possesses great potentials in future green organic synthesis.
文摘In this contribution, an efficient and simple two-step hybrid electrochemical-thermal route was developed for the synthesis of cubic shaped Zn_2SnO_4 (ZTO) nanoparticles using aqueous sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO_3) and sodium stannate(Na_2SnO_3) electrolyte. The sacrificial Zn was used as anode and cathode in an undivided cell under galvanostatic mode at room temperature. The bath concentration and current density were respectively varied from 30 to 120 mmol and 0.05 to 1.5 A/dm^2. The electrochemically generated precursor was calcined for an hour at different range of temperature from 60 to 600. The crystallite sizes in the range of 24-53 nm were calculated based on Debye-Scherrer equation. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy results reveal that all the particles have cubic morphology with diameter of40-50 nm. The as-prepared ZTO samples showed higher catalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue(MB) dye, and 90% degradation was found for the sample calcined at 600, which is greater than that of commercial TiO_2-P25 photocatalysts. The photodegradation efficiency of ZTO samples was found to be a function of exposure time and the dye solution p H value. These results indicate that the ZTO nanoparticles may be employed to remove dyes from wastewater.
基金financial supports from the National 1000 Young Talents Program of Chinathe National Nature Science Foundation of China (21603078)+1 种基金the National Materials Genome Project (2016YFB0700600)financial support from Research and Education in eNergy, Environment and Water (RENEW)Institute at the University at Buffalo, SUNY
文摘CO_2 conversion via photocatalysis is a potential solution to address global warming and energy shortage.Photocatalysis can directly utilize the inexhaustible sunlight as an energy source to catalyze the reduction of CO_2 to useful solar fuels such as CO, CH_4, CH_3OH, and C_2H_5OH. Among studied formulations, Cubased photocatalysts are the most attractive for CO_2 conversion because the Cu-based photocatalysts are low-cost and abundance comparing noble metal-based catalysts. In this literature review, a comprehensive summary of recent progress on Cu-based photocatalysts for CO_2 conversion, which includes metallic copper, copper alloy nanoparticles(NPs), copper oxides, and copper sulfides photocatalysts, can be found. This review also included a detailed discussion on the correlations of morphology, structure, and performance for each type of Cu-based catalysts. The reaction mechanisms and possible pathways for productions of various solar fuels were analyzed, which provide insight into the nature of potential active sites for the catalysts. Finally, the current challenges and perspective future research directions were outlined, holding promise to advance Cu-based photocatalysts for CO_2 conversion with much-enhanced energy conversion efficiency and production rates.
基金Shanghai Education Committee Science Development Foundation.
文摘The particles of titanium-iron (Ti/Fe) complex with different Fe contents were prepared by means of the sol-gel method and used as a photocatalyst. The activity of the catalyst was investi- gated as a function of the Fe content during the liquid-phase oxidation of tetracycline, which showed an enhancement at the low Fe content. The XRD, Raman, XPS, and UV-Vis absorp- tion spectra indicated that the crystalline structure of the Ti/Fe complex particles changed from anatase phase to rutile phase when the Fe content increased. The isolated Fe203, Fe304, FeO species were observed and Fe3+ ions were highly dispersed in the TiO2 matrixes, then Ti-O-Fe species were formed. These species increased the surface defects of the Ti/Fe particles. Also, ac- tive hydroxyl radicals could be generated in the catalytic transformation, which led to the higher activity of the catalyst than bare Ti02 for the degradation of tetracycline.
文摘Photocatalysts with perovskites for hydrogen production from aqueous solution were reviewed. Among the most of metal oxide photocatalysts, the family of ABO3 Perovskite-type oxide shows higher photocatalytic activity, especially alkaline earth titanate and alkali tantalate. Therein, sodium tantalate showed the highest activity for water splitting. The reasons for the high photocatalytic activity of ABO3 perovskties are considered to the diverse and flexible crystal structure. The photocatalytic activity of ABO3 perovskties can be improved by doping other element at A site, B site or O site and loading co-catalysts such as NiO and Pt. In this paper, the mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting, the structure of ABO3 perovsktie, and Perovskite-type photocatalysts were reviewed.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21103054,21003055,and 50872037)the Open Fund of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications(Xiamen University of Technology)(No.608160030215)the Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in Fujian Province University(IRTSTFJ)
文摘The magnetically separable ternary polyetherimide/titanate@Fe_3 O_4(PTF) photocatalysts of special heterostructure between magnetite(Fe_3 O_4) microspheres and titanates nanosheets modified by polyetherimide(PEI) were successfully fabricated via a simple facile hydrothermal deposition method. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy etc. The results showed that the as-fabricated material had a structure of Fe_3 O_4 microspheres coated with titanates nanosheets modified by PEI. The special interfacial contact between 3 D microsphere and 2 D nanosheets in the nanoarchitectures was formed via electrostatic attraction. Furthermore, the resulted photocatalysts were tested by degradation reaction of methylene blue under visible light irradiation and demonstrated an enhanced performance than the pure Fe_3 O_4 microspheres, and the photocatalytic activity enhanced with the molar ratio of Fe_3 O_4 microspheres and modified titanate gradually, which was attributed to the expansion of the surface area and the different electrostatic contact between the Fe_3 O_4 microspheres and titanate nanosheets. Moreover, the obtained results revealed the high yield magnetic separation and efficient reusability of PTF-5(96.7%) over 3 times reuse.
基金the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No. 2007AA03Z337)the Heilongjiang Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. JC200615)the Technical Cooperation Project of Harbin with Russia(No.2006AA4BE053).
文摘A series of CdxZn1-xS (x = 0.1-0.9) photocatalysts were prepared by coprecipitation. They could form solid solution semiconductors with hexagonal phase in agreement with pure CdS by characterization of XRD. The photophysical properties of CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts were measured by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS). The band gap energy gradually reduced with the increasing of x value in CdxZn1-xS,and when x = 0.7,the Cd0.7Zn0.3S photocatalyst had the strongest surface photovoltage. CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts were used in the photodecomposition of H2S to H2. The evolution rate of H2 over the Cd0.7Zn0.3S photocatalyst was also the highest among CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts. And the effect of calcination temperature on the evolution rate of H2 was investigated and the optimum temperature was 650°C.
基金the internal financial support of Universitas Airlangga through Riset Mandat Muda No.399/UN3.14/PT2020support of the National Research and Innovation Agency,Republic of Indonesia+1 种基金support of the Singapore National Research Foundation(NRF-NRFF2017-04)the Agency for Science,Technology and Research(Central Research Fund Award)。
文摘The interest in CO_(2)conversion to value-added chemicals and fuels has increased in recent years as part of strategic eff orts to mitigate and use the excessive CO_(2)concentration in the atmosphere.Much attention has been given to developing two-dimensional catalytic materials with high-effi ciency CO_(2)adsorption capability and conversion yield.While several candidates are being investigated,MXenes stand out as one of the most promising catalysts and co-catalysts for CO_(2)reduction,given their excellent surface functionalities,unique layered structures,high surface areas,rich active sites,and high chemical sta-bility.This review aims to highlight research progress and recent developments in the application of MXene-based catalysts for CO_(2)conversion to value-added chemicals,paying special attention to photoreduction and electroreduction.Furthermore,the underlying photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO_(2)conversion mechanisms are discussed.Finally,we provide an outlook for future research in this fi eld,including photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal CO_(2)reduction.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Nos. 22071024, 22271047)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Nos.2021J06020, 2022J011121)the Top-Notch Young Talents Program of China, and the Science and Technology Project of Minjiang University (No.MJY21027) for generous financial support。
文摘Inverse vulcanized polymers(IVPs) that generated from elemental sulfur and smaller amounts of alkenes have found broad promising applications such as cathode materials for Li-S batteries, dynamic and repairable materials, optics applications, and metal sorption. However, their exploration in organic synthesis is still unprecedented. Here we first report the application of inverse vulcanized polymers in catalysis for organic transformations. A biomass-derived inverse vulcanized polymer(IVP-EAE) is found to be capable of catalyzing cross-coupling reactions in a transition-metal-free fashion under visible light.This method allows the direct C–H functionalization of pyrroles and N-arylacrylamides with(hetero)aryl halides, respectively, leading to the formation of two sets of structurally important scaffolds including pyrrole-containing biaryls and 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles with high selectivity. We anticipate this study will not only unveil the new potential of IVPs, but also offer a distinct type of catalysts for organic transformations.
基金supported by the National Re-search Foundation of Korea(Nos.NRF-2020R1C1C1008514,2019R1A6A1A11053838,and NRF-2023R1A2C1004015)the“Regional Innovation Strategy(RIS)”through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE)(No.2021RIS-003).
文摘The visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution is extremely important,but the poor charge transfer capa-bility,a sluggish evolution rate of hydrogen,and severe photo-corrosion make photocatalytic hydrogen evolution impractical.In this study,we present 1D/2D ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods for photocatalytic hy-drogen evolution,comprised of a ReS_(2)nanosheet layer grown on CdS nanorods.We found that precise control of the contents of the ReS_(2)nanosheet layer allows for manipulating the electronic structure of Re in the ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods.The ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods with optimal ReS_(2)nanosheet layer content dramatically improve photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.Notably,photocatalytic hydro-gen evolution activity(64.93 mmol g^(−1)h^(−1))of ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods with ReS_(2)nanosheet layers(Re/Cd atomic ratio of 0.051)is approximately 136 times higher than that of pure CdS nanorods under visible light irradiation.Furthermore,intimated coupling of the ReS_(2)nanosheet layer with CdS nanorods reduced the surface trap-site of the CdS nanorods,resulting in enhanced photocatalytic stability.The de-tailed optical and electrical investigations demonstrate that the optimal ReS_(2)nanosheet layer contents in the ReS_(2)-CdS hybrid nanorods can provide improved charge transfer capability,catalytic activity,and light absorption efficiency.This study sheds light on the development of photocatalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3504100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21972166).
文摘Herein,we review the significant of ordered macroporous(OM)TiO_(2)-based catalysts for boosting pho-tocatalytic CO_(2)reduction.Based on the need to improve the three key factors of photogenerated charge separation eficiency,solar energy utilization and CO_(2)adsorption rate during the conversion of CO_(2)to H_(2)O,we summarized five modification measures:including doping ions into OM TiO_(2),introducing sec-ond semiconductor coupling and noble metal nanoparticles for fabricating multiple Z-scheme heterojunc-tions,constructing hierarchical pore and carbon-loaded OM TiO_(2)materials,which effectively enhance the absorption rate of visible light,the separation rate of electrons-hole pairs and the selection of multiple active sites.The OM structured TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts solve the single or multiple key factors for en-hancing photocatalytic performances during CO_(2)conversion.The catalytic mechanism and pathways of OM structured TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts for CO_(2)reduction are discussed and summarized.It provides new insights on the development of high-efficient catalyst for photocatalytic CO_(2)conversion to solar fu-els.
基金Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China,51773084,Yunyun Huang,U1701268,Bai-Ou Guan,Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,2019A1515011278,Yunyun Huang,Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program,2019BT02X105,Bai-Ou Guan,Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students'Scientific and Technological Innovation,pdjh2020a0061,Jiaxuan Liang,Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program,202010559050,Jiaxin Wan.
文摘Obtaining detailed insight into the photocatalytic performance of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials,is important for evaluating material properties as well as guiding material design.However,capture of the detailed matter changes on a photocatalyst surface in real time,and in situ during photocatalysis remains challenging.This work reports a promising optical microfiber sensor integrating a photocatalytic reaction monolayer on an optical microfiber surface to monitor reaction kinetics using Cu_(2)O-based heterogeneous photocatalysts,as an example.The evanescent field of microfiber is used to track the photocatalytic process in real time,through the interaction with the catalytic layer,by monitoring the surface refractive index changes caused by adsorption and degradation.Since the catalytic layer is less than 1µm thick,the typical high-power light source can be replaced by low-power light irradiation.This method successfully reveals that relative to the pristine Cu_(2)O microspheres,the photocatalytic activity is enhanced by the incorporation of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene into Cu_(2)O,whereas incorporation of CdS into Cu_(2)O suppresses the activity.Compared with the existing methods used for photocatalysis evalu-ation,this optical microfiber can be directly employed in real matrices to track local photocatalytic performance.It can also provide details about the different adsorption/degradation kinetics of photocatalysts.It is suitable for most photocatalytic processes and is not limited to pollutants with characteristic UV–visible absorption spectra.This study provides important inspiration for the future development of in situ,real-time reaction assessment.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (No. 1908085ME165)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Key Foundation (No. 2008085UD07)the Special Funds for the Development of Local Science and Technology from the Central Government in Anhui Province (No. 803214271050)
文摘Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has shown great prospects in converting solar energy into chemical energy to mitigate energy crisis and solve environmental pollution problems.The key issue is the development of high-efficiency photocatalysts.Various strategies in the state-of-the-art advancements,such as heterostructure construction,heteroatom doping,metal/single atom loading,and defect engineering,have been presented for the graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4)-based nanocomposite catalysts to design their surface chemical environments and internal electronic structures to make them more suitable for different photocatalytic applications.In this review,nanoarchitecture design,synthesis methods,photochemical properties,potential photocatalytic applications,and related reaction mechanisms of the modified high-efficiency carbon nitride-based photocatalysts were briefly summarized.The superior photocatalytic performance was identified to be associated with the enhanced visible-light response,fast photoinduced electron-hole separation,efficient charge migration,and increased unsaturated active sites.Moreover,the further advance of the visible-light harvesting and solar-to-energy conversions are proposed.
