BACKGROUND Alcoholism is regarded as a risk factor for vitamin B_(12)(VB_(12))deficiency.Because V B_(12) serves as a coenzyme of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase,a key enzyme in propionate metabolism,the ^(13)C-propionate br...BACKGROUND Alcoholism is regarded as a risk factor for vitamin B_(12)(VB_(12))deficiency.Because V B_(12) serves as a coenzyme of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase,a key enzyme in propionate metabolism,the ^(13)C-propionate breath test(PBT)has been studied as a non-invasive diagnostic modality for VB_(12) deficiency.However,the conventional PBT requires 2 h,which is inconvenient in clinical practice.We hypothesized that a faster PBT can be used to evaluate propionate metabolism and is more easily adaptable for clinical practice.AIM To evaluate a faster PBT for assessing the effects of long-term ethanol consumption on propionate metabolism in ethanol-fed rats(ERs).METHODS ERs were obtained by replacing standard drinking water(for control rats,CRs)with 16%ethanol solution in descendants of F344/DuCrj rats.Faster PBT was performed by administering ^(13)C-propionate aqueous solution to male and female ERs and CRs by inserting a metal tubule from the mouth to the stomach;exhaled gas was collected in a bag to measure its ^(13)CO_(2)/12CO_(2) isotope ratio via infrared isotope spectrometry.Serum VB_(12) and alanine transaminase(ALT)levels were measured via chemiluminescence immunoassay and the lactate dehydrogenaseultraviolet method,respectively.We evaluated statistical differences in mean body weight,change in ^(13)CO_(2)(Δ^(13)CO_(2)‰),peakΔ^(13)CO_(2)‰,and serum VB_(12) and ALT,between males and females and between ERs and CRs using the t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for normally and non-normally distributed variables,respectively.RESULTS Males weighed significantly more than females(P<0.001);CRs weighed significantly more than ERs(P<0.008).Δ^(13)CO_(2) reached a peak(C_(max))at 20 min and 30 min in females and males,respectively,decreasing after 20-30 min without rebound in all groups.Males had significantly higher C_(max) andΔ^(13)CO_(2) at 15-45 min than females(P<0.05;for all pairs).Propionate metabolism was enhanced in male ERs relative to male CRs,whereas metabolism did not differ markedly between ERs and CRs for females.Males had higher serum VB_(12) levels than females,without prominent differences between the ER and CR groups.Male CRs had notably higher ALT levels than male ERs.Thus,chronic ethanol consumption may trigger fatty acid production via intestinal bacteria and changes in gut microbiome composition.CONCLUSION Faster PBT shows that 16%ethanol consumption promotes propionate metabolism without inducing liver injury.This PBT may be used clinically to evaluate gut flora status.展开更多
Related substances in pharmaceutical formulations are associated with their safety, efficacy and stability. However, there is no overall study already published on the assessment of related substances in the Compound ...Related substances in pharmaceutical formulations are associated with their safety, efficacy and stability. However, there is no overall study already published on the assessment of related substances in the Compound Ketoconazole and Clobetasol Propionate Cream. In this work, a reliable HPLC-TOF-MS qualitative method was developed for the analysis of related substances in this preparation with a quick and easy extraction procedure. Besides the active pharmaceutical ingredients, two compounds named ketoconazole impurity B′ optical isomer and ketoconazole impurity E were identified. Furthermore, a new HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative assessment on related substances and degradation products, which were found in the stability test, was established and validated. The single standard to determine multi-components method was applied in the quantitative analysis, which was an effective way for reducing cost and improving accuracy. This study can provide a creative idea for routine analysis of quality control of the Compound Ketoconazole and Clobetasol Propionate Cream.展开更多
The apparent degradation rate constant of fluticasone propionate(FLT) in 0.1 M NaOH:methanol=1:1 at 37 °C was previously reported to be 0.169 ± 0.003 h^(-1), and four degradation products(products 1–4) were...The apparent degradation rate constant of fluticasone propionate(FLT) in 0.1 M NaOH:methanol=1:1 at 37 °C was previously reported to be 0.169 ± 0.003 h^(-1), and four degradation products(products 1–4) were observed in the solution. The aims of the present study were to assess the degradation rates of FLT in other alkaline solutions and clarify the chemical structures of the four degradation products in order to obtain basic data for designing an enema for inflammatory bowel disease. The apparent degradation rate constants in 0.05 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaOH:CH_3CN=1:1 were 0.472 ± 0.013 h^(-1) and 0.154 ± 0.000 h^(-1)(n=3), respectively. The chemical structures of products 1–4 in 0.1 M NaOH:methanol=1:1 were revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and mass spectrometry data. The chemical structure of products 2 was that the 17-position of the thioester moiety of FLT was substituted by a carboxylic acid. The degradation product in 0.1 M NaOH:CH_3CN=1:1 was found to be product 2 based on ~1H NMR data. The degradation product in 0.05 M NaOH was considered to be product 2 based on the retention time of HPLC. These results are useful for detecting the degradation products of FLT by enzymes of the intestinal bacterial flora in the large intestine after dosing FLT as an enema.展开更多
The complexes of metals(Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,La,Y and Lu)with ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetate-N,N′-di-β-propionate have been studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance(PMR).The interestingquartet spectral pattern of acetat...The complexes of metals(Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,La,Y and Lu)with ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetate-N,N′-di-β-propionate have been studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance(PMR).The interestingquartet spectral pattern of acetate protons and multiplet spectral pattern of protons of propionate groups forthe complexes of metal ions of high charge density have been observed.The results show that the chemicalbond for these complexes is predominantly ionic and the lability of metal-nitrogen bond as well as metal-oxygen bond decreases with increasing charge density of cations.展开更多
Poly（lithium propionate methyl siloxane ）as a single-ion carrier source was synthesized. The crosslinked film showed lower lithium ionic conductivity at room temperature (about 10<sup>-10</sup> S/cm). Ho...Poly（lithium propionate methyl siloxane ）as a single-ion carrier source was synthesized. The crosslinked film showed lower lithium ionic conductivity at room temperature (about 10<sup>-10</sup> S/cm). However,the lithium ionic conductivity was obviously increased by blending with high polar polymers such as polyethylene oxide, poly （methylsiloxane - co- ethylene oxide） and poly （methylsiloxane- g- ethylene oxide）. In the blend system a high conductivity of 10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-5</sup> Scm<sup>-1</sup> at room temperature was obtained and the single-ion conductivity was deeply influenced by the content of the poly （lithium propionate methyl siioxane）. The dc ionic conductivity of the flexible crosslinked films is more stable over time.展开更多
The object of this study was to investigate the effects of chromium propionate replacing 25%rumen-protected choline(RPC)on production performance and blood indicators of perinatal dairy cows.According to the principle...The object of this study was to investigate the effects of chromium propionate replacing 25%rumen-protected choline(RPC)on production performance and blood indicators of perinatal dairy cows.According to the principle of ensuring that chromium propionate and RPC were fed 14 days prepartum,27 healthy Holstein cows(age,parity,lactation volume,body condition and expectancy were similar)were randomly divided into three groups(GroupsⅠ,ⅡandⅢ),with nine cows in each group.Cows in GroupⅠwere fed basal diets;cows in GroupⅡwere fed the same basal diets with 10 g•d-1 RPC per cow;and cows in GroupⅢwere fed the same basal diets,but 7.5 g RPC and 2.5 g chromium propionate(4 mg chromium)per cow.The results showed that dry matter intake(DMI)of prepartum in GroupsⅡandⅢwas significantly increased(P<0.05),compared with GroupⅠ;however,there was no significant difference between GroupsⅡandⅢ(P>0.05).The milk fat content in GroupⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅠon the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).The urea nitrogen content in GroupsⅡandⅢsignificantly lower than that in GroupⅠon the 21st day of postpartum(P<0.05),but there were no significant difference between GroupsⅡandⅢ(P>0.05).The somatic cell counts in GroupⅢwere significantly lower than those in GroupsⅠandⅡon the 14th and 21st days of postpartum(P<0.05).The contents of the total cholesterol in GroupⅢdecreased significantly compared to GroupⅡon the 7th day of prepartum,on the day of calving and the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).The concentration of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)in GroupⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅡon the 7th day of prepartum,on the day of calving and the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).On the 7th day of postpartum the concentration of insulin in GroupⅢwas obviously higher than that in GroupⅡ(P<0.05).In summary,replacing 25%of rumen-protected choline with chromium propionate reduced production costs and improved dairy farming benefits.展开更多
Corticosteroids are the most widely used class of anti-inflammatory medications in the pharmaceutical industry. There are several pharmaceutical dosage forms available using different corticosteroids. Topical steroids...Corticosteroids are the most widely used class of anti-inflammatory medications in the pharmaceutical industry. There are several pharmaceutical dosage forms available using different corticosteroids. Topical steroids of varying potencies are available in creams, ointments, solutions and other vehicles. Chemical instability and drug degradation are the key quality concerns for these topical dosage forms. Nature of the dosage forms, excipient quality, product composition, and process optimization are some of the common factors which affect the stability of corticosteroids. This article describes drug degradation behavior of three different corticosteroids in different topical dosage forms. Drug degradation patterns of Hydrocortisone, Clobetasol propionate and Desonide formulations observed in stability studies of respective finished drug products under ICH recommended storage conditions were investigated. HPLC, UPLC-MS/MS methods were developed for the separation and characterization of impurities. The structural elucidation of the unknown impurities observed for these steroids and mechanistic consideration of potential degradation pathways has been discussed. Detailed discussion on the analytical methodologies is included as well.展开更多
Background: It is postulated that the concentrations of the major strong ions (Na, K, and Cl) in oral electrolyte solutions play a major role in clinical efficacy of these solutions for rehydration and corrections of ...Background: It is postulated that the concentrations of the major strong ions (Na, K, and Cl) in oral electrolyte solutions play a major role in clinical efficacy of these solutions for rehydration and corrections of metabolic acid base derangements. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test prospectively the efficacy of an OES (OESexp) formulated based on concentration of strong ion difference (SID) and propionate in a group of calves with naturally occurring neonatal diarrhea and clinically detectable dehydration and acid base abnormalities. Animals: Ten client owned calves of varying breeds, 2 - 22 days old, presented to a veterinary teaching hospital with a history of naturally occurring acute undifferentiated diarrhea, progressive depression and dehydration for treatment. Methods: Clinical and laboratory parameters were measured pre and post two oral electrolyte treatments to assess efficacy of the experimental OES to correct clinical and clinico pathological parameters. For the clinical trial the calves served as their own controls. For control of safety of medication 4 normal calves were force fed 4 L of OESexp and followed over a 24 hour period. Results: All calves had severe diarrhea and metabolic acidosis. The metabolic acidosis observed in the plasma of these calves and reflected by pH, HCO3- SID and base deficit was corrected significantly towards reference ranges (p < 0.05) with two 2 L feedings 12 hours apart. Dehydration was significantly corrected and all calves were discharged 1 - 3 days post admission. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: The use of SID is a valid approach when formulating oral electrolytes solutions for use in calves with acute diarrhea and metabolic derangement. Sodium propionate is valid substitute for commonly used sodium base equivalents in North America in oral electrolyte solutions.展开更多
The research direction of our team is nutrition and physiology of ruminants, including dietary nutrition metabolism and rumen microorganisms. Previous research has shown that ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio is rel...The research direction of our team is nutrition and physiology of ruminants, including dietary nutrition metabolism and rumen microorganisms. Previous research has shown that ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio is related to diet utilization efficiency. At present, it is believed that the main factors affecting the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio are the degradation rate of the diet and the rumen microbial structure, but the main mechanism is unclear<span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study found that the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effect of ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio was not affected by the concentration of the fermentation substrate, but was affected by the structure of the rumen microbiota. We believe that changes in the rumen microflora structure are the main mechanism for regulating the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio. This will help people to further understand the rumen physiology, thereby gradually improving feed conversion efficiency and reducing production costs. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Abstract: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to explore the mechanism by which diet regulates the acetate-to-propionate molar ratio (A: P ratio), we compared the effect on rumen fermentation parameters and the microbiome by altering the ratio of dietary concentrates to roughage ratio and calcium pyruvate infusion. The test animals were Laoshan dairy goats, and were fed continuously through an automatic feeder. The test groups were fed a base diet of low concentrates, and intraruminally infused with calcium pyruvate at two concentrations. The infusion concentrations were derived from the difference in the rate of carbohydrate degradation of the high and low concentrate diets, and they were artificially set such that the high concentration infusion group was infused with twice the concentration as the low concentration infusion group. The control groups were fed high concentrate</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(6:4) and low concentrate (3:7) diets, respectively. The following results were obtained by measuring rumen fermentation parameters and microbial composition: the rumen A: P ratio was significantly lower in the high-concentrate</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">diet group than in the low concentrate diet group (P < 0.05). Infusion of low concentration calcium pyruvate had no significant effect on rumen A: P ratio (P > 0.05), while infusion of high concentration calcium pyruvate significantly increased the rumen A: P ratio (P < 0.05). Relative to goats fed the low concentrate diet, those fed the high concentrate diet had a greater abundance of microbes related to propionate production and a reduced abundance of microbes related to fiber degradation. Infusion of pyruvate had no significant</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effect on rumen microbial structure. The above results indicate that increasing the concentration of the fermentation substrate without affecting the composition of the microflora does not reduce the A: P ratio. Microbiological results showed that the A: P ratio was more closely related to the rumen microflora structure. Therefore, it is believed that rumen microflora structure is the main mechanism regulating A: P ratio in rumen fermentation.</span>展开更多
Background: Calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are new modality of treatment of localized vitiligo. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and side effects of 1% pimecrolimus cream in comparison ...Background: Calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are new modality of treatment of localized vitiligo. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and side effects of 1% pimecrolimus cream in comparison with 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream as a treatment of localized type of vitiligo. Patients and Methods: Fifty two patients with localized vitiligo were included in this single, blind, comparative therapeutic trial. Full history and examination for each patient was done. Wood’s light was used when needed to confirm the diagnosis. Thirty (57.7%) were females and 22 (42.3%) males, female to male ratio of 1.36:1. Their ages ranged between 3 - 40 (13.15 ± 7.9) years, while disease duration ranged from 6 - 84 (29.62 ± 20.56) months. Total numbers of lesions were 114 lesions with a mean of 2.2 lesions per patient. The surface area of the lesions ranged between 1 - 31 (7.15 ± 6.98) cm2. Vitiliginous patches were most commonly located on face 48 (42.1%) lesions, and lower limbs 35 (30.7%) lesions. Patients were divided in to two groups according to the type of therapeutic modality.?Group?A?consisted of 25 patients (52 lesions) receiving 1% pimecrolimus cream and?Group?B?27 patients (62 lesions) treated with 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream, both used twice daily. The amount of cream per area was applied according to rule of fingertip unit. Measuring the surface area of the lesions and calculating the reduction rate were done every month till the end of the 6th?month. Then patients were asked to stop the use of medication to be re-evaluated again after 3 months without any treatment and to record any local or systemic side effects. Results: After 6 months of treatment there was 79.67% reduction in the surface area of lesions in?Group?A, while inGroup?B?there was 82.59% reduction in the surface area with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The reduction rate was early as there was statistically significant reduction for both groups after one month of treatment (p value < 0.01). The reduction rates for facial lesions were more than other parts of the body. There was no significant relapse after 3 months of stopping treatment for both groups. Side effects were minimal and tolerable. Conclusions: Topical 1% pimecrolimus is as effective as clobetasol propionate in treatment of localized vitiligo affecting less than 5% of the body surface area but pimecrolimus was more preferred as the side effects of topical steroid could be avoided.展开更多
Crosslinking is one of the most commonly reactions used to improve the physical properties of cellulose derivatives. Cellulose Acetate Propionate (CAP) is a commercial ester obtained as a cellulose derivative and it c...Crosslinking is one of the most commonly reactions used to improve the physical properties of cellulose derivatives. Cellulose Acetate Propionate (CAP) is a commercial ester obtained as a cellulose derivative and it can be used as basis for the synthesis of crosslinked chains as described in this work. Typical used crosslinkers are di-functional compounds, such as dianhydrides or diisocyanate. The formation of polymeric 3D structures as described in this work occurs typically by the reaction of the linear chains bearing free OH groups with crosslinking agents such as dianhydrides. These reactions are used to make a very absorbent material, typically a gel. The syntheses were performed in homogeneous medium with acetate propionate in a very dry atmosphere by employing PMDA (Pyromellitic Dianhydride) and BTDA (3,3’, 4,4’ Benzophenone Tetracarboxylated Dianhydride) as crosslinking agents in a reflux system. TGA analysis has shown the different thermal stability of the gels when compared with CAP. Typical TGA curves have demonstrated the lower stability of the crosslinked chains when compared to CAP as consequence of esther linkages formed in the gels structures. The Mc, which is the value for the molar mass between crosslinkings points in 3D structure, was determined according to Flory-Rehner theory. This important parameter has demonstrated greater reactivity of PMDA in comparison with the BTDA in the reactions conditions’ employed in this work.展开更多
Food waste(FW)is a promising renewable low-cost biomass substrate for enhancing the economic feasibility of fermentative propionate production.Although lipids,a common component of food waste,can be used as a carbon s...Food waste(FW)is a promising renewable low-cost biomass substrate for enhancing the economic feasibility of fermentative propionate production.Although lipids,a common component of food waste,can be used as a carbon source to enhance the production of volatile fatty acids(VFAs)during co-fermentation,few studies have evaluated the potential for directional propionate production from the co-fermentation of lipids and FW.In this study,co-fermentation experiments were conducted using different combinations of lipids and FW for VFA production.The contributions of lipids and FW to propionate production,hydrolysis of substrates,and microbial composition during.cofermentation were evaluated.The results revealed that lipids shifted the fermentation type of FW from butyric to propionic acid fermentation.Based on the estimated propionate production kinetic parameters,the maximum propionate productivity increased significantly with an increase in lipid content,reaching 6.23 g propionate/(L·d)at a lipid content of 50%.Propionate-producing bacteria Prevotella,Veillonella,and norank f Propionibacteriaceae were enriched in the presence of lipids,and the succinate pathway was identified as a prominent fermentation route for propionate production.Moreover,the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional annotation revealed that the expression of functional genes associated with amino acid metabolism was enhanced by the presence of lipids.Collectively,these findings will contribute to gaining a better understanding of targeted propionate production from FW.展开更多
Enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis is one of the main modes of meeting the glucose requirement of dairy cows.This study attempted to determine whether the gluconeogenesis precursor propionate had an effect on the expre...Enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis is one of the main modes of meeting the glucose requirement of dairy cows.This study attempted to determine whether the gluconeogenesis precursor propionate had an effect on the expression of the main genes involved in gluconeogenesis in calf hepatocytes and elucidate the associated mechanisms.Calf hepatocytes were obtained from 5 healthy calves(1 d old;30to 40 kg)and exposed to 0-,1-,2.5-,or 5-mM sodium propionate(NaP),which is known to promote the expression of genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway,including fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,and glucose-6-phosphatase.With regard to the underlying mechanism,propionate promoted the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha,hepatocyte nuclear factor 4,and forkhead box O1(transcription factors that regulate the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes)by promoting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1),but inhibiting mTORC2 activity(P<0.01).We also established a model of palmitic acid(PA)-induced hepatic injury in calf hepatocytes and found that PA could inhibit the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes by suppressing the expression of gluconeogenic genes,inhibiting m TORC1,and promoting the activity of m TORC2(P<0.01).In contrast,NaP provided protection to calf hepatocytes by counteracting the inhibitory effect of PA on the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes(P<0.05).Collectively,these findings indicate that NaP enhances the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes by regulating the mTOR pathway activity.Thus,in addition to improving the glucose production potential,propionate may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of hepatic injury in dairy cows.展开更多
The masson pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus puuctatus (Walker), is a serious pest of masson pine in the south of China. The three active components of the sex pheromone of the female moth, (Z, E)-5, 7-dodecadien-l-...The masson pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus puuctatus (Walker), is a serious pest of masson pine in the south of China. The three active components of the sex pheromone of the female moth, (Z, E)-5, 7-dodecadien-l-ol(Ⅰ), (Z, E)-5,7-dodecadien-l-yl acetate(Ⅱ) and (Z, E)-5,7-dodecadien-l-yl propionate(Ⅲ), have been synthesized via Wittig condensation reaction (Scheme 1). The Wittig reaction was performed in dry HMPT with n-BuLi as base, and the product was a mixture of Z, E isomer and E, E isomer in ca. 91: 9 ratio by glc analyses; using DMSO instead of HMPT, the ratio of Z, E isomer to E. E isomer was ca. 75:25.展开更多
Short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)can regulate appetite by stimulating the secretion of satiety hormones.However,the impact of short-chain fatty acid propionate on the release of gut satiety hormones and appetite regulatio...Short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)can regulate appetite by stimulating the secretion of satiety hormones.However,the impact of short-chain fatty acid propionate on the release of gut satiety hormones and appetite regulation in pigs is not completely understood.In this study,16 pigs were infused with saline or sodium propionate through a fistula in the caecum during a 28-day experimental period.We characterized the effects of propionate administration on peptide YY(PYY)and glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1)secretion from colonic tissue,and investigated the role of propionate infusion on the expression of appetite-related genes in the colon and hypothalamus.Further,the direct impact of propionate administration on the expression of orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related protein(AgRP)in hypothalamic N38 cells was also examined.The results showed that intra-cecal infusion of propionate reduced the short-term feed intake(P<0.05)but not the long-term feed intake in pigs(P>0.05).Propionate administration stimulated PYY and GLP-1 release from colon tissue in vivo and ex vivo(P<0.05).It also upregulated PYY expression in the colonic mucosa(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the GLP-1 and PYY levels in the blood were increased after intra-cecal infusion of propionate at d 28(P<0.05).Additionally,intra-cecal infusion of propionate upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of free fatty acid receptor 2/3(FFAR2/FFAR3)in the colonic mucosa(P<0.05).Propionate infusion also downregulated the orexigenic AgRP mRNA expression(P<0.05)and upregulated the anorexigenic cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript(CART)mRNA expression(P=0.09)in the hypothalamus.Moreover,propionate administration directly downregulated AgRP expression in hypothalamic N38 cells in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).Collectively,these findings demonstrated that cecal propionate stimulated colonic secretion of satiety hormones and suppressed appetite to reduce the short-term feed intake in pigs.This study highlights that microbial-derived propionate exerts an important role in regulating the physical functions of the host.展开更多
There is evidence to suggest that poultry may have a dietary requirement for metabolically available chromium(Cr)that exceeds the amount provided through wheat soybean meal diets.The objective of the present study was...There is evidence to suggest that poultry may have a dietary requirement for metabolically available chromium(Cr)that exceeds the amount provided through wheat soybean meal diets.The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental organic Cr from Cr propionate at different dose levels(control=0μg/kg,T1=200μg/kg,T2=400μg/kg)on the growth performance,carcass traits,and meat quality of broilers.Weight gain and feed intake of each treatment were recorded at the start and after 14,28 and 35 d,and feed conversion ratios(FCR)were calculated accordingly.At35 d of age,birds were randomly selected and euthanized for carcass evaluation.Results of the first trial indicate that both Cr propionate treatments increased final body weight(P<0.05),feed efficiency(P<0.05)and body weight gain(P<0.0001).Furthermore,Cr propionate supplementation improved(P<0.0001)all carcass characteristics.Interestingly,with increased Cr dosage,carcass yield,dressing percentage and breast meat yield increased linearly(P<0.0001).The second study reveals that the feed intake in the control group was significantly higher compared to both Cr propionate supplemented groups(T1&T2).Furthermore,the Cr propionate supplemented T2 group displayed a significantly lower FCR than the control and T1 group(P=0.027).Finally,Cr propionate supplementation increased the dressing percentage compared to control birds(P<0.0001).In the third experiment,Cr propionate supplementation(T1&T2)increased final body weight and decreased FCR compared with the control treatment.These effects were highly significant(P<0.0001)throughout all feeding phases of the trial.Cr propionate supplementation also increased(P<0.0001)carcass yield,dressing percentage,breast meat yield,leg and thigh weights compared with the control treatment.In conclusion,growth performance,feed conversion,carcass yield,breast and leg meats of broiler birds can be significantly improved by dietary inclusion of Cr propionate.Cr propionate can be supplemented to broiler birds from 1 d old of age at a level that provides 200 or 400μg/kg organic Cr and can increase the efficiency of broiler production.展开更多
A competitive coupling of amide anion over menthyl propionate anion with aryl radicalin photo-S<sub>RN</sub> 1 mechanism was encountered. The rcaction afforded N-aryl propionic amide in excel-lent yield. I...A competitive coupling of amide anion over menthyl propionate anion with aryl radicalin photo-S<sub>RN</sub> 1 mechanism was encountered. The rcaction afforded N-aryl propionic amide in excel-lent yield. In contrast, the expected nucleophilic photo-S<sub>RN</sub> 1 substitution originating from the carb-anion was observed in the case of t-butyl propionate. According to the proposed mechanisms and MOcorrelation diagrams of the coupling step of nucleophiles with aryl radical, the interesting con-trast is reasonably attributed to the variation in energy gap between π<sup>*</sup>c-o and π<sup>*</sup>Ar of （ArNu）-Usually, the odd electron of （ArNu）- is weightly populated at π<sup>*</sup>c-o, however, the diminished priv-ilege of π<sup>*</sup>c-o in menthyl propionate promotes a dominant population of the odd electron at π<sup>*</sup>Ar,which leads to the fragmentation of （ArNu）- into the starting carbanion and aryl radical.展开更多
Due to the grave pathological role of obesity, worldwide research is being continued to find out the causative factors involved in it. Recent advances in this field reveal a possible relationship between the compositi...Due to the grave pathological role of obesity, worldwide research is being continued to find out the causative factors involved in it. Recent advances in this field reveal a possible relationship between the compositional pattern of gut microbiota and genesis of obesity. Several study results have shown that short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs, microbiota-induced fermentation products) and lipopolysaccharides(LPS, an integral component of Gram negative microorganisms) play the key role in linking the two. Though several SCFAs are produced as microbiota-fermentation products, three of them, i.e., butyrate, propionate and acetate have been found to be definitely involved in obesity; though individually they are neither purely obesogenic nor antiobesogenic. Out of these, butyrate and propionate are predominantly antiobesogenic. Butyrate, though a major energy source for colonocytes, has been found to increase mitochondrial activity, prevent metabolic endotoxemia, improve insulin sensitivity, possess antiinflammatory potential, increase intestinal barrier function and protect against diet-induced obesity without causing hypophagia. Propionate has been found to inhibit cholesterol synthesis, thereby antagonizing the cholesterol increasing action of acetate, and to inhibit the expression of resistin in adipocytes. Moreover, both these SCFAs have been found to cause weight regulation through their stimulatory effect on anorexigenic gut hormones and to increase the synthesis of leptin. Unlike butyrate and propionate, acetate, which is substantially absorbed, shows more obesogenic potential, as it acts as a substrate for hepatic and adipocyte lipogenesis. High fat diet increases the absorption of LPS, which, in turn, has been found to be associated with metabolic endotoxemia and to induce inflammation resulting in obesity. Multiple independent and interrelated mechanisms have been found to be involved in such linking processes which are discussed in this review work along with some possible remedial measures for prevention of weight gain and obesity.展开更多
基金the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant, No. JP21K18089
文摘BACKGROUND Alcoholism is regarded as a risk factor for vitamin B_(12)(VB_(12))deficiency.Because V B_(12) serves as a coenzyme of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase,a key enzyme in propionate metabolism,the ^(13)C-propionate breath test(PBT)has been studied as a non-invasive diagnostic modality for VB_(12) deficiency.However,the conventional PBT requires 2 h,which is inconvenient in clinical practice.We hypothesized that a faster PBT can be used to evaluate propionate metabolism and is more easily adaptable for clinical practice.AIM To evaluate a faster PBT for assessing the effects of long-term ethanol consumption on propionate metabolism in ethanol-fed rats(ERs).METHODS ERs were obtained by replacing standard drinking water(for control rats,CRs)with 16%ethanol solution in descendants of F344/DuCrj rats.Faster PBT was performed by administering ^(13)C-propionate aqueous solution to male and female ERs and CRs by inserting a metal tubule from the mouth to the stomach;exhaled gas was collected in a bag to measure its ^(13)CO_(2)/12CO_(2) isotope ratio via infrared isotope spectrometry.Serum VB_(12) and alanine transaminase(ALT)levels were measured via chemiluminescence immunoassay and the lactate dehydrogenaseultraviolet method,respectively.We evaluated statistical differences in mean body weight,change in ^(13)CO_(2)(Δ^(13)CO_(2)‰),peakΔ^(13)CO_(2)‰,and serum VB_(12) and ALT,between males and females and between ERs and CRs using the t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for normally and non-normally distributed variables,respectively.RESULTS Males weighed significantly more than females(P<0.001);CRs weighed significantly more than ERs(P<0.008).Δ^(13)CO_(2) reached a peak(C_(max))at 20 min and 30 min in females and males,respectively,decreasing after 20-30 min without rebound in all groups.Males had significantly higher C_(max) andΔ^(13)CO_(2) at 15-45 min than females(P<0.05;for all pairs).Propionate metabolism was enhanced in male ERs relative to male CRs,whereas metabolism did not differ markedly between ERs and CRs for females.Males had higher serum VB_(12) levels than females,without prominent differences between the ER and CR groups.Male CRs had notably higher ALT levels than male ERs.Thus,chronic ethanol consumption may trigger fatty acid production via intestinal bacteria and changes in gut microbiome composition.CONCLUSION Faster PBT shows that 16%ethanol consumption promotes propionate metabolism without inducing liver injury.This PBT may be used clinically to evaluate gut flora status.
文摘Related substances in pharmaceutical formulations are associated with their safety, efficacy and stability. However, there is no overall study already published on the assessment of related substances in the Compound Ketoconazole and Clobetasol Propionate Cream. In this work, a reliable HPLC-TOF-MS qualitative method was developed for the analysis of related substances in this preparation with a quick and easy extraction procedure. Besides the active pharmaceutical ingredients, two compounds named ketoconazole impurity B′ optical isomer and ketoconazole impurity E were identified. Furthermore, a new HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative assessment on related substances and degradation products, which were found in the stability test, was established and validated. The single standard to determine multi-components method was applied in the quantitative analysis, which was an effective way for reducing cost and improving accuracy. This study can provide a creative idea for routine analysis of quality control of the Compound Ketoconazole and Clobetasol Propionate Cream.
文摘The apparent degradation rate constant of fluticasone propionate(FLT) in 0.1 M NaOH:methanol=1:1 at 37 °C was previously reported to be 0.169 ± 0.003 h^(-1), and four degradation products(products 1–4) were observed in the solution. The aims of the present study were to assess the degradation rates of FLT in other alkaline solutions and clarify the chemical structures of the four degradation products in order to obtain basic data for designing an enema for inflammatory bowel disease. The apparent degradation rate constants in 0.05 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaOH:CH_3CN=1:1 were 0.472 ± 0.013 h^(-1) and 0.154 ± 0.000 h^(-1)(n=3), respectively. The chemical structures of products 1–4 in 0.1 M NaOH:methanol=1:1 were revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and mass spectrometry data. The chemical structure of products 2 was that the 17-position of the thioester moiety of FLT was substituted by a carboxylic acid. The degradation product in 0.1 M NaOH:CH_3CN=1:1 was found to be product 2 based on ~1H NMR data. The degradation product in 0.05 M NaOH was considered to be product 2 based on the retention time of HPLC. These results are useful for detecting the degradation products of FLT by enzymes of the intestinal bacterial flora in the large intestine after dosing FLT as an enema.
文摘The complexes of metals(Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,La,Y and Lu)with ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetate-N,N′-di-β-propionate have been studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance(PMR).The interestingquartet spectral pattern of acetate protons and multiplet spectral pattern of protons of propionate groups forthe complexes of metal ions of high charge density have been observed.The results show that the chemicalbond for these complexes is predominantly ionic and the lability of metal-nitrogen bond as well as metal-oxygen bond decreases with increasing charge density of cations.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Poly（lithium propionate methyl siloxane ）as a single-ion carrier source was synthesized. The crosslinked film showed lower lithium ionic conductivity at room temperature (about 10<sup>-10</sup> S/cm). However,the lithium ionic conductivity was obviously increased by blending with high polar polymers such as polyethylene oxide, poly （methylsiloxane - co- ethylene oxide） and poly （methylsiloxane- g- ethylene oxide）. In the blend system a high conductivity of 10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-5</sup> Scm<sup>-1</sup> at room temperature was obtained and the single-ion conductivity was deeply influenced by the content of the poly （lithium propionate methyl siioxane）. The dc ionic conductivity of the flexible crosslinked films is more stable over time.
基金Supported by China Agriculture Research System(CARS-36)。
文摘The object of this study was to investigate the effects of chromium propionate replacing 25%rumen-protected choline(RPC)on production performance and blood indicators of perinatal dairy cows.According to the principle of ensuring that chromium propionate and RPC were fed 14 days prepartum,27 healthy Holstein cows(age,parity,lactation volume,body condition and expectancy were similar)were randomly divided into three groups(GroupsⅠ,ⅡandⅢ),with nine cows in each group.Cows in GroupⅠwere fed basal diets;cows in GroupⅡwere fed the same basal diets with 10 g•d-1 RPC per cow;and cows in GroupⅢwere fed the same basal diets,but 7.5 g RPC and 2.5 g chromium propionate(4 mg chromium)per cow.The results showed that dry matter intake(DMI)of prepartum in GroupsⅡandⅢwas significantly increased(P<0.05),compared with GroupⅠ;however,there was no significant difference between GroupsⅡandⅢ(P>0.05).The milk fat content in GroupⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅠon the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).The urea nitrogen content in GroupsⅡandⅢsignificantly lower than that in GroupⅠon the 21st day of postpartum(P<0.05),but there were no significant difference between GroupsⅡandⅢ(P>0.05).The somatic cell counts in GroupⅢwere significantly lower than those in GroupsⅠandⅡon the 14th and 21st days of postpartum(P<0.05).The contents of the total cholesterol in GroupⅢdecreased significantly compared to GroupⅡon the 7th day of prepartum,on the day of calving and the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).The concentration of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)in GroupⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅡon the 7th day of prepartum,on the day of calving and the 7th day of postpartum(P<0.05).On the 7th day of postpartum the concentration of insulin in GroupⅢwas obviously higher than that in GroupⅡ(P<0.05).In summary,replacing 25%of rumen-protected choline with chromium propionate reduced production costs and improved dairy farming benefits.
文摘Corticosteroids are the most widely used class of anti-inflammatory medications in the pharmaceutical industry. There are several pharmaceutical dosage forms available using different corticosteroids. Topical steroids of varying potencies are available in creams, ointments, solutions and other vehicles. Chemical instability and drug degradation are the key quality concerns for these topical dosage forms. Nature of the dosage forms, excipient quality, product composition, and process optimization are some of the common factors which affect the stability of corticosteroids. This article describes drug degradation behavior of three different corticosteroids in different topical dosage forms. Drug degradation patterns of Hydrocortisone, Clobetasol propionate and Desonide formulations observed in stability studies of respective finished drug products under ICH recommended storage conditions were investigated. HPLC, UPLC-MS/MS methods were developed for the separation and characterization of impurities. The structural elucidation of the unknown impurities observed for these steroids and mechanistic consideration of potential degradation pathways has been discussed. Detailed discussion on the analytical methodologies is included as well.
文摘Background: It is postulated that the concentrations of the major strong ions (Na, K, and Cl) in oral electrolyte solutions play a major role in clinical efficacy of these solutions for rehydration and corrections of metabolic acid base derangements. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test prospectively the efficacy of an OES (OESexp) formulated based on concentration of strong ion difference (SID) and propionate in a group of calves with naturally occurring neonatal diarrhea and clinically detectable dehydration and acid base abnormalities. Animals: Ten client owned calves of varying breeds, 2 - 22 days old, presented to a veterinary teaching hospital with a history of naturally occurring acute undifferentiated diarrhea, progressive depression and dehydration for treatment. Methods: Clinical and laboratory parameters were measured pre and post two oral electrolyte treatments to assess efficacy of the experimental OES to correct clinical and clinico pathological parameters. For the clinical trial the calves served as their own controls. For control of safety of medication 4 normal calves were force fed 4 L of OESexp and followed over a 24 hour period. Results: All calves had severe diarrhea and metabolic acidosis. The metabolic acidosis observed in the plasma of these calves and reflected by pH, HCO3- SID and base deficit was corrected significantly towards reference ranges (p < 0.05) with two 2 L feedings 12 hours apart. Dehydration was significantly corrected and all calves were discharged 1 - 3 days post admission. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: The use of SID is a valid approach when formulating oral electrolytes solutions for use in calves with acute diarrhea and metabolic derangement. Sodium propionate is valid substitute for commonly used sodium base equivalents in North America in oral electrolyte solutions.
文摘The research direction of our team is nutrition and physiology of ruminants, including dietary nutrition metabolism and rumen microorganisms. Previous research has shown that ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio is related to diet utilization efficiency. At present, it is believed that the main factors affecting the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio are the degradation rate of the diet and the rumen microbial structure, but the main mechanism is unclear<span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study found that the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effect of ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio was not affected by the concentration of the fermentation substrate, but was affected by the structure of the rumen microbiota. We believe that changes in the rumen microflora structure are the main mechanism for regulating the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio. This will help people to further understand the rumen physiology, thereby gradually improving feed conversion efficiency and reducing production costs. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Abstract: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to explore the mechanism by which diet regulates the acetate-to-propionate molar ratio (A: P ratio), we compared the effect on rumen fermentation parameters and the microbiome by altering the ratio of dietary concentrates to roughage ratio and calcium pyruvate infusion. The test animals were Laoshan dairy goats, and were fed continuously through an automatic feeder. The test groups were fed a base diet of low concentrates, and intraruminally infused with calcium pyruvate at two concentrations. The infusion concentrations were derived from the difference in the rate of carbohydrate degradation of the high and low concentrate diets, and they were artificially set such that the high concentration infusion group was infused with twice the concentration as the low concentration infusion group. The control groups were fed high concentrate</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(6:4) and low concentrate (3:7) diets, respectively. The following results were obtained by measuring rumen fermentation parameters and microbial composition: the rumen A: P ratio was significantly lower in the high-concentrate</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">diet group than in the low concentrate diet group (P < 0.05). Infusion of low concentration calcium pyruvate had no significant effect on rumen A: P ratio (P > 0.05), while infusion of high concentration calcium pyruvate significantly increased the rumen A: P ratio (P < 0.05). Relative to goats fed the low concentrate diet, those fed the high concentrate diet had a greater abundance of microbes related to propionate production and a reduced abundance of microbes related to fiber degradation. Infusion of pyruvate had no significant</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effect on rumen microbial structure. The above results indicate that increasing the concentration of the fermentation substrate without affecting the composition of the microflora does not reduce the A: P ratio. Microbiological results showed that the A: P ratio was more closely related to the rumen microflora structure. Therefore, it is believed that rumen microflora structure is the main mechanism regulating A: P ratio in rumen fermentation.</span>
文摘Background: Calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are new modality of treatment of localized vitiligo. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and side effects of 1% pimecrolimus cream in comparison with 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream as a treatment of localized type of vitiligo. Patients and Methods: Fifty two patients with localized vitiligo were included in this single, blind, comparative therapeutic trial. Full history and examination for each patient was done. Wood’s light was used when needed to confirm the diagnosis. Thirty (57.7%) were females and 22 (42.3%) males, female to male ratio of 1.36:1. Their ages ranged between 3 - 40 (13.15 ± 7.9) years, while disease duration ranged from 6 - 84 (29.62 ± 20.56) months. Total numbers of lesions were 114 lesions with a mean of 2.2 lesions per patient. The surface area of the lesions ranged between 1 - 31 (7.15 ± 6.98) cm2. Vitiliginous patches were most commonly located on face 48 (42.1%) lesions, and lower limbs 35 (30.7%) lesions. Patients were divided in to two groups according to the type of therapeutic modality.?Group?A?consisted of 25 patients (52 lesions) receiving 1% pimecrolimus cream and?Group?B?27 patients (62 lesions) treated with 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream, both used twice daily. The amount of cream per area was applied according to rule of fingertip unit. Measuring the surface area of the lesions and calculating the reduction rate were done every month till the end of the 6th?month. Then patients were asked to stop the use of medication to be re-evaluated again after 3 months without any treatment and to record any local or systemic side effects. Results: After 6 months of treatment there was 79.67% reduction in the surface area of lesions in?Group?A, while inGroup?B?there was 82.59% reduction in the surface area with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The reduction rate was early as there was statistically significant reduction for both groups after one month of treatment (p value < 0.01). The reduction rates for facial lesions were more than other parts of the body. There was no significant relapse after 3 months of stopping treatment for both groups. Side effects were minimal and tolerable. Conclusions: Topical 1% pimecrolimus is as effective as clobetasol propionate in treatment of localized vitiligo affecting less than 5% of the body surface area but pimecrolimus was more preferred as the side effects of topical steroid could be avoided.
基金The authors are extremely grateful to FAPESP-project JP 2009/00855-0,CAPES and PPGCM-UFSCar Program.
文摘Crosslinking is one of the most commonly reactions used to improve the physical properties of cellulose derivatives. Cellulose Acetate Propionate (CAP) is a commercial ester obtained as a cellulose derivative and it can be used as basis for the synthesis of crosslinked chains as described in this work. Typical used crosslinkers are di-functional compounds, such as dianhydrides or diisocyanate. The formation of polymeric 3D structures as described in this work occurs typically by the reaction of the linear chains bearing free OH groups with crosslinking agents such as dianhydrides. These reactions are used to make a very absorbent material, typically a gel. The syntheses were performed in homogeneous medium with acetate propionate in a very dry atmosphere by employing PMDA (Pyromellitic Dianhydride) and BTDA (3,3’, 4,4’ Benzophenone Tetracarboxylated Dianhydride) as crosslinking agents in a reflux system. TGA analysis has shown the different thermal stability of the gels when compared with CAP. Typical TGA curves have demonstrated the lower stability of the crosslinked chains when compared to CAP as consequence of esther linkages formed in the gels structures. The Mc, which is the value for the molar mass between crosslinkings points in 3D structure, was determined according to Flory-Rehner theory. This important parameter has demonstrated greater reactivity of PMDA in comparison with the BTDA in the reactions conditions’ employed in this work.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51778580 and 51878611)for providing financial support for this project.
文摘Food waste(FW)is a promising renewable low-cost biomass substrate for enhancing the economic feasibility of fermentative propionate production.Although lipids,a common component of food waste,can be used as a carbon source to enhance the production of volatile fatty acids(VFAs)during co-fermentation,few studies have evaluated the potential for directional propionate production from the co-fermentation of lipids and FW.In this study,co-fermentation experiments were conducted using different combinations of lipids and FW for VFA production.The contributions of lipids and FW to propionate production,hydrolysis of substrates,and microbial composition during.cofermentation were evaluated.The results revealed that lipids shifted the fermentation type of FW from butyric to propionic acid fermentation.Based on the estimated propionate production kinetic parameters,the maximum propionate productivity increased significantly with an increase in lipid content,reaching 6.23 g propionate/(L·d)at a lipid content of 50%.Propionate-producing bacteria Prevotella,Veillonella,and norank f Propionibacteriaceae were enriched in the presence of lipids,and the succinate pathway was identified as a prominent fermentation route for propionate production.Moreover,the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional annotation revealed that the expression of functional genes associated with amino acid metabolism was enhanced by the presence of lipids.Collectively,these findings will contribute to gaining a better understanding of targeted propionate production from FW.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 32070782,32072761,32100578)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(grant number 2021A1515220036).
文摘Enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis is one of the main modes of meeting the glucose requirement of dairy cows.This study attempted to determine whether the gluconeogenesis precursor propionate had an effect on the expression of the main genes involved in gluconeogenesis in calf hepatocytes and elucidate the associated mechanisms.Calf hepatocytes were obtained from 5 healthy calves(1 d old;30to 40 kg)and exposed to 0-,1-,2.5-,or 5-mM sodium propionate(NaP),which is known to promote the expression of genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway,including fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,and glucose-6-phosphatase.With regard to the underlying mechanism,propionate promoted the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha,hepatocyte nuclear factor 4,and forkhead box O1(transcription factors that regulate the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes)by promoting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1),but inhibiting mTORC2 activity(P<0.01).We also established a model of palmitic acid(PA)-induced hepatic injury in calf hepatocytes and found that PA could inhibit the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes by suppressing the expression of gluconeogenic genes,inhibiting m TORC1,and promoting the activity of m TORC2(P<0.01).In contrast,NaP provided protection to calf hepatocytes by counteracting the inhibitory effect of PA on the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes(P<0.05).Collectively,these findings indicate that NaP enhances the gluconeogenic capacity of calf hepatocytes by regulating the mTOR pathway activity.Thus,in addition to improving the glucose production potential,propionate may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of hepatic injury in dairy cows.
文摘The masson pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus puuctatus (Walker), is a serious pest of masson pine in the south of China. The three active components of the sex pheromone of the female moth, (Z, E)-5, 7-dodecadien-l-ol(Ⅰ), (Z, E)-5,7-dodecadien-l-yl acetate(Ⅱ) and (Z, E)-5,7-dodecadien-l-yl propionate(Ⅲ), have been synthesized via Wittig condensation reaction (Scheme 1). The Wittig reaction was performed in dry HMPT with n-BuLi as base, and the product was a mixture of Z, E isomer and E, E isomer in ca. 91: 9 ratio by glc analyses; using DMSO instead of HMPT, the ratio of Z, E isomer to E. E isomer was ca. 75:25.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972528 and 31501962)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(19)3012).
文摘Short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)can regulate appetite by stimulating the secretion of satiety hormones.However,the impact of short-chain fatty acid propionate on the release of gut satiety hormones and appetite regulation in pigs is not completely understood.In this study,16 pigs were infused with saline or sodium propionate through a fistula in the caecum during a 28-day experimental period.We characterized the effects of propionate administration on peptide YY(PYY)and glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1)secretion from colonic tissue,and investigated the role of propionate infusion on the expression of appetite-related genes in the colon and hypothalamus.Further,the direct impact of propionate administration on the expression of orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related protein(AgRP)in hypothalamic N38 cells was also examined.The results showed that intra-cecal infusion of propionate reduced the short-term feed intake(P<0.05)but not the long-term feed intake in pigs(P>0.05).Propionate administration stimulated PYY and GLP-1 release from colon tissue in vivo and ex vivo(P<0.05).It also upregulated PYY expression in the colonic mucosa(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the GLP-1 and PYY levels in the blood were increased after intra-cecal infusion of propionate at d 28(P<0.05).Additionally,intra-cecal infusion of propionate upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of free fatty acid receptor 2/3(FFAR2/FFAR3)in the colonic mucosa(P<0.05).Propionate infusion also downregulated the orexigenic AgRP mRNA expression(P<0.05)and upregulated the anorexigenic cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript(CART)mRNA expression(P=0.09)in the hypothalamus.Moreover,propionate administration directly downregulated AgRP expression in hypothalamic N38 cells in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).Collectively,these findings demonstrated that cecal propionate stimulated colonic secretion of satiety hormones and suppressed appetite to reduce the short-term feed intake in pigs.This study highlights that microbial-derived propionate exerts an important role in regulating the physical functions of the host.
文摘There is evidence to suggest that poultry may have a dietary requirement for metabolically available chromium(Cr)that exceeds the amount provided through wheat soybean meal diets.The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental organic Cr from Cr propionate at different dose levels(control=0μg/kg,T1=200μg/kg,T2=400μg/kg)on the growth performance,carcass traits,and meat quality of broilers.Weight gain and feed intake of each treatment were recorded at the start and after 14,28 and 35 d,and feed conversion ratios(FCR)were calculated accordingly.At35 d of age,birds were randomly selected and euthanized for carcass evaluation.Results of the first trial indicate that both Cr propionate treatments increased final body weight(P<0.05),feed efficiency(P<0.05)and body weight gain(P<0.0001).Furthermore,Cr propionate supplementation improved(P<0.0001)all carcass characteristics.Interestingly,with increased Cr dosage,carcass yield,dressing percentage and breast meat yield increased linearly(P<0.0001).The second study reveals that the feed intake in the control group was significantly higher compared to both Cr propionate supplemented groups(T1&T2).Furthermore,the Cr propionate supplemented T2 group displayed a significantly lower FCR than the control and T1 group(P=0.027).Finally,Cr propionate supplementation increased the dressing percentage compared to control birds(P<0.0001).In the third experiment,Cr propionate supplementation(T1&T2)increased final body weight and decreased FCR compared with the control treatment.These effects were highly significant(P<0.0001)throughout all feeding phases of the trial.Cr propionate supplementation also increased(P<0.0001)carcass yield,dressing percentage,breast meat yield,leg and thigh weights compared with the control treatment.In conclusion,growth performance,feed conversion,carcass yield,breast and leg meats of broiler birds can be significantly improved by dietary inclusion of Cr propionate.Cr propionate can be supplemented to broiler birds from 1 d old of age at a level that provides 200 or 400μg/kg organic Cr and can increase the efficiency of broiler production.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘A competitive coupling of amide anion over menthyl propionate anion with aryl radicalin photo-S<sub>RN</sub> 1 mechanism was encountered. The rcaction afforded N-aryl propionic amide in excel-lent yield. In contrast, the expected nucleophilic photo-S<sub>RN</sub> 1 substitution originating from the carb-anion was observed in the case of t-butyl propionate. According to the proposed mechanisms and MOcorrelation diagrams of the coupling step of nucleophiles with aryl radical, the interesting con-trast is reasonably attributed to the variation in energy gap between π<sup>*</sup>c-o and π<sup>*</sup>Ar of （ArNu）-Usually, the odd electron of （ArNu）- is weightly populated at π<sup>*</sup>c-o, however, the diminished priv-ilege of π<sup>*</sup>c-o in menthyl propionate promotes a dominant population of the odd electron at π<sup>*</sup>Ar,which leads to the fragmentation of （ArNu）- into the starting carbanion and aryl radical.
文摘Due to the grave pathological role of obesity, worldwide research is being continued to find out the causative factors involved in it. Recent advances in this field reveal a possible relationship between the compositional pattern of gut microbiota and genesis of obesity. Several study results have shown that short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs, microbiota-induced fermentation products) and lipopolysaccharides(LPS, an integral component of Gram negative microorganisms) play the key role in linking the two. Though several SCFAs are produced as microbiota-fermentation products, three of them, i.e., butyrate, propionate and acetate have been found to be definitely involved in obesity; though individually they are neither purely obesogenic nor antiobesogenic. Out of these, butyrate and propionate are predominantly antiobesogenic. Butyrate, though a major energy source for colonocytes, has been found to increase mitochondrial activity, prevent metabolic endotoxemia, improve insulin sensitivity, possess antiinflammatory potential, increase intestinal barrier function and protect against diet-induced obesity without causing hypophagia. Propionate has been found to inhibit cholesterol synthesis, thereby antagonizing the cholesterol increasing action of acetate, and to inhibit the expression of resistin in adipocytes. Moreover, both these SCFAs have been found to cause weight regulation through their stimulatory effect on anorexigenic gut hormones and to increase the synthesis of leptin. Unlike butyrate and propionate, acetate, which is substantially absorbed, shows more obesogenic potential, as it acts as a substrate for hepatic and adipocyte lipogenesis. High fat diet increases the absorption of LPS, which, in turn, has been found to be associated with metabolic endotoxemia and to induce inflammation resulting in obesity. Multiple independent and interrelated mechanisms have been found to be involved in such linking processes which are discussed in this review work along with some possible remedial measures for prevention of weight gain and obesity.
