Bisphenol A (BPA), an important endocrine disruptor, is used in the manufacturing of various materials, including food packaging. Ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs is, in fact, the most relevant form of exposure to...Bisphenol A (BPA), an important endocrine disruptor, is used in the manufacturing of various materials, including food packaging. Ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs is, in fact, the most relevant form of exposure to this substance. However, scarce data on the presence of this contaminant in milk, or whether different types of food packaging influence food contamination are available in Brazil. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the BPA contamination of whole milk (fluid and powder) samples packaged in different types of packaging (Tetra Pak?;PET: Poly (ethylene terephthalate;Metallic can (epoxy resin);Polyethylene (PE) and poly (vinylidene chloride) (PVDC);Laminated Film - Metallized Polyester-Polyethylene and glass) and marketed metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An analytical method for the BPA determination in milk was optimized for both fluid (pasteurized and ultra-high temperature) and powdered milk samples. A modified QuEChERS method was applied, and BPA determinations were conducted by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with sequential mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The validated method was then applied to 51 milk samples, where BPA was detected in five samples (9.8%) and quantified in two (3.8%).展开更多
A thermal fatigue lifetime prediction model of ceramic ball grid array(CBGA)packages is proposed based on the Darveaux model.A finite element model of the CBGA packages is established,and the Anand model is used to de...A thermal fatigue lifetime prediction model of ceramic ball grid array(CBGA)packages is proposed based on the Darveaux model.A finite element model of the CBGA packages is established,and the Anand model is used to describe the viscoplasticity of the CBGA solder.The average viscoplastic strain energy density increment △Wave of the CBGA packages is obtained using a finite element simulation,and the influence of different structural parameters on theWave is analyzed.A simplified analytical model of the △Wave is established using the simulation data.The thermal fatigue lifetime of CBGA packages is obtained from a thermal cycling test.The Darveaux lifetime predictionmodel ismodified based on the thermal fatigue lifetime obtained fromthe experiment and the corresponding △Wave.A validation test is conducted to verify the accuracy of the thermal fatigue lifetime prediction model of the CBGA packages.This proposed model can be used in engineering to evaluate the lifetime of CBGA packages.展开更多
Packages in Chinese cross talk are the origin of cross talk humor.By using the literature investigation method,the paper find the effect of humor when create the packages and unpack the packages,which is the process t...Packages in Chinese cross talk are the origin of cross talk humor.By using the literature investigation method,the paper find the effect of humor when create the packages and unpack the packages,which is the process that audiences construct mental spaces and create mappings between mental spaces,but the detail process of mental spaces and the mappings of mental spaces is uncertain.Thus,the paper uses literature investigation and illustration as the main research methods.This paper means to make a better understanding of the humor of cross talk and can help to create more humor discourse.展开更多
The magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS)results are greatly influenced by reconstruction of the spectrum and quantitative analysis.Because of this requirement a number of programs dedicated to MRS data analysis were d...The magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS)results are greatly influenced by reconstruction of the spectrum and quantitative analysis.Because of this requirement a number of programs dedicated to MRS data analysis were developed.The selection and use of appropriate software is crucial not only in clinical procedures,but also while carrying out scientific research.The choice of the software to suit the user's needs should be based on the analysis of the functionality of the program.It is particularly important from the user's viewpoint to identify what data can be loaded and processed in the program.The specific programs allow the user different degree of control over analysis parameters.Moreover,the programs for MRS data analysis differ in terms of the applied signal processing algorithms.The aim of this work,therefore,is to review available packages designed for MRS data analysis,taking into account their capabilities and limitations.展开更多
In libraries,full text ejournal packages are among themost unique aspects of the digital revolution.They challengemany of the basic concepts that librarians have held close totheir hearts:The journals themselves come ...In libraries,full text ejournal packages are among themost unique aspects of the digital revolution.They challengemany of the basic concepts that librarians have held close totheir hearts:The journals themselves come in packages-thatis,unlike their print counter parts,they are bought as apackage and not one at a time.Many librarians who havelooked with pride at their journal collections because theywere selected one-by-one,on the basis of local needs,展开更多
The Siwalik Belt is a frontal fold\|thrust belt of the Himalayas and composed of thick sequence of foreland basin sediments derived from the Himalayas during the last 15 to 17 million years.From this Miocene belt in t...The Siwalik Belt is a frontal fold\|thrust belt of the Himalayas and composed of thick sequence of foreland basin sediments derived from the Himalayas during the last 15 to 17 million years.From this Miocene belt in the central Nepal,we discovered exotic thrust packages of the Middle Proterozoic rocks,which has been regarded as the Siwalik Group or post\|collisional sediments correlatable with the Subathu or Murree Formation in India.The thrust belt,called the Bagmati Belt,is narrowly distributed in the Siwalik Belt,22km to the north of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT or HFF) that is an active fault and considered to be the deformation front of the Himalayan orogen.The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) which separates the Siwalik Belt from the Lesser Himalayan Belt runs 7km to the north of the thrust packages.Within the belt,tectonic slices of 400m to 1km in thickness are repeated three to five times due to thrusts,sandwiching a thin slice of the Siwalik beds.The thrust package consists of the pre\|Siwalik sedimetary rocks and sills of dolerite,and named as the Bagmati Group.The thickness is only about 800m due to tectonic repition by thrust,although the group has been considered to be a continuous sequence attaining 2200m in thickness.We divided the Bagmati Group into three formations,each of which shows an upward\|coarsening and thickening sequence of 200 to 350m in thickness.All sequence is composed of red\|brown orthoquartzite,pink quartzite,micaceous shale and thin sandstone interbed and rhythmite,mottled hematite and hematitic pisolite.We interpret that the Bagmati Group was deposited in shallow lacustrine and desert environments.展开更多
The Chinese traditional tea culture that has reflected Chinese culture for five thousand years should be presented in the tea packaging design by using Chinese traditional cultural elements to propagate Chinese tradit...The Chinese traditional tea culture that has reflected Chinese culture for five thousand years should be presented in the tea packaging design by using Chinese traditional cultural elements to propagate Chinese traditional cultural artistic conception and lasting appeal.The purpose of this paper is to research how to present the deep cultural inside information and oriental characteristics in packaging design,which can make entire world feel the depth and profound of Chinese culture when the Chinese traditional tea culture go into the international stage.More importantly,a particular packaging design could increase the merchandises' attraction and concentrate people's attention on them.展开更多
The continuing miniaturization of electronic devices in microelectronics and semiconductors drives the development of new packaging materials with enhanced thermal conductivity to dissipate the heat generated in elect...The continuing miniaturization of electronic devices in microelectronics and semiconductors drives the development of new packaging materials with enhanced thermal conductivity to dissipate the heat generated in electronic packages. In recent years, several promising composite materials with high thermal conductivity have been developed successfully for high performance electronic equipment to replace the traditional Kovar and Cu/W or Cu/Mo alloys, such as SiCp/Al, SICp/Cu, diamond/Al and diamond/Cu. However, these materials with high content of reinforcements have not been widely used in packaging field because they are hard to be machined into complex-shaped parts due to their greater hardness and brittleness. So, it is necessary to explore a near-net shape forming technology for these composites. In this paper, a novel technology of powder injection molding-infiltration is introduced to realize the near-net shaped preparation of the composite packages with high thermal conductivity.展开更多
Non-degradable polymers cause serious environmental pollution problem,such as the widely-used while unrecyclable coatings which significantly affect the overall degradation performance of products.It is imperative and ...Non-degradable polymers cause serious environmental pollution problem,such as the widely-used while unrecyclable coatings which significantly affect the overall degradation performance of products.It is imperative and attractive to develop biodegradable functional coatings.Herein,we proposed a novel strategy to successfully prepare biodegradable,thermoplastic and hydrophobic coatings with high transparence and biosafety by weakening the interchain interactions between cellulose chain.The natural cellulose and cinnamic acid were as raw materials.Via reducing the degree of polymerization(DP)of cellulose and regulating the degree of substitution(DS)of cinnamate moiety,the obtained cellulose cinnamate(CC)exhibited not only the thermalflow behavior but also good biodegradability,which solves the conflict between the thermoplasticity and biodegradability in cellulose-based materials.The glass transition temperature(T_(g))and thermalflow temperature(T_(f))of the CC could be adjusted in a range of 150–200℃ and 180–210℃,respectively.The CC with DS<1.2 and DP≤100 degraded more than 60%after an enzyme treatment for 7 days,and degraded more than 80%after a composting treatment for 42 days.Furthermore,CC had no toxicity to human epidermal cells even at a high concentration(0.5 mg mL^(-1)).In addition,CC could be easily fabricated into multifunctional coating with high hydrophobicity,thermal adhesion and high transparence.Therefore,after combining with cellophane and paperboard,CC coating with low DP and DS could be used to prepare fully-biodegradable heat-sealing packaging,art paper,paper cups,paper straws and food packaging boxes.展开更多
The performance of optical interconnection has improved dramatically in recent years.Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration is the key enabler to achieve high performance optical interconnection,which ...The performance of optical interconnection has improved dramatically in recent years.Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration is the key enabler to achieve high performance optical interconnection,which not only provides the optical gain which is absent from native Si substrates and enables complete photonic functionalities on chip,but also improves the system performance through advanced heterogeneous integrated packaging.This paper reviews recent progress of silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration in high performance optical interconnection.The research status,development trend and application of ultra-low loss optical waveguides,high-speed detectors,high-speed modulators,lasers and 2D,2.5D,3D and monolithic integration are focused on.展开更多
Silicon carbide(SiC) power modules play an essential role in the electric vehicle drive system. To improve their performance, reduce their size, and increase production efficiency, this paper proposes a multiple stake...Silicon carbide(SiC) power modules play an essential role in the electric vehicle drive system. To improve their performance, reduce their size, and increase production efficiency, this paper proposes a multiple staked direct bonded copper(DBC) unit based power module packaging method to parallel more chips. This method utilizes mutual inductance cancellation effect to reduce parasitic inductance. Because the conduction area in the new package is doubled, the overall area of power module can be reduced. Entire power module is divided into smaller units to enhance manufacture yield, and improve design freedom. This paper provides a detailed design, analysis and fabrication procedure for the proposed package structure. Additionally, this paper offers several feasible solutions for the connection between power terminals and DBC untis. With the structure, 18dies were paralleled for each phase-leg in a econodual size power module. Both simulation and double pulse test results demonstrate that, compared to conventional layouts, the proposed package method has 74.8% smaller parasitic inductance and 34.9% lower footprint.展开更多
Cannabis sativa L. is used as fiber, food, and medicine in several countries. Though it is illegal for recreational use in most of the world, there are some countries that have legalized production and sale. There is ...Cannabis sativa L. is used as fiber, food, and medicine in several countries. Though it is illegal for recreational use in most of the world, there are some countries that have legalized production and sale. There is a lot of research on production of cannabis, but less so on storage technologies. Cannabis contains several high value compounds, such as cannabinoids and terpenoids, that are susceptible to degradation via light, temperature, and oxygen. Several studies have explored temperature and light, and industry has adjusted accordingly. However, less is known about oxygen-induced degradation. Biochemical studies have demonstrated oxidative degradation of high value compounds, and many producers use some form of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) for storage. However, the efficacy of MAP is unclear. The objective of this paper is to review our current understanding of MAP in postharvest cannabis storage and identify avenues where additional research is needed.展开更多
With the vigorous development of consumer culture in today’s society,various types of food packaging also appear in front of consumers in different forms.There are very big differences in food packaging in terms of s...With the vigorous development of consumer culture in today’s society,various types of food packaging also appear in front of consumers in different forms.There are very big differences in food packaging in terms of shape,color,style and other aspects of information transmission,which have the most direct impact on the audience’s food consumption needs.Driven by the consumption-oriented society,food packaging has shown very obvious comprehensive characteristics,is significantly interdisciplinary,and has close connections with other disciplines.This article will analyze and sort out the impact of food packaging on consumer psychology from different perspectives.展开更多
In order to determine the theoretical minimum clamping pressure required in carton clamp handling of heavyweight corrugated package(HCP)such as large packages or unitized agricultural product packages,a numerical mode...In order to determine the theoretical minimum clamping pressure required in carton clamp handling of heavyweight corrugated package(HCP)such as large packages or unitized agricultural product packages,a numerical model of clamping pressure was developed.To develop the model,the dynamic load factor was measured at the handling test course which was designed on the basis of actual handling environment of the target HCP.Also,the static-frictional coefficients between the HCPs and between the HCP and a rubber contact pad of carton clamp arm were analyzed.The main factors in the developed numerical model of clamping pressure were the handling load weight and the effective contact area of the carton clamp arm.In addition,field tests were performed to validate the theoretical minimum clamping pressure calculated from the model.Averaged slip distance from the single package and two packages handling was estimated as a 3.2 mm through field test,and it is expected that the 3.2 mm slip distance will be acceptable for a safe operation in the handling environment.The suggested analytical approach with the numerical model can be a useful means for estimating the clamping pressure of the carton clamps used to handle the HCP.展开更多
The objective of this study is to improve the mechanical properties and machining performance of high thermal conductivity and low expansion silicon carbide dispersion-strengthened hypereutectic aluminum-silicon elect...The objective of this study is to improve the mechanical properties and machining performance of high thermal conductivity and low expansion silicon carbide dispersion-strengthened hypereutectic aluminum-silicon electronic packaging materials to meet the needs of aviation,aerospace,and electronic packaging fields.We used the powder metallurgy method and high-temperature hot pressing technology to prepare SiC/Al-Si composite materials with different SiC contents(5vol%,10vol%,15vol%,and 20vol%).The results showed that as the SiC content increased,the tensile strength of the composite material first increased and then decreased.The tensile strength was the highest when the SiC content was 15%;the sintering temperature significantly affected the composite material’s structural density and mechanical properties.Findings indicated 700℃was the optimal sintering and the optimal SiC content of SiC/Al-Si composite materials was between 10%and 15%.Besides,the sintering temperature should be strictly controlled to improve the material’s structural density and mechanical properties.展开更多
Managing software packages in a scientific computing environment is a challenging task, especially in the case of heterogeneous systems. It is error prone when installing and updating software packages in a sophistica...Managing software packages in a scientific computing environment is a challenging task, especially in the case of heterogeneous systems. It is error prone when installing and updating software packages in a sophisticated computing environment. Testing and performance evaluation in an on-the-fly manner is also a troublesome task for a production system. In this paper, we discuss a package management scheme based on containers. The newly developed method can ease the maintenance complexity and reduce human mistakes. We can benefit from the self-containing and isolation features of container technologies for maintaining the software packages among intricately connected clusters. By deploying the Super Computing application Strore(SCStore) over the WAN connected world-largest clusters, it proved that it can greatly reduce the effort for maintaining the consistency of software environment and bring benefit to achieve automation.展开更多
Purpose–In this paper,two popular multiple-criteria decision-making(MCDM)methods with hesitant fuzzy logic approach;hesitant fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(hesitant F-AHP)and hesitant fuzzy the technique for order ...Purpose–In this paper,two popular multiple-criteria decision-making(MCDM)methods with hesitant fuzzy logic approach;hesitant fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(hesitant F-AHP)and hesitant fuzzy the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(HF-TOPSIS)are integrated as HF-AHP-TOPSIS to evaluating a set of enterprise resource planning(ERP)alternatives and rank them by weight to reach to the ultimate one that satisfies the needs and expectations of a company.Design/methodology/approach–Selecting the best ERP software package among the rising number of the options in market has been a critical problem for most companies for a long time because of the reason that an improper ERP software package might lead to many issues(i.e.time loss,increased costs and a loss of market share).On the other hand,finding the best ERP alternative is a comprehensive MCDM problem in the presence of a set of alternatives and several potentially competing quantitative and qualitative criteria.Findings–In this integrated approach,the hesitant F-AHP is used to determine the criteria weights,as the hesitant F-TOPSIS is utilized to rank ERP package alternatives.The proposed approach was also validated in a numerical example that has five ERP package alternatives and 12 criteria by three decision-makers in order to show its applicability to potential readers and practitioners.Research limitations/implications–If the number of the alternatives and criteria are dramatically increased beyond reasonable numbers,the reaching to final solution will be so difficult because of the great deal of fuzzy based calculations.Therefore,the number of criteria and alternatives should be at reasonable numbers.Practical implications–The proposed approach was also validated in a illustrated example with the five ERP package options and 12 criteria by the three decision-makers in order to show its applicability to potential readers and practitioners.Originality/value–Furthermore,in literature,to the best of our knowledge,the authors did not come cross any work that integrates the HF-AHP with the HF-TOPSIS for ERP software package selection problem.展开更多
Metallic elements have various origins: natural and anthropogenic sources as geochemical, marine and atmospheric sources resulting from the fallout of pollutants emitted or dust raised and which are transported by wat...Metallic elements have various origins: natural and anthropogenic sources as geochemical, marine and atmospheric sources resulting from the fallout of pollutants emitted or dust raised and which are transported by water and air currents. Thus marine, brackish and fresh continental waters may have high metal concentrations. In addition, some essential metals can become toxic above certain concentration values in aquatic environments. The aquatic ecosystems of Cotonou channel and lake Nokoué receive the pollutants charges from the town cities of Cotonou, Abomey-Calavi and town hall of So Ava. The aim of this study is to analyze waters from Eighteen (18) stations identified in the two ecosystems (nine by ecosystem). The concentrations of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), beryllium (Be), aluminum (Al), strontium (Sr), molybdenum (Mo), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), barium (Ba), platinum (Pt), mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), lead (Pb), thorium (Th) and uranium (U) were measured after acid digestion of the water samples using the inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results of the analyses indicate an unequal distribution of metals in the different ecosystems. However, atypical concentrations were observed at some stations of the lake and the channel. Magnesium, calcium and manganese have very high values in Lake Nokoué respectively at Ganvié market station GAN_M (2990 ± 105 mg/L), Ganvié center, station GAN_C (4991 ± 177 mg/L) and Lake middle station MLak4 (10662 ± 17.03 μg/L). On the other hand, iron, aluminum and strontium have very high concentrations in the Cotonou Channel respectively at Agbato station AGB (5236 ± 103 and 8289 ± 519 μg/L) and at the estuary station EST (6118 ± 68 μg/L). The concentrations were compared to wells and cborehole waters in sixth neighborhood of Cotonou. We have used statistical analyzers such as MANOVA which have made it possible to classify the waters and metals in the ecosystems studied compared to groundwater and Well water waters. We use hierarchical clustering on principal components to identify similarities between stations based on metal concentration with R software packages “FactoMineR” and “factoextra”. In general, we can conclude that most of the metals have an anthropogenic source except strontium and major elements (Ca and Mg) which could respectively provide from marine waters and geochemical sources.展开更多
Researchers must understand that naively relying on the reliability of statistical software packages may result in suboptimal, biased, or erroneous results, which affects applied economic theory and the conclusions an...Researchers must understand that naively relying on the reliability of statistical software packages may result in suboptimal, biased, or erroneous results, which affects applied economic theory and the conclusions and policy recommendations drawn from it. To create confidence in a result, several software packages should be applied to the same estimation problem. This study examines the results of three software packages (EViews, R, and Stata) in the analysis of time-series econometric data. The time-series data analysis which presents the determinants of macroeconomic growth of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 2020 has been used. The study focuses on testing for stationarity, cointegration, and significant relationships among the variables. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips Perron tests were employed in this study to test for stationarity, while the Johansen cointegration test was utilized to test for cointegration. The study employs the vector error correction model to assess the short-run and long-term dynamics of the variables in an attempt to determine the relationship between them. Finally, the Granger Causality test is employed in order to examine the linear causation between the concerned variables. The study revealed that the results produced by three software packages for the same dataset and the same lag order vary significantly. This implies that time series econometrics results are sensitive to the software that is used by the researchers while providing different policy implications even for the same dataset. The present study highlights the necessity of further analysis to investigate the impact of software packages in time series analysis of economic scenarios.展开更多
文摘Bisphenol A (BPA), an important endocrine disruptor, is used in the manufacturing of various materials, including food packaging. Ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs is, in fact, the most relevant form of exposure to this substance. However, scarce data on the presence of this contaminant in milk, or whether different types of food packaging influence food contamination are available in Brazil. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the BPA contamination of whole milk (fluid and powder) samples packaged in different types of packaging (Tetra Pak?;PET: Poly (ethylene terephthalate;Metallic can (epoxy resin);Polyethylene (PE) and poly (vinylidene chloride) (PVDC);Laminated Film - Metallized Polyester-Polyethylene and glass) and marketed metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An analytical method for the BPA determination in milk was optimized for both fluid (pasteurized and ultra-high temperature) and powdered milk samples. A modified QuEChERS method was applied, and BPA determinations were conducted by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with sequential mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The validated method was then applied to 51 milk samples, where BPA was detected in five samples (9.8%) and quantified in two (3.8%).
文摘A thermal fatigue lifetime prediction model of ceramic ball grid array(CBGA)packages is proposed based on the Darveaux model.A finite element model of the CBGA packages is established,and the Anand model is used to describe the viscoplasticity of the CBGA solder.The average viscoplastic strain energy density increment △Wave of the CBGA packages is obtained using a finite element simulation,and the influence of different structural parameters on theWave is analyzed.A simplified analytical model of the △Wave is established using the simulation data.The thermal fatigue lifetime of CBGA packages is obtained from a thermal cycling test.The Darveaux lifetime predictionmodel ismodified based on the thermal fatigue lifetime obtained fromthe experiment and the corresponding △Wave.A validation test is conducted to verify the accuracy of the thermal fatigue lifetime prediction model of the CBGA packages.This proposed model can be used in engineering to evaluate the lifetime of CBGA packages.
文摘Packages in Chinese cross talk are the origin of cross talk humor.By using the literature investigation method,the paper find the effect of humor when create the packages and unpack the packages,which is the process that audiences construct mental spaces and create mappings between mental spaces,but the detail process of mental spaces and the mappings of mental spaces is uncertain.Thus,the paper uses literature investigation and illustration as the main research methods.This paper means to make a better understanding of the humor of cross talk and can help to create more humor discourse.
文摘The magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS)results are greatly influenced by reconstruction of the spectrum and quantitative analysis.Because of this requirement a number of programs dedicated to MRS data analysis were developed.The selection and use of appropriate software is crucial not only in clinical procedures,but also while carrying out scientific research.The choice of the software to suit the user's needs should be based on the analysis of the functionality of the program.It is particularly important from the user's viewpoint to identify what data can be loaded and processed in the program.The specific programs allow the user different degree of control over analysis parameters.Moreover,the programs for MRS data analysis differ in terms of the applied signal processing algorithms.The aim of this work,therefore,is to review available packages designed for MRS data analysis,taking into account their capabilities and limitations.
文摘In libraries,full text ejournal packages are among themost unique aspects of the digital revolution.They challengemany of the basic concepts that librarians have held close totheir hearts:The journals themselves come in packages-thatis,unlike their print counter parts,they are bought as apackage and not one at a time.Many librarians who havelooked with pride at their journal collections because theywere selected one-by-one,on the basis of local needs,
文摘The Siwalik Belt is a frontal fold\|thrust belt of the Himalayas and composed of thick sequence of foreland basin sediments derived from the Himalayas during the last 15 to 17 million years.From this Miocene belt in the central Nepal,we discovered exotic thrust packages of the Middle Proterozoic rocks,which has been regarded as the Siwalik Group or post\|collisional sediments correlatable with the Subathu or Murree Formation in India.The thrust belt,called the Bagmati Belt,is narrowly distributed in the Siwalik Belt,22km to the north of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT or HFF) that is an active fault and considered to be the deformation front of the Himalayan orogen.The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) which separates the Siwalik Belt from the Lesser Himalayan Belt runs 7km to the north of the thrust packages.Within the belt,tectonic slices of 400m to 1km in thickness are repeated three to five times due to thrusts,sandwiching a thin slice of the Siwalik beds.The thrust package consists of the pre\|Siwalik sedimetary rocks and sills of dolerite,and named as the Bagmati Group.The thickness is only about 800m due to tectonic repition by thrust,although the group has been considered to be a continuous sequence attaining 2200m in thickness.We divided the Bagmati Group into three formations,each of which shows an upward\|coarsening and thickening sequence of 200 to 350m in thickness.All sequence is composed of red\|brown orthoquartzite,pink quartzite,micaceous shale and thin sandstone interbed and rhythmite,mottled hematite and hematitic pisolite.We interpret that the Bagmati Group was deposited in shallow lacustrine and desert environments.
文摘The Chinese traditional tea culture that has reflected Chinese culture for five thousand years should be presented in the tea packaging design by using Chinese traditional cultural elements to propagate Chinese traditional cultural artistic conception and lasting appeal.The purpose of this paper is to research how to present the deep cultural inside information and oriental characteristics in packaging design,which can make entire world feel the depth and profound of Chinese culture when the Chinese traditional tea culture go into the international stage.More importantly,a particular packaging design could increase the merchandises' attraction and concentrate people's attention on them.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50774005)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-06-0081)
文摘The continuing miniaturization of electronic devices in microelectronics and semiconductors drives the development of new packaging materials with enhanced thermal conductivity to dissipate the heat generated in electronic packages. In recent years, several promising composite materials with high thermal conductivity have been developed successfully for high performance electronic equipment to replace the traditional Kovar and Cu/W or Cu/Mo alloys, such as SiCp/Al, SICp/Cu, diamond/Al and diamond/Cu. However, these materials with high content of reinforcements have not been widely used in packaging field because they are hard to be machined into complex-shaped parts due to their greater hardness and brittleness. So, it is necessary to explore a near-net shape forming technology for these composites. In this paper, a novel technology of powder injection molding-infiltration is introduced to realize the near-net shaped preparation of the composite packages with high thermal conductivity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52173292)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2020YFC1910303)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2018040).
文摘Non-degradable polymers cause serious environmental pollution problem,such as the widely-used while unrecyclable coatings which significantly affect the overall degradation performance of products.It is imperative and attractive to develop biodegradable functional coatings.Herein,we proposed a novel strategy to successfully prepare biodegradable,thermoplastic and hydrophobic coatings with high transparence and biosafety by weakening the interchain interactions between cellulose chain.The natural cellulose and cinnamic acid were as raw materials.Via reducing the degree of polymerization(DP)of cellulose and regulating the degree of substitution(DS)of cinnamate moiety,the obtained cellulose cinnamate(CC)exhibited not only the thermalflow behavior but also good biodegradability,which solves the conflict between the thermoplasticity and biodegradability in cellulose-based materials.The glass transition temperature(T_(g))and thermalflow temperature(T_(f))of the CC could be adjusted in a range of 150–200℃ and 180–210℃,respectively.The CC with DS<1.2 and DP≤100 degraded more than 60%after an enzyme treatment for 7 days,and degraded more than 80%after a composting treatment for 42 days.Furthermore,CC had no toxicity to human epidermal cells even at a high concentration(0.5 mg mL^(-1)).In addition,CC could be easily fabricated into multifunctional coating with high hydrophobicity,thermal adhesion and high transparence.Therefore,after combining with cellophane and paperboard,CC coating with low DP and DS could be used to prepare fully-biodegradable heat-sealing packaging,art paper,paper cups,paper straws and food packaging boxes.
基金Project supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB2206504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62235017)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021M703125).
文摘The performance of optical interconnection has improved dramatically in recent years.Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration is the key enabler to achieve high performance optical interconnection,which not only provides the optical gain which is absent from native Si substrates and enables complete photonic functionalities on chip,but also improves the system performance through advanced heterogeneous integrated packaging.This paper reviews recent progress of silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration in high performance optical interconnection.The research status,development trend and application of ultra-low loss optical waveguides,high-speed detectors,high-speed modulators,lasers and 2D,2.5D,3D and monolithic integration are focused on.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB2500600)CAS Youth multi-discipline project (JCTD-2021-09)Strategic Piority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA28040100)。
文摘Silicon carbide(SiC) power modules play an essential role in the electric vehicle drive system. To improve their performance, reduce their size, and increase production efficiency, this paper proposes a multiple staked direct bonded copper(DBC) unit based power module packaging method to parallel more chips. This method utilizes mutual inductance cancellation effect to reduce parasitic inductance. Because the conduction area in the new package is doubled, the overall area of power module can be reduced. Entire power module is divided into smaller units to enhance manufacture yield, and improve design freedom. This paper provides a detailed design, analysis and fabrication procedure for the proposed package structure. Additionally, this paper offers several feasible solutions for the connection between power terminals and DBC untis. With the structure, 18dies were paralleled for each phase-leg in a econodual size power module. Both simulation and double pulse test results demonstrate that, compared to conventional layouts, the proposed package method has 74.8% smaller parasitic inductance and 34.9% lower footprint.
文摘Cannabis sativa L. is used as fiber, food, and medicine in several countries. Though it is illegal for recreational use in most of the world, there are some countries that have legalized production and sale. There is a lot of research on production of cannabis, but less so on storage technologies. Cannabis contains several high value compounds, such as cannabinoids and terpenoids, that are susceptible to degradation via light, temperature, and oxygen. Several studies have explored temperature and light, and industry has adjusted accordingly. However, less is known about oxygen-induced degradation. Biochemical studies have demonstrated oxidative degradation of high value compounds, and many producers use some form of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) for storage. However, the efficacy of MAP is unclear. The objective of this paper is to review our current understanding of MAP in postharvest cannabis storage and identify avenues where additional research is needed.
基金Projects of Education and Teaching Reform of the Teaching Steering Committee of Light Industry and Textile Majors in Guangdong Provincial Higher Vocational Colleges(No.2022QGF206)Research Foundation of Shenzhen Polytechnic under Grant 6022312025S.
文摘With the vigorous development of consumer culture in today’s society,various types of food packaging also appear in front of consumers in different forms.There are very big differences in food packaging in terms of shape,color,style and other aspects of information transmission,which have the most direct impact on the audience’s food consumption needs.Driven by the consumption-oriented society,food packaging has shown very obvious comprehensive characteristics,is significantly interdisciplinary,and has close connections with other disciplines.This article will analyze and sort out the impact of food packaging on consumer psychology from different perspectives.
基金supported by the Financial Supporting Project of Long-term Overseas Dispatch of Pusan National University’s Tenure-track Faculty,2014.
文摘In order to determine the theoretical minimum clamping pressure required in carton clamp handling of heavyweight corrugated package(HCP)such as large packages or unitized agricultural product packages,a numerical model of clamping pressure was developed.To develop the model,the dynamic load factor was measured at the handling test course which was designed on the basis of actual handling environment of the target HCP.Also,the static-frictional coefficients between the HCPs and between the HCP and a rubber contact pad of carton clamp arm were analyzed.The main factors in the developed numerical model of clamping pressure were the handling load weight and the effective contact area of the carton clamp arm.In addition,field tests were performed to validate the theoretical minimum clamping pressure calculated from the model.Averaged slip distance from the single package and two packages handling was estimated as a 3.2 mm through field test,and it is expected that the 3.2 mm slip distance will be acceptable for a safe operation in the handling environment.The suggested analytical approach with the numerical model can be a useful means for estimating the clamping pressure of the carton clamps used to handle the HCP.
文摘The objective of this study is to improve the mechanical properties and machining performance of high thermal conductivity and low expansion silicon carbide dispersion-strengthened hypereutectic aluminum-silicon electronic packaging materials to meet the needs of aviation,aerospace,and electronic packaging fields.We used the powder metallurgy method and high-temperature hot pressing technology to prepare SiC/Al-Si composite materials with different SiC contents(5vol%,10vol%,15vol%,and 20vol%).The results showed that as the SiC content increased,the tensile strength of the composite material first increased and then decreased.The tensile strength was the highest when the SiC content was 15%;the sintering temperature significantly affected the composite material’s structural density and mechanical properties.Findings indicated 700℃was the optimal sintering and the optimal SiC content of SiC/Al-Si composite materials was between 10%and 15%.Besides,the sintering temperature should be strictly controlled to improve the material’s structural density and mechanical properties.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFA0602100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91530323)Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Applications,SOA(No.LDAA-2014-03)
文摘Managing software packages in a scientific computing environment is a challenging task, especially in the case of heterogeneous systems. It is error prone when installing and updating software packages in a sophisticated computing environment. Testing and performance evaluation in an on-the-fly manner is also a troublesome task for a production system. In this paper, we discuss a package management scheme based on containers. The newly developed method can ease the maintenance complexity and reduce human mistakes. We can benefit from the self-containing and isolation features of container technologies for maintaining the software packages among intricately connected clusters. By deploying the Super Computing application Strore(SCStore) over the WAN connected world-largest clusters, it proved that it can greatly reduce the effort for maintaining the consistency of software environment and bring benefit to achieve automation.
文摘Purpose–In this paper,two popular multiple-criteria decision-making(MCDM)methods with hesitant fuzzy logic approach;hesitant fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(hesitant F-AHP)and hesitant fuzzy the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(HF-TOPSIS)are integrated as HF-AHP-TOPSIS to evaluating a set of enterprise resource planning(ERP)alternatives and rank them by weight to reach to the ultimate one that satisfies the needs and expectations of a company.Design/methodology/approach–Selecting the best ERP software package among the rising number of the options in market has been a critical problem for most companies for a long time because of the reason that an improper ERP software package might lead to many issues(i.e.time loss,increased costs and a loss of market share).On the other hand,finding the best ERP alternative is a comprehensive MCDM problem in the presence of a set of alternatives and several potentially competing quantitative and qualitative criteria.Findings–In this integrated approach,the hesitant F-AHP is used to determine the criteria weights,as the hesitant F-TOPSIS is utilized to rank ERP package alternatives.The proposed approach was also validated in a numerical example that has five ERP package alternatives and 12 criteria by three decision-makers in order to show its applicability to potential readers and practitioners.Research limitations/implications–If the number of the alternatives and criteria are dramatically increased beyond reasonable numbers,the reaching to final solution will be so difficult because of the great deal of fuzzy based calculations.Therefore,the number of criteria and alternatives should be at reasonable numbers.Practical implications–The proposed approach was also validated in a illustrated example with the five ERP package options and 12 criteria by the three decision-makers in order to show its applicability to potential readers and practitioners.Originality/value–Furthermore,in literature,to the best of our knowledge,the authors did not come cross any work that integrates the HF-AHP with the HF-TOPSIS for ERP software package selection problem.
文摘Metallic elements have various origins: natural and anthropogenic sources as geochemical, marine and atmospheric sources resulting from the fallout of pollutants emitted or dust raised and which are transported by water and air currents. Thus marine, brackish and fresh continental waters may have high metal concentrations. In addition, some essential metals can become toxic above certain concentration values in aquatic environments. The aquatic ecosystems of Cotonou channel and lake Nokoué receive the pollutants charges from the town cities of Cotonou, Abomey-Calavi and town hall of So Ava. The aim of this study is to analyze waters from Eighteen (18) stations identified in the two ecosystems (nine by ecosystem). The concentrations of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), beryllium (Be), aluminum (Al), strontium (Sr), molybdenum (Mo), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), barium (Ba), platinum (Pt), mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), lead (Pb), thorium (Th) and uranium (U) were measured after acid digestion of the water samples using the inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results of the analyses indicate an unequal distribution of metals in the different ecosystems. However, atypical concentrations were observed at some stations of the lake and the channel. Magnesium, calcium and manganese have very high values in Lake Nokoué respectively at Ganvié market station GAN_M (2990 ± 105 mg/L), Ganvié center, station GAN_C (4991 ± 177 mg/L) and Lake middle station MLak4 (10662 ± 17.03 μg/L). On the other hand, iron, aluminum and strontium have very high concentrations in the Cotonou Channel respectively at Agbato station AGB (5236 ± 103 and 8289 ± 519 μg/L) and at the estuary station EST (6118 ± 68 μg/L). The concentrations were compared to wells and cborehole waters in sixth neighborhood of Cotonou. We have used statistical analyzers such as MANOVA which have made it possible to classify the waters and metals in the ecosystems studied compared to groundwater and Well water waters. We use hierarchical clustering on principal components to identify similarities between stations based on metal concentration with R software packages “FactoMineR” and “factoextra”. In general, we can conclude that most of the metals have an anthropogenic source except strontium and major elements (Ca and Mg) which could respectively provide from marine waters and geochemical sources.
文摘Researchers must understand that naively relying on the reliability of statistical software packages may result in suboptimal, biased, or erroneous results, which affects applied economic theory and the conclusions and policy recommendations drawn from it. To create confidence in a result, several software packages should be applied to the same estimation problem. This study examines the results of three software packages (EViews, R, and Stata) in the analysis of time-series econometric data. The time-series data analysis which presents the determinants of macroeconomic growth of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 2020 has been used. The study focuses on testing for stationarity, cointegration, and significant relationships among the variables. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips Perron tests were employed in this study to test for stationarity, while the Johansen cointegration test was utilized to test for cointegration. The study employs the vector error correction model to assess the short-run and long-term dynamics of the variables in an attempt to determine the relationship between them. Finally, the Granger Causality test is employed in order to examine the linear causation between the concerned variables. The study revealed that the results produced by three software packages for the same dataset and the same lag order vary significantly. This implies that time series econometrics results are sensitive to the software that is used by the researchers while providing different policy implications even for the same dataset. The present study highlights the necessity of further analysis to investigate the impact of software packages in time series analysis of economic scenarios.
