As an innovative economic model,the sharing economy has seen rapid growth globally in recent years.It has not only brought a profound impact on traditional economies but also injected new vitality and momentum into th...As an innovative economic model,the sharing economy has seen rapid growth globally in recent years.It has not only brought a profound impact on traditional economies but also injected new vitality and momentum into the sustainable development of the social economy.However,for the sharing economy,the process of collecting personal income tax is facing several issues,such as the ambiguity of tax policies regarding personal income,challenges in identifying taxpayers,and difficulties in defining income.To achieve the fairness and efficiency of personal income tax collection in the sharing economy,this study proposes optimized regulatory mechanisms and conducts in-depth discussions on the adjustment of personal income tax policies,innovation in tax management technology,and improvement in the quality of personal income tax services.展开更多
Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features....Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features.The goal is the complete modernization of the tax system,so that it responds more fully to the principles of social justice,contributes to the economic development of the country and is governed by simple and modern procedures,which apply to all tax objects.The purpose of the study is to deepen the proposals for tax reform based on the peculiarities of the Greek economy,the international trends in this field and the weaknesses of the tax system.The effects of a tax reformation are analyzed and how it should take the form of the reform,which,however,requires a new legislation,which will bring about radical and deep cuts,which respond to the new conditions and the internationalization of the economy.Proposals for a set of structural measures,which are necessary for the country’s adaptation to the wider European environment and the elimination of the weaknesses that increase its distance from the other member countries.Citation of the common points of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation and their adoption by the tax leadership.展开更多
BEIJING’S revenue from personal income tax in 2001 was 8 billion yuan, an increase of 42 percent, and the amount of tax received from high-income earners increased 2.6 fold. From September to November 2001, high-inco...BEIJING’S revenue from personal income tax in 2001 was 8 billion yuan, an increase of 42 percent, and the amount of tax received from high-income earners increased 2.6 fold. From September to November 2001, high-income earners paid taxes of 60 million yuan they had previously evaded. In the first half of 2002, Beijing defined its key taxpayers, that is, those with an annual income exceeding 100,000 yuan. According to this definition, the tax-paying situation of at least 30,000 people is under control. Revisions to the Individual Income展开更多
China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income dis...China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income distribution. What follows is an analysis of personal adjustment tax income from the proportion of Gini coefficient, Engels coefficient and salaried class of personal income tax, and an explanation of problems and countermeasures of salaried class expense deduction standard, tax rate design, high-income crowd tax regulation.展开更多
Personal income tax is an important redistribution tool,its redistribution effect has been concerned by all walks of life.Using CHIP2018,this paper calculates and analyzes the income redistribution effect of the perso...Personal income tax is an important redistribution tool,its redistribution effect has been concerned by all walks of life.Using CHIP2018,this paper calculates and analyzes the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform plan in 2018,and fi nds that:The comprehensive taxation can raise the average tax rate,progressivity and redistribution effect of personal income tax;The rise of the standard of basic deduction,six special additional deductions,and the change of tax rate structure raise the progressiveness of personal income tax,but reduce the average tax rate and thus weaken the income redistribution effect of personal income tax;The comprehensive income tax will enhance the impact of basic deduction of expenses,six special additional deductions and the change of tax rate structure on the redistribution effect of individual income tax income;Under the joint action of the reform measures,the progressivity of individual income tax has risen as a whole,but the average tax rate of individual income tax and redistribution index have shown a sharp decline,both of which decreased by more than 50%.Using the household survey data of the year of reform,this paper comprehensively investigates the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform,which enriches the research on the redistribution effect of the new round of personal income tax reform.展开更多
Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Org...Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.展开更多
Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reducti...Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reduction effects of social security spending.Market income and redistribution policies are two determinants of income gaps.Based on CHIP2018 household survey data,we find that inadequate income redistribution policies have contributed to yawning income gaps,and that social security spending is more redistributive than personal income tax and social security contributions.After estimating the redistribution effects of social security spending and itemized incomes,we find that pension payments have contributed the most to household income gaps,and that subsistence protection and rural pension payments help improve income distribution.With respect to the poverty reduction effects of social security spending,we have estimated China’s current poverty incidence and the poverty reduction effects of pension payments,healthcare,and educational allowances with CHIP2018 data,and discover that an increase in social security spending may effectively reduce rural poverty.In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,China should increase social security spending,focusing on specific target groups,and promote the role of social security spending in regulating income distribution and offering social protection to rural residents.展开更多
Under the planned economy,China’s distribution relations were relations among the state,state-run enterprises,employees and the collective economy;relations between heavy industry and light industry;and relations bet...Under the planned economy,China’s distribution relations were relations among the state,state-run enterprises,employees and the collective economy;relations between heavy industry and light industry;and relations between cities and the countryside.After China’s transition to a market-oriented economy,the distribution relations among the state,state-run enterprises and employees evolved into distribution relations between the government,enterprises and households;the distribution relations between heavy industry and light industry evolved into distribution relations between the state sector and the private sector;and the distribution relations between cities and the countryside evolved into distribution relations between original urban dwellers and migrant populations.Wage system reform was carried out throughout the transition of these three types of distribution relations.Income distribution contradictions in China,which are a problem left over from history and intrinsic to the market-based economy,eased over the years.Some people and regions achieved prosperity,and urban-rural and interregional income gaps narrowed.However,widening household income gaps pose barriers to China’s economic sustainability and vision of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Mechanisms to promote common prosperity are incomplete and inadequate.The disequilibrium of functional distribution is an important cause of these income inequalities.The overall wage level of ordinary workers is low.In the future,China'should give full play to the decisive role of the market in primary distribution to ensure proper return to all types of factors,and enhance redistribution to achieve common prosperity for all its people.展开更多
Starting from the premise that Italian real estate taxation is inefficient and unnecessarily complex, the paper suggests two tax reforms. The first proposal puts forward progressive property taxation on the family bas...Starting from the premise that Italian real estate taxation is inefficient and unnecessarily complex, the paper suggests two tax reforms. The first proposal puts forward progressive property taxation on the family basis; the second one suggests inferring a property income within the general calculation of the personal income tax. The common features of the two tax schemes are： the use of property market values instead of cadastral rents, a general reduction of the real estate local tax, a strong cutback of the stamp duties and registration fees applied to real estate transfers. A microsimulation model is employed to evaluate the impacts of the proposed taxation schemes. They both show, providing for a constant tax revenue, stronger redistributive effects.展开更多
Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of i...Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of importance to analyze the experience of income tax reforms.This paper aims to study the formation and reformation of income tax in Russia.This work singles out and analyzes five stages of formation of income tax in Russia-the main focus being on the analysis of the two last stages of income tax functioning:during the transition to a market economy and in a market economy.The paper identifies the main prerequisites of the personal income tax reform in 2001 and analyzes the results of the reform.The paper validates the conclusion that the reform had mixed results.The transition to the proportional model of personal income tax failed to significantly affect the fiscal significance of this tax,and did not lead to the desired legalization of salaries or a drastic decrease in the share of wages paid off the books.Moreover,the income tax reform did not result in a significant decrease in the number of tax concessions that reduce the neutrality and fiscal significance of the tax.At the same time,the income tax reform made it possible to drastically increase the neutrality and economic effectiveness of this tax,reduced the cost of administration for taxpayers,withholding agents,and tax services.In light of a possible new reform of the tax system,this article makes the assumption that the return to progressive tax rates will fall short of expectations of the poor,as the wealth gap in Russian society will not be reduced.This paper draws the conclusion that as the achievement of the expected results is not guaranteed,preserving the existing model of personal income tax may be the most pragmatic option.At the same time,it might be advisable to take an inventory of tax deductions,and possibly cancel some of them that are exclusively enjoyed by the rich in the first place.展开更多
文摘As an innovative economic model,the sharing economy has seen rapid growth globally in recent years.It has not only brought a profound impact on traditional economies but also injected new vitality and momentum into the sustainable development of the social economy.However,for the sharing economy,the process of collecting personal income tax is facing several issues,such as the ambiguity of tax policies regarding personal income,challenges in identifying taxpayers,and difficulties in defining income.To achieve the fairness and efficiency of personal income tax collection in the sharing economy,this study proposes optimized regulatory mechanisms and conducts in-depth discussions on the adjustment of personal income tax policies,innovation in tax management technology,and improvement in the quality of personal income tax services.
文摘Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features.The goal is the complete modernization of the tax system,so that it responds more fully to the principles of social justice,contributes to the economic development of the country and is governed by simple and modern procedures,which apply to all tax objects.The purpose of the study is to deepen the proposals for tax reform based on the peculiarities of the Greek economy,the international trends in this field and the weaknesses of the tax system.The effects of a tax reformation are analyzed and how it should take the form of the reform,which,however,requires a new legislation,which will bring about radical and deep cuts,which respond to the new conditions and the internationalization of the economy.Proposals for a set of structural measures,which are necessary for the country’s adaptation to the wider European environment and the elimination of the weaknesses that increase its distance from the other member countries.Citation of the common points of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation and their adoption by the tax leadership.
文摘BEIJING’S revenue from personal income tax in 2001 was 8 billion yuan, an increase of 42 percent, and the amount of tax received from high-income earners increased 2.6 fold. From September to November 2001, high-income earners paid taxes of 60 million yuan they had previously evaded. In the first half of 2002, Beijing defined its key taxpayers, that is, those with an annual income exceeding 100,000 yuan. According to this definition, the tax-paying situation of at least 30,000 people is under control. Revisions to the Individual Income
文摘China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income distribution. What follows is an analysis of personal adjustment tax income from the proportion of Gini coefficient, Engels coefficient and salaried class of personal income tax, and an explanation of problems and countermeasures of salaried class expense deduction standard, tax rate design, high-income crowd tax regulation.
基金Funded by the“Research on Improving Redistribution Adjustment Mechanism”(20ZDA048)under the Major Program of the National Social Science Fund of China.
文摘Personal income tax is an important redistribution tool,its redistribution effect has been concerned by all walks of life.Using CHIP2018,this paper calculates and analyzes the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform plan in 2018,and fi nds that:The comprehensive taxation can raise the average tax rate,progressivity and redistribution effect of personal income tax;The rise of the standard of basic deduction,six special additional deductions,and the change of tax rate structure raise the progressiveness of personal income tax,but reduce the average tax rate and thus weaken the income redistribution effect of personal income tax;The comprehensive income tax will enhance the impact of basic deduction of expenses,six special additional deductions and the change of tax rate structure on the redistribution effect of individual income tax income;Under the joint action of the reform measures,the progressivity of individual income tax has risen as a whole,but the average tax rate of individual income tax and redistribution index have shown a sharp decline,both of which decreased by more than 50%.Using the household survey data of the year of reform,this paper comprehensively investigates the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform,which enriches the research on the redistribution effect of the new round of personal income tax reform.
文摘Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.
文摘Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reduction effects of social security spending.Market income and redistribution policies are two determinants of income gaps.Based on CHIP2018 household survey data,we find that inadequate income redistribution policies have contributed to yawning income gaps,and that social security spending is more redistributive than personal income tax and social security contributions.After estimating the redistribution effects of social security spending and itemized incomes,we find that pension payments have contributed the most to household income gaps,and that subsistence protection and rural pension payments help improve income distribution.With respect to the poverty reduction effects of social security spending,we have estimated China’s current poverty incidence and the poverty reduction effects of pension payments,healthcare,and educational allowances with CHIP2018 data,and discover that an increase in social security spending may effectively reduce rural poverty.In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,China should increase social security spending,focusing on specific target groups,and promote the role of social security spending in regulating income distribution and offering social protection to rural residents.
文摘Under the planned economy,China’s distribution relations were relations among the state,state-run enterprises,employees and the collective economy;relations between heavy industry and light industry;and relations between cities and the countryside.After China’s transition to a market-oriented economy,the distribution relations among the state,state-run enterprises and employees evolved into distribution relations between the government,enterprises and households;the distribution relations between heavy industry and light industry evolved into distribution relations between the state sector and the private sector;and the distribution relations between cities and the countryside evolved into distribution relations between original urban dwellers and migrant populations.Wage system reform was carried out throughout the transition of these three types of distribution relations.Income distribution contradictions in China,which are a problem left over from history and intrinsic to the market-based economy,eased over the years.Some people and regions achieved prosperity,and urban-rural and interregional income gaps narrowed.However,widening household income gaps pose barriers to China’s economic sustainability and vision of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Mechanisms to promote common prosperity are incomplete and inadequate.The disequilibrium of functional distribution is an important cause of these income inequalities.The overall wage level of ordinary workers is low.In the future,China'should give full play to the decisive role of the market in primary distribution to ensure proper return to all types of factors,and enhance redistribution to achieve common prosperity for all its people.
文摘Starting from the premise that Italian real estate taxation is inefficient and unnecessarily complex, the paper suggests two tax reforms. The first proposal puts forward progressive property taxation on the family basis; the second one suggests inferring a property income within the general calculation of the personal income tax. The common features of the two tax schemes are： the use of property market values instead of cadastral rents, a general reduction of the real estate local tax, a strong cutback of the stamp duties and registration fees applied to real estate transfers. A microsimulation model is employed to evaluate the impacts of the proposed taxation schemes. They both show, providing for a constant tax revenue, stronger redistributive effects.
文摘Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of importance to analyze the experience of income tax reforms.This paper aims to study the formation and reformation of income tax in Russia.This work singles out and analyzes five stages of formation of income tax in Russia-the main focus being on the analysis of the two last stages of income tax functioning:during the transition to a market economy and in a market economy.The paper identifies the main prerequisites of the personal income tax reform in 2001 and analyzes the results of the reform.The paper validates the conclusion that the reform had mixed results.The transition to the proportional model of personal income tax failed to significantly affect the fiscal significance of this tax,and did not lead to the desired legalization of salaries or a drastic decrease in the share of wages paid off the books.Moreover,the income tax reform did not result in a significant decrease in the number of tax concessions that reduce the neutrality and fiscal significance of the tax.At the same time,the income tax reform made it possible to drastically increase the neutrality and economic effectiveness of this tax,reduced the cost of administration for taxpayers,withholding agents,and tax services.In light of a possible new reform of the tax system,this article makes the assumption that the return to progressive tax rates will fall short of expectations of the poor,as the wealth gap in Russian society will not be reduced.This paper draws the conclusion that as the achievement of the expected results is not guaranteed,preserving the existing model of personal income tax may be the most pragmatic option.At the same time,it might be advisable to take an inventory of tax deductions,and possibly cancel some of them that are exclusively enjoyed by the rich in the first place.
