This paper studies a finite-time adaptive fractionalorder fault-tolerant control(FTC)scheme for the slave position tracking of the teleoperating cyber physical system(TCPS)with external disturbances and actuator fault...This paper studies a finite-time adaptive fractionalorder fault-tolerant control(FTC)scheme for the slave position tracking of the teleoperating cyber physical system(TCPS)with external disturbances and actuator faults.Based on the fractional Lyapunov stability theory and the finite-time stability theory,a fractional-order nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode(FONFTSM)control law is proposed to promote the tracking and fault tolerance performance of the considered system.Meanwhile,the adaptive fractional-order update laws are designed to cope with the unknown upper bounds of the unknown actuator faults and external disturbances.Furthermore,the finite-time stability of the closed-loop system is proved.Finally,comparison simulation results are also provided to show the validity and the advantages of the proposed techniques.展开更多
Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollutio...Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.展开更多
The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uph...The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uphill Battles for Integrated Bohai Sea Management”(UBIBSM,2018–2020)was implemented by the Chinese government.To evaluate the action effectiveness toward water quality improvement,variability of the satelliteobserved water transparency(Secchi disk depth,Z_(SD))was explored,with special emphasis on the nearshore waters(within 20 km from the coastline)prone to terrestrial influence.(1)Compared to the status before the action began(2011–2017),majority(87.3%)of the nearshore waters turned clear during the action implementation period(2018–2020),characterized by the elevated Z_(SD)by 11.6%±12.1%.(2)Nevertheless,the improvement was not spatially uniform,with higher Z_(SD)improvement in provinces of Hebei,Liaoning,and Shandong(13.2%±16.5%,13.2%±11.6%,10.8%±10.2%,respectively)followed by Tianjin(6.2%±4.7%).(3)Bayesian trend analysis found the abrupt Z_(SD)improvement in April 2018,which coincided with the initiation of UBIBSM,implying the water quality response to pollution control.More importantly,the independent statistics of land-based pollutant discharge also indicated that the significant reduction of terrestrial pollutant input during the UBIBSM action was the main driver of observed Z_(SD)improvement.(4)Compared with previous pollution control actions in the BS,UBIBSM was found to be the most successful one during the past 20 years,in terms of transparency improvement over nearshore waters.The presented results proved the UBIBSM-achieved remarkable water quality improvement,taking the advantage of long-term consistent and objective data record from satellite ocean color observation.展开更多
In this research,a methodology named whole-process pollution control(WPPC)is demonstrated that improves the effectiveness of process optimization.This methodology considers waste/emission treatment as a step of the wh...In this research,a methodology named whole-process pollution control(WPPC)is demonstrated that improves the effectiveness of process optimization.This methodology considers waste/emission treatment as a step of the whole production process with respect to the minimization of cost and environmental impact for the whole process.The following procedures are introduced in a WPPC process optimization:①a material and energy flow investigation and optimization based on a systematic understanding of the distribution and physiochemical properties of potential pollutants;②a process optimization to increase the utilization efficiency of different elements and minimize pollutant emissions;and③an evaluation to reveal the effectiveness of the optimization strategies.The production of ammonium paratungstate was chosen for the case study.Two factors of the different optimization schemes-namely the cost-effectiveness factor and the environmental impact indicator-were evaluated and compared.This research demonstrates that by considering the nature of potential pollutants,technological innovations,economic viability,environmental impacts,and regulation requirements,WPPC can efficiently optimize a metal production process.展开更多
China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China....China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.展开更多
Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,previous and current situation of agricultural production and a...Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,previous and current situation of agricultural production and agricultural non-point source pollution control in the Dianchi Lake basin were studied,and countermeasures and suggestions of comprehensive control of agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin were proposed.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and...[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.展开更多
The main causes of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake are the improper ways of crop production, animal husbandry, and daily runoff. The paper discusses the relationship between countrywomen and non-point source ...The main causes of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake are the improper ways of crop production, animal husbandry, and daily runoff. The paper discusses the relationship between countrywomen and non-point source pollution control by 731 questionnaires in Weidu village and 466 questionnaires in Dapu Town. The roles of countrywomen have changed in families and they have close relationship with non-point source pollution. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility and methods of organizing countrywomen in non-point source pollution control.展开更多
Background:Structured vigorous physical activity(VPA)can improve cognitive control in children,but studies relating daily physical activity(PA)to cognitive control have yielded conflicting findings.While objectively m...Background:Structured vigorous physical activity(VPA)can improve cognitive control in children,but studies relating daily physical activity(PA)to cognitive control have yielded conflicting findings.While objectively measured daily PA summarizes all occurrences of PA within a registered period,a minimum duration of continuous PA is required for registration of a PA bout.Because brief bouts of high-intensity PA can account for a large proportion of children’s daily activity-related energy expenditure,this study assessed whether daily and bouted VPA were selectively related to cognitive control in preadolescents relative to other PA intensities.Methods:A total of 75 children between the ages of 8 and 10 years(49%girls)wore an ActiGraph wGT 3 X+on the hip for 7 days.The acceleration signal from the vertical axis was summarized over 1 s,5 s,and 15 s epochs.Daily and boutecd modercate PA,moderate-to-vigorous PA,and VPA were measured.PA bouts were expressed as the frequency and time spent in 2 different continuous PA bouts,one lasting≥10 s and the other lasting≥30 s at a given intensity.Inhibitory control was assessed using behavioral responses to a modified flanker task(mean reaction time(RTmean)and accuracy).Attentional resource allocation and co gnitive processing speed were measured using the amplitude and latency of the P3 component of event-related brain potentials,respectively.Associations between PA,behavioral indices of inhibitory control,P3 amplitude,and latency were assessed using hierarchical regression models.Results:Daily VPA was not related to RTmean or accuracy on either congruent or incongruent trials.In contrast,more time spent in VPA bouts lasting≥30 s predicted shorter P3 latency across epochs and flanker congruencies(allβ≤-0.24,all p≤0.04).The associations between shorter P3 latency and the time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA bouts lasting≥30 s were less consistent and largely limited to congruent trials(congruent:β(-0.3 1,-0.34)).No significant associations were observed upon correction for false discovery rate.Conclusion:The pattern of uncorrected associations aligns with the dose-response literature and suggests that brief VPA bouts may yield the greatest benefits to cognitive processing speed in preadolescents.Future studies using measures of brain structure and function are needed to understand the mechanisms linking bouted VPA to neurocognitive function during childhood.展开更多
On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor ...On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor water bodies were put forward. The countermeasures include: treating from both the roots and the symptoms and combining multiple technologies; comprehensively managing and improve the monitoring systems; coordinating functions and implementing long-term management; opening information and innovating supervision platform; coordinating advance and promoting the construction of sponge city; diversified financing to form the market-oriented model of water pollution control.展开更多
Nerve guidance channels for peripheral nerve injury:Over the past decade,nerve guidance channels(NGCs)have emerged as a promising technology for regenerating gap injuries in peripheral nerves.Nerve gap injuries result...Nerve guidance channels for peripheral nerve injury:Over the past decade,nerve guidance channels(NGCs)have emerged as a promising technology for regenerating gap injuries in peripheral nerves.Nerve gap injuries resulting from neurodegeneration and trauma,such as car accidents and battlefield wounds,affect hundreds of thousands of people annually.Motivated by suboptimal results obtained with the current gold standard of autologous grafting(i.e.,autografts),various commercially available NGCs composed of synthetic and biomaterials are now展开更多
Background:Outdoor physical activity(PA)brings important health benefits,but exposure to polluted air increases health risks.This study aimed to quantify the tradeoff of PA under fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))air p...Background:Outdoor physical activity(PA)brings important health benefits,but exposure to polluted air increases health risks.This study aimed to quantify the tradeoff of PA under fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))air pollution by estimating the optimal PA duration under various pollution levels.Methods:A risk-benefit analysis was performed to estimate the optimal outdoor moderate-intensity PA(MPA)duration under varying PM_(2.5) concentrations.Results:An inverse nonlinear relationship was identified between optimal MPA duration and background PM_(2.5) concentration levels.When background PM_(2.5) concentration increased to 186 μg/m^(3),the optimal outdoor MPA duration decreased to 2.5 h/week,the minimum level recommended by current PA guidelines.When background PM_(2.5) concentration further increased to 235 μg/m^(3),the optimal outdoor MPA duration decreased to 1 h/week.The relationship between optimal MPA duration and background PM_(2.5) concentration levels was stronger when exercising at a location closer to a source of air pollution.Compared to the general adult population,adults aged 60 years and older had substantially steeper curves—the optimal outdoor MPA duration decreased to 2.5 h/week when background PM_(2.5) concentration reached 45 μg/m^(3).Conclusion:The health benefit of outdoor MPA by far outweighs the health risk of PM_(2.5) pollution for the global average urban background concentration(22 μg/m^(3),).This modeling study examined a single type of air pollutant and suffered from measurement errors and estimation uncertainties.Future research should examine other air pollutants and indoor PA,incorporate short-and mid-term health effects of MPA and air pollution into the risk-benefit analysis,and provide estimates specific for high-risk subgroups.展开更多
This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmen...This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmental burden caused by the discharge of untreated sludge. Sludge sample was cultured in other to isolate microorganisms for the sludge treatment. The selected strain of the organisms after screening were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Verticillus sp, Penicillum sp, and Microsporium audouinii. Bioreactors (labeled A, B, C, D and O) were designed for the treatment of petroleum sludge. These reactors contain 2.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of the diluted sludge samples and the isolated organisms for the treatment process. On a weekly basis, the control reactors received 1.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of fresh and saline water respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, sludge physicochemical characteristics showed distinct variations. From the result, reactor D was the best in terms of remediating the sludge as compared to other reactors. Friedman non-parametric test was performed to check if the weeks of treatment affected the reduction of the total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the five reactors and also checked for significant differences in the THC after treatments. The drop in the THC of the treated sludge ranged from 56.0% to 67.3%. These results showed the possibility of enhanced biodegradation of petroleum sludge by hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms (fungi).展开更多
Lake eutrophication has increasingly become a major environmental issue in China. Although significant efforts have been made towards its resolution in the last decade, most of the implemented control strategies are f...Lake eutrophication has increasingly become a major environmental issue in China. Although significant efforts have been made towards its resolution in the last decade, most of the implemented control strategies are fragmented, and the formation of policy lacks of sound scientific basis and long\|term objectives. Taking the well\|known Dianchi Lake as a case study, this paper presented a comprehensive assessment for the effectiveness of various eutrophication control strategies. It is expected that the concluding lessons would have a major implication to future eutrophication control.展开更多
The continuous progress of industrialization is a fundamental cause of China’s increasingly severe environmental pollution problem.Improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control is an inevitable choice to e...The continuous progress of industrialization is a fundamental cause of China’s increasingly severe environmental pollution problem.Improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control is an inevitable choice to effectively decrease pollution emissions,thus winning the battle of pollution prevention and control.In this paper,we used the stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)model to measure the provincial efficiency of industrial pollution control based on the input and output data of industrial pollution control of 29 administrative provinces in China from 2000 to 2017.On this basis,a spatial econometric model was used to explore the influence of environmental regulation intensity on the efficiency of industrial pollution control.In addition,the spatial spillover effect of pollution reduction was thoroughly examined.The results show that:(1)The efficiency of industrial pollution control in China has improved year by year,but the overall efficiency is still low,with the average value increasing from 0.165 in 2000 to 0.309 in 2017.Furthermore,there is significant regional heterogeneity with the highest efficiency level in the east and lowest efficiency level in the west.(2)By increasing the financial and material input,the efficiency of industrial pollution control has increased.However,the increase of human input has not been so helpful.(3)The global Moran’s I index is significantly greater than zero,indicating a strong spatial correlation and agglomeration in the efficiency of industrial pollution control,which is reflected in high-high agglomeration in the eastern region and low-low agglomeration in the western region.(4)Stringent environmental regulation has a positive effect on improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control.It also imposes a positive spatial spillover effect,indicating a strategic interaction and coordination of regional pollution control.In line with this,related proposals have been made to optimize the investment structure for environmental pollution control,establish a flow mechanism for the factor market,and strengthen the environmental responsibility awareness of state-owned enterprises.On this basis,we expect to provide a policy for improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control and promoting regional joint pollution control in China.展开更多
The association between Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) during pregnancy and foetal outcomes has been extensively investigated. However, epidemiological studies specifically referred to LPTA in the last months o...The association between Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) during pregnancy and foetal outcomes has been extensively investigated. However, epidemiological studies specifically referred to LPTA in the last months of pregnancy are scarce. We evaluated the association between LPTA and the risk of both preterm delivery and small for gestational age (SGA) during the last three months of pregnancy in Italy. A nationwide case-control study was performed in nine Italian cities. A total of 299 preterm delivery, 364 SGA and 855 controls were enrolled in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic variables, medical and reproductive history, life-style habits and LTPA referred to the last three months of pregnancy. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed in order to estimate Odds ratios and 95% CI. LTPA during the last three months of pregnancy decreases the risk of preterm delivery (adjusted OR = 0.56;95% CI 0.39 - 0.79). Among the different types of physical activity, walking, the most frequently referred activity, appears significantly protective against preterm delivery (adjusted OR = 0.53;95% CI 0.36 - 0.81). Moreover, a small protective effect of walking was evidenced against SGA (adjusted OR = 0.72;95% CI 0.51 - 1.00). In conclusion, a mild physical activity such as walking in the last three months of pregnancy seems to reduce the risk of preterm delivery and, at a lesser extent, of SGA, confirming the beneficial effects of physical activity along the whole pregnancy.展开更多
The Australian farming sector is continuing to intensify, particularly within 300 km of the east and southern coastlines. In the future there will be fewer and larger farms, which will use more fertilizer, support mor...The Australian farming sector is continuing to intensify, particularly within 300 km of the east and southern coastlines. In the future there will be fewer and larger farms, which will use more fertilizer, support more stock, grow more monoculture crops, and utilise more marginal soils. This is likely to increase the major environmental impacts of soil degradation, salt, nutrient and sediment contamination of waterways, and greenhouse gas emissions. Australian national water policy continues to focus on land, stream and groundwater salinity issues, although there is now a greater recognition of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture. The general philosophy of policy for dealing with non- point source pollution has been towards a voluntary rather than regulatory approach, with state and national governments supporting a range of programs to encourage sustainable agricultural practices. A catchment (watershed) based approach, through the use of integrated catchment management plans, is the primary way that non-point source pollution is addressed at the farm and local level. At an industry level, cotton, grains, meat, sugarcane and dairy amongst others, as well as the Australian fertilizer industry, have responded to non-point source issues by investing in research and development, and developing codes of practice aimed at abating these environmental impacts. Understanding the economic, social, political and cultural contexts of farming as well as the environmental impacts of agriculture are very important in determining the appropriateness of policy responses for Australian farming systems.展开更多
Air pollution control devices(APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation.Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization(FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air p...Air pollution control devices(APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation.Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization(FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal.Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation affect mercury removal efficiently at coal-fired utilities.The Ontario Hydro Method(OHM) recommended by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit.Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor affecting the mercury speciation in flue gas;and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury(Hg2+) and more elemental mercury(Hg0 ) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal.SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service,and oxidation efficiency reached 71.0%.Therefore,oxidized mercury removal efficiency was enhanced through a wet FGD system.In the non-ozone season,about 89.5%-96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled,but only 54.9%-68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD.Oxidized mercury removal efficiency was 95.9%-98.0%,and there was a big difference in the total mercury removal efficiencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season.Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data,and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.展开更多
Over 2 million tons of chromate residues as hazardous wastes have been accumulated from chromate production processes during the past more than 30 years in China. Some serious pollution problems have been caused due t...Over 2 million tons of chromate residues as hazardous wastes have been accumulated from chromate production processes during the past more than 30 years in China. Some serious pollution problems have been caused due to no appropriate technology and management. Approaches are reviewed to pollution control of chromate residues by utilizing them as secondary resources in this paper. In addition to legislation for pollution control, chromate residues can be used as raw materials to produce a great diversity of useful industrial products. Strategies are also recommanded for the resourcefulization of chromate residues.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61973331,61973257)the National Key Research and Development Plan Programs of China(2018YFB0106101).
文摘This paper studies a finite-time adaptive fractionalorder fault-tolerant control(FTC)scheme for the slave position tracking of the teleoperating cyber physical system(TCPS)with external disturbances and actuator faults.Based on the fractional Lyapunov stability theory and the finite-time stability theory,a fractional-order nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode(FONFTSM)control law is proposed to promote the tracking and fault tolerance performance of the considered system.Meanwhile,the adaptive fractional-order update laws are designed to cope with the unknown upper bounds of the unknown actuator faults and external disturbances.Furthermore,the finite-time stability of the closed-loop system is proved.Finally,comparison simulation results are also provided to show the validity and the advantages of the proposed techniques.
文摘Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.
基金The fund supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) under contract No. SML2021SP313the fundamental research funds for the Central Universities of Sun Yat-Sen University under contract No.23xkjc019the fund supported by China-Korea Joint Ocean Research Center of China under contract No. PI-2022-1-01
文摘The Bohai Sea(BS)is the unique semi-closed inland sea of China,characterized by degraded water quality due to significant terrestrial pollution input.In order to improve its water quality,a dedicated action named“Uphill Battles for Integrated Bohai Sea Management”(UBIBSM,2018–2020)was implemented by the Chinese government.To evaluate the action effectiveness toward water quality improvement,variability of the satelliteobserved water transparency(Secchi disk depth,Z_(SD))was explored,with special emphasis on the nearshore waters(within 20 km from the coastline)prone to terrestrial influence.(1)Compared to the status before the action began(2011–2017),majority(87.3%)of the nearshore waters turned clear during the action implementation period(2018–2020),characterized by the elevated Z_(SD)by 11.6%±12.1%.(2)Nevertheless,the improvement was not spatially uniform,with higher Z_(SD)improvement in provinces of Hebei,Liaoning,and Shandong(13.2%±16.5%,13.2%±11.6%,10.8%±10.2%,respectively)followed by Tianjin(6.2%±4.7%).(3)Bayesian trend analysis found the abrupt Z_(SD)improvement in April 2018,which coincided with the initiation of UBIBSM,implying the water quality response to pollution control.More importantly,the independent statistics of land-based pollutant discharge also indicated that the significant reduction of terrestrial pollutant input during the UBIBSM action was the main driver of observed Z_(SD)improvement.(4)Compared with previous pollution control actions in the BS,UBIBSM was found to be the most successful one during the past 20 years,in terms of transparency improvement over nearshore waters.The presented results proved the UBIBSM-achieved remarkable water quality improvement,taking the advantage of long-term consistent and objective data record from satellite ocean color observation.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support for this research from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0403300 and 2017YFB043305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51425405 and 51874269),the National Science-Technology Support Plan Projects(2015BAB02B05)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2014037).Zhi Sun acknowledges financial support from the National Youth Thousand Talents Program.The authors acknowledge constructive suggestions from Prof.Jianxin Yang.
文摘In this research,a methodology named whole-process pollution control(WPPC)is demonstrated that improves the effectiveness of process optimization.This methodology considers waste/emission treatment as a step of the whole production process with respect to the minimization of cost and environmental impact for the whole process.The following procedures are introduced in a WPPC process optimization:①a material and energy flow investigation and optimization based on a systematic understanding of the distribution and physiochemical properties of potential pollutants;②a process optimization to increase the utilization efficiency of different elements and minimize pollutant emissions;and③an evaluation to reveal the effectiveness of the optimization strategies.The production of ammonium paratungstate was chosen for the case study.Two factors of the different optimization schemes-namely the cost-effectiveness factor and the environmental impact indicator-were evaluated and compared.This research demonstrates that by considering the nature of potential pollutants,technological innovations,economic viability,environmental impacts,and regulation requirements,WPPC can efficiently optimize a metal production process.
基金the National Key Research Development Program of China(2016YFC0208901 and 2017YFC0212100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71722003 and 71690244)。
文摘China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.
基金Supported by Research on the Comprehensive Control Measures of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in the Dianchi Lake Basin Funded by Kunming Agricultural Bureau(2016JC01)Project of Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Urban Characteristic Agriculture(TSNY0201)+7 种基金Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Department of Education(2014Y390)Application Base Research Project for Young Scholars of Yunnan Province(2013FD040)Talent Introduction Project of Kunming University(YJL14005)Talent Introduction Foundation of Kunming University(YJL12010)Key Foundation of Kunming University(XJL12020)Scientific Research Project for Undergraduates of Kunming University(XJD16081)Research on the Ecology and Rational Distribution of Main Cultivars in Producing Areas of Raw Materials of China Tobacco in Yunnan ProvinceProject of Construction of the Dominant Key Subject(Ecology)in Universities and Colleges in Yunnan Province(05000511311)
文摘Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,previous and current situation of agricultural production and agricultural non-point source pollution control in the Dianchi Lake basin were studied,and countermeasures and suggestions of comprehensive control of agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin were proposed.
基金Supported by Hai River Basin Integrated Water Resources Management Project of Global Environment Facility(SEPA-ZWN-3,C/II/S/09/090)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.
文摘The main causes of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake are the improper ways of crop production, animal husbandry, and daily runoff. The paper discusses the relationship between countrywomen and non-point source pollution control by 731 questionnaires in Weidu village and 466 questionnaires in Dapu Town. The roles of countrywomen have changed in families and they have close relationship with non-point source pollution. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility and methods of organizing countrywomen in non-point source pollution control.
基金funded in part by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD RO1 HD069381) (to CHH and AFK)National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture (2011-67001-30101)University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Abbott Nutrition through the Center for Nutrition, Learning, and Memory (ANGC1204) (to CHH and NAK)
文摘Background:Structured vigorous physical activity(VPA)can improve cognitive control in children,but studies relating daily physical activity(PA)to cognitive control have yielded conflicting findings.While objectively measured daily PA summarizes all occurrences of PA within a registered period,a minimum duration of continuous PA is required for registration of a PA bout.Because brief bouts of high-intensity PA can account for a large proportion of children’s daily activity-related energy expenditure,this study assessed whether daily and bouted VPA were selectively related to cognitive control in preadolescents relative to other PA intensities.Methods:A total of 75 children between the ages of 8 and 10 years(49%girls)wore an ActiGraph wGT 3 X+on the hip for 7 days.The acceleration signal from the vertical axis was summarized over 1 s,5 s,and 15 s epochs.Daily and boutecd modercate PA,moderate-to-vigorous PA,and VPA were measured.PA bouts were expressed as the frequency and time spent in 2 different continuous PA bouts,one lasting≥10 s and the other lasting≥30 s at a given intensity.Inhibitory control was assessed using behavioral responses to a modified flanker task(mean reaction time(RTmean)and accuracy).Attentional resource allocation and co gnitive processing speed were measured using the amplitude and latency of the P3 component of event-related brain potentials,respectively.Associations between PA,behavioral indices of inhibitory control,P3 amplitude,and latency were assessed using hierarchical regression models.Results:Daily VPA was not related to RTmean or accuracy on either congruent or incongruent trials.In contrast,more time spent in VPA bouts lasting≥30 s predicted shorter P3 latency across epochs and flanker congruencies(allβ≤-0.24,all p≤0.04).The associations between shorter P3 latency and the time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA bouts lasting≥30 s were less consistent and largely limited to congruent trials(congruent:β(-0.3 1,-0.34)).No significant associations were observed upon correction for false discovery rate.Conclusion:The pattern of uncorrected associations aligns with the dose-response literature and suggests that brief VPA bouts may yield the greatest benefits to cognitive processing speed in preadolescents.Future studies using measures of brain structure and function are needed to understand the mechanisms linking bouted VPA to neurocognitive function during childhood.
基金supported by Jiangsu Qinglan Project of 2016Research Project of Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee titled "China democratic league: Regulation of malodorous black river and improvement of waterfront environment in city"Key Funding Project of Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry (Grant No. 2016kj005)
文摘On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor water bodies were put forward. The countermeasures include: treating from both the roots and the symptoms and combining multiple technologies; comprehensively managing and improve the monitoring systems; coordinating functions and implementing long-term management; opening information and innovating supervision platform; coordinating advance and promoting the construction of sponge city; diversified financing to form the market-oriented model of water pollution control.
基金supported by the Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund(2013-MSCRFE-146-00)(to XJ)in part by the National Institute of Health(R01HL118084)(to XJ)
文摘Nerve guidance channels for peripheral nerve injury:Over the past decade,nerve guidance channels(NGCs)have emerged as a promising technology for regenerating gap injuries in peripheral nerves.Nerve gap injuries resulting from neurodegeneration and trauma,such as car accidents and battlefield wounds,affect hundreds of thousands of people annually.Motivated by suboptimal results obtained with the current gold standard of autologous grafting(i.e.,autografts),various commercially available NGCs composed of synthetic and biomaterials are now
文摘Background:Outdoor physical activity(PA)brings important health benefits,but exposure to polluted air increases health risks.This study aimed to quantify the tradeoff of PA under fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))air pollution by estimating the optimal PA duration under various pollution levels.Methods:A risk-benefit analysis was performed to estimate the optimal outdoor moderate-intensity PA(MPA)duration under varying PM_(2.5) concentrations.Results:An inverse nonlinear relationship was identified between optimal MPA duration and background PM_(2.5) concentration levels.When background PM_(2.5) concentration increased to 186 μg/m^(3),the optimal outdoor MPA duration decreased to 2.5 h/week,the minimum level recommended by current PA guidelines.When background PM_(2.5) concentration further increased to 235 μg/m^(3),the optimal outdoor MPA duration decreased to 1 h/week.The relationship between optimal MPA duration and background PM_(2.5) concentration levels was stronger when exercising at a location closer to a source of air pollution.Compared to the general adult population,adults aged 60 years and older had substantially steeper curves—the optimal outdoor MPA duration decreased to 2.5 h/week when background PM_(2.5) concentration reached 45 μg/m^(3).Conclusion:The health benefit of outdoor MPA by far outweighs the health risk of PM_(2.5) pollution for the global average urban background concentration(22 μg/m^(3),).This modeling study examined a single type of air pollutant and suffered from measurement errors and estimation uncertainties.Future research should examine other air pollutants and indoor PA,incorporate short-and mid-term health effects of MPA and air pollution into the risk-benefit analysis,and provide estimates specific for high-risk subgroups.
文摘This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmental burden caused by the discharge of untreated sludge. Sludge sample was cultured in other to isolate microorganisms for the sludge treatment. The selected strain of the organisms after screening were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Verticillus sp, Penicillum sp, and Microsporium audouinii. Bioreactors (labeled A, B, C, D and O) were designed for the treatment of petroleum sludge. These reactors contain 2.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of the diluted sludge samples and the isolated organisms for the treatment process. On a weekly basis, the control reactors received 1.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of fresh and saline water respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, sludge physicochemical characteristics showed distinct variations. From the result, reactor D was the best in terms of remediating the sludge as compared to other reactors. Friedman non-parametric test was performed to check if the weeks of treatment affected the reduction of the total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the five reactors and also checked for significant differences in the THC after treatments. The drop in the THC of the treated sludge ranged from 56.0% to 67.3%. These results showed the possibility of enhanced biodegradation of petroleum sludge by hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms (fungi).
文摘Lake eutrophication has increasingly become a major environmental issue in China. Although significant efforts have been made towards its resolution in the last decade, most of the implemented control strategies are fragmented, and the formation of policy lacks of sound scientific basis and long\|term objectives. Taking the well\|known Dianchi Lake as a case study, this paper presented a comprehensive assessment for the effectiveness of various eutrophication control strategies. It is expected that the concluding lessons would have a major implication to future eutrophication control.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China:The enhancing potential and realizing paths of China’s industrial total factor productivity:A perspective of energy price distortion correction[Grants number.71774122]China Postdoctoral Science Foundation:Research on the Emission Reduction Effect Evaluation and Mechanism of China’s Low-Carbon City Pilot Policies[Grants number.2019M662721].
文摘The continuous progress of industrialization is a fundamental cause of China’s increasingly severe environmental pollution problem.Improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control is an inevitable choice to effectively decrease pollution emissions,thus winning the battle of pollution prevention and control.In this paper,we used the stochastic frontier analysis(SFA)model to measure the provincial efficiency of industrial pollution control based on the input and output data of industrial pollution control of 29 administrative provinces in China from 2000 to 2017.On this basis,a spatial econometric model was used to explore the influence of environmental regulation intensity on the efficiency of industrial pollution control.In addition,the spatial spillover effect of pollution reduction was thoroughly examined.The results show that:(1)The efficiency of industrial pollution control in China has improved year by year,but the overall efficiency is still low,with the average value increasing from 0.165 in 2000 to 0.309 in 2017.Furthermore,there is significant regional heterogeneity with the highest efficiency level in the east and lowest efficiency level in the west.(2)By increasing the financial and material input,the efficiency of industrial pollution control has increased.However,the increase of human input has not been so helpful.(3)The global Moran’s I index is significantly greater than zero,indicating a strong spatial correlation and agglomeration in the efficiency of industrial pollution control,which is reflected in high-high agglomeration in the eastern region and low-low agglomeration in the western region.(4)Stringent environmental regulation has a positive effect on improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control.It also imposes a positive spatial spillover effect,indicating a strategic interaction and coordination of regional pollution control.In line with this,related proposals have been made to optimize the investment structure for environmental pollution control,establish a flow mechanism for the factor market,and strengthen the environmental responsibility awareness of state-owned enterprises.On this basis,we expect to provide a policy for improving the efficiency of industrial pollution control and promoting regional joint pollution control in China.
文摘The association between Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) during pregnancy and foetal outcomes has been extensively investigated. However, epidemiological studies specifically referred to LPTA in the last months of pregnancy are scarce. We evaluated the association between LPTA and the risk of both preterm delivery and small for gestational age (SGA) during the last three months of pregnancy in Italy. A nationwide case-control study was performed in nine Italian cities. A total of 299 preterm delivery, 364 SGA and 855 controls were enrolled in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic variables, medical and reproductive history, life-style habits and LTPA referred to the last three months of pregnancy. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed in order to estimate Odds ratios and 95% CI. LTPA during the last three months of pregnancy decreases the risk of preterm delivery (adjusted OR = 0.56;95% CI 0.39 - 0.79). Among the different types of physical activity, walking, the most frequently referred activity, appears significantly protective against preterm delivery (adjusted OR = 0.53;95% CI 0.36 - 0.81). Moreover, a small protective effect of walking was evidenced against SGA (adjusted OR = 0.72;95% CI 0.51 - 1.00). In conclusion, a mild physical activity such as walking in the last three months of pregnancy seems to reduce the risk of preterm delivery and, at a lesser extent, of SGA, confirming the beneficial effects of physical activity along the whole pregnancy.
基金supported by the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED)
文摘The Australian farming sector is continuing to intensify, particularly within 300 km of the east and southern coastlines. In the future there will be fewer and larger farms, which will use more fertilizer, support more stock, grow more monoculture crops, and utilise more marginal soils. This is likely to increase the major environmental impacts of soil degradation, salt, nutrient and sediment contamination of waterways, and greenhouse gas emissions. Australian national water policy continues to focus on land, stream and groundwater salinity issues, although there is now a greater recognition of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture. The general philosophy of policy for dealing with non- point source pollution has been towards a voluntary rather than regulatory approach, with state and national governments supporting a range of programs to encourage sustainable agricultural practices. A catchment (watershed) based approach, through the use of integrated catchment management plans, is the primary way that non-point source pollution is addressed at the farm and local level. At an industry level, cotton, grains, meat, sugarcane and dairy amongst others, as well as the Australian fertilizer industry, have responded to non-point source issues by investing in research and development, and developing codes of practice aimed at abating these environmental impacts. Understanding the economic, social, political and cultural contexts of farming as well as the environmental impacts of agriculture are very important in determining the appropriateness of policy responses for Australian farming systems.
基金supported by the U.S.Agency for International Development (USAID) cooperation agreement(No.486-A-00-06-000140-00)
文摘Air pollution control devices(APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation.Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization(FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal.Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation affect mercury removal efficiently at coal-fired utilities.The Ontario Hydro Method(OHM) recommended by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit.Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor affecting the mercury speciation in flue gas;and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury(Hg2+) and more elemental mercury(Hg0 ) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal.SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service,and oxidation efficiency reached 71.0%.Therefore,oxidized mercury removal efficiency was enhanced through a wet FGD system.In the non-ozone season,about 89.5%-96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled,but only 54.9%-68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD.Oxidized mercury removal efficiency was 95.9%-98.0%,and there was a big difference in the total mercury removal efficiencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season.Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data,and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.
文摘Over 2 million tons of chromate residues as hazardous wastes have been accumulated from chromate production processes during the past more than 30 years in China. Some serious pollution problems have been caused due to no appropriate technology and management. Approaches are reviewed to pollution control of chromate residues by utilizing them as secondary resources in this paper. In addition to legislation for pollution control, chromate residues can be used as raw materials to produce a great diversity of useful industrial products. Strategies are also recommanded for the resourcefulization of chromate residues.
