Global warming will affect growth strategies and how trees will adapt.To compare the response of tree radial growth to climate warming in different slope directions,samples of Pinus armandii Franch were collected and ...Global warming will affect growth strategies and how trees will adapt.To compare the response of tree radial growth to climate warming in different slope directions,samples of Pinus armandii Franch were collected and treering chronologies developed on northern and western slopes from the Lubanling in the Funiu Mountains.Correlation analyses showed that two chronologies were mainly limited by temperatures in the previous June–August and the combination of temperatures and moisture in the current May–July.The difference of the climate response to slopes was small but not negligible.Radial growth of the LBL01 site on the northern slope was affected by the combined maximum and minimum temperatures,while that of the LBL02 site was affected by maximum temperatures.With regards to moisture,radial growth of the trees on the north slope was influenced by the relative humidity in the current May–July,while on the western slope,it was affected by the relative humidity in the previous June–August,the current May–July and the precipitation in the current May–July.With the change in climate,the effects of the main limiting factors on growth on different slopes were visible to a certain extent,but the differences in response of trees on different slopes gradually decreased,which might be caused by factors such as different slope directions and the change in diurnal temperature range.These results may provide information for forest protection and ecological construction in this region,and a scientific reference for future climate reconstruction.展开更多
以草海国家级自然保护区华山松(Pinus armandii)为研究对象,采用典型样地调查法,以胸径代替龄级,从静态生命表、存活曲线、生存分析和时间序列分析等方面定量研究华山松种群的结构特征及动态变化,为喀斯特森林生态系统的保护、资源管理...以草海国家级自然保护区华山松(Pinus armandii)为研究对象,采用典型样地调查法,以胸径代替龄级,从静态生命表、存活曲线、生存分析和时间序列分析等方面定量研究华山松种群的结构特征及动态变化,为喀斯特森林生态系统的保护、资源管理和恢复重建提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)华山松种群呈两头小中间大的纺锤形结构,数量动态指数(V n)随龄级的增加波动较大,但忽略外部干扰的种群数量变化动态指数(V p i)和考虑外部干扰的种群数量变化动态指数(V p i′)均大于0,属增长型种群,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(2)生存分析显示,华山松生存率逐渐降低,累积死亡率逐渐增加,两者呈相反的变化趋势;死亡密度和危险率曲线反差明显,死亡密度曲线变化平缓,稳中有降,危险率曲线逐渐增加,综合表明华山松种群具有前期平稳、中期增长、后期衰退的特点;(3)时间序列分析显示,华山松种群在未来经历2、4、6、8龄级后,Ⅰ~Ⅲ龄级个体数逐渐减少,Ⅴ~Ⅸ龄级个体数则逐渐增加。研究表明,华山松种群的更新主要受建成机制制约,建议对幼苗和幼树加强抚育和管理养护措施。展开更多
Thinning is an important activity employed in forest management. To date, studies have mainly focused on the effects of thinning on the growth of trees during the same thinning period. In this study, plantation Pinus ...Thinning is an important activity employed in forest management. To date, studies have mainly focused on the effects of thinning on the growth of trees during the same thinning period. In this study, plantation Pinus massoniana Lamb. near maturity were thinned at varying intensities and an economically important species, Cinnamomum cassia Presl., was planted beneath the thinned canopy. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of the extent of thinning on the essential oil content and its components of C. cassia in different parts of the plant, as well as the economic feasibility of the P. massoniana–C.cassia management model. Thinning significantly reduced the oil yield in the bark and branches of C. cassia, but hardly impacted the oil yield from C. cassia leaves compared with pure C. cassia forest(CK). Among the different thinning treatments, both light(T.4) and extensive(T.1)thinning reduced the oil yield of C. cassia bark and new branches. The concentrations of the main aldehydes differed in different parts of the plant and were affected by the extent of thinning. The influence on cinnamaldehyde in the bark was minor, but was much greater in the branches and leaves. Both the oil yield and content of cinnamaldehyde showed that moderate(T.3) thinning was more favorable than other thinning models. These results not only provide a potentially promising model for the transformation of low–yield artificial pure forests of P. massoniana in the future, but also offer a reference for the management of artificial mixed stands.展开更多
Changbai pine (Pinus sylvestris var. Sylvestriformis) is an endemic and important tree species in Changbai Mountain. There were only 63 plant species in Changbai pine plantation, where hemicryptophyte was dominant(39....Changbai pine (Pinus sylvestris var. Sylvestriformis) is an endemic and important tree species in Changbai Mountain. There were only 63 plant species in Changbai pine plantation, where hemicryptophyte was dominant(39.68%).Simpson diversity index was 0.87, Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.96, and evenness index was 0.82. Community structure were divided into three layels: tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. The total biomass and net production were 111.982 t/hm2 and 8942.80 kg/(hm2·a) respectively. The total biomass for tree, shrub and herb layers were 106.150, 2.230,2.264 t/hm2, accounting for 94.79%, 1 .99%, and 2.02%, respectively, and net production for those were 7465, 223, and 1182kg/(hm2·a), accounting for 83.47%, 2.49%, and 13.22% of the total respectively. The nutrient content in various organs is in the order of needle> branch> root> bark> trunk, For the assimilated organ, the nutrient content is in the order of N> K> Ca>P> Mg, and that in absorption organ is in the order of Ca> N> K> P> Mg. For the whole plantation ecosystem, nutrient content is in the order of soil> litter> herb layer> shrub layer> tree layer. Nutrient storage and its accumulation rate in tree layer take up 88.79% and 76.43% of the total, respectively.展开更多
Trap bags were used to assess the presence of an Armillaria species in a Pinus koraiensis plantation in Heilongjiang,China.216 trap bags containing bark were p1aced in three plots at 2×2m spacing.Afer 10 weeks,th...Trap bags were used to assess the presence of an Armillaria species in a Pinus koraiensis plantation in Heilongjiang,China.216 trap bags containing bark were p1aced in three plots at 2×2m spacing.Afer 10 weeks,the presence of Armillaria was determined from the growth of rhizomorphs in the trap bags.The trap bag method proved successful in determining the presence of viable Armillaria rhizomorphs where only a few dead trees showed signs of the diseade.The distribution of positive traps corresponded generally with the presence of rhizomorphs in the soil taken from the trap holes.However,the trap bags were superior to soil samples for evaluating the presence of viable rhizomorphs.The fresh,abundant rhizomorphs were easily identified by persons inexperienced in the assessment of Armillaria root rot.Several practical problems need to solved before the method is applicable in general forest manage-ment in China.展开更多
We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground...We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground roots on each contour.The main roots at the south-facing slope(SS) developed in a long and straight form,and those on the north-facing slope(NS) in a twisted form.The side roots developed more than the main roots on the Ridge.The depth of taproots decreased in the following order:SS>NS>Ridge.The roots on the SS developed in a pile-form root structure whereas those in the Ridge and NS developed concentrically near the root collar.The amount of root development decreased in the following order:SS>NS>Ridge.The ratio of fine roots from the wholeroot development decreased in the following order:Ridge>SS>NS.These results can guide considerations of growth differences according to the planting contour conditions for future establishment of P.densiflora artificial plantations.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the ecological and economic benefits of Pinus elliottii plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm, Jingmen City. [Methods] P. elliottii plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm i...[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the ecological and economic benefits of Pinus elliottii plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm, Jingmen City. [Methods] P. elliottii plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm in Jingmen City were selected as the research object, and the appearance and quantitative characteristics of P. elliottii community were studied and analyzed by a sampling method. [Results] Phanerophytes were the most in the P. elliottii community, accounting for 50%. In the community, except P. elliottii, the importance values of native plants were higher. The order of species diversity of P. elliottii community in Pengchang Forest Farm was herb layer, tree layer and shrub layer. The stress resistance of the community was weak, and strong intraspecific competition existed in P. elliottii. It is recommended to thin P. elliottii trees with insufficient lighting, poor growth potential and severely damaged tree body, and interplant Phoebe zhennan after thinning the P. elliottii plantations, so as to create a coniferous and broad-leaved evergreen mixed forest. [Conclusions] This study provides scientific support for thinning, tending, and forest management of P. elliottii plantations.展开更多
Incidence of Armillaria infection was quantified based on site factors in New Zealand Pinus radiata plantations.A linear multiple regression model was derived to predict infection levels of Armillaria root rot.Factors...Incidence of Armillaria infection was quantified based on site factors in New Zealand Pinus radiata plantations.A linear multiple regression model was derived to predict infection levels of Armillaria root rot.Factors positivily associated with the infection were:previous vegetation（native bush,pine）;soil type（pumice）;landform （valley,gully,flat）and the interaction between them.This model could assist in management planning with regard to the predisposition of particular stand to Armillaria infection.Keywods:Armillaria root rot,Disease incidence,Site factors,Quantification,Pinus radiata.展开更多
We used preliminary data to estimate the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions. We compared the growth of P. densiflora on a south-facing s...We used preliminary data to estimate the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions. We compared the growth of P. densiflora on a south-facing slope(Ssth), north-facing slope(Snth) and ridge area(Ridge), using 7 trees selected from each stand aspect. The tree height, diameter and growth volume were measured and the dry weight of each plant part were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that the total dry weight was highest on Ssth(5992.3 g), followed by Snth(4833.2 g) and lowest on Ridge(3160.1 g). The height growth was highest on Snth(285.8 cm), followed by Ssth(274.5 cm) and lowest on Ridge(211.5 cm). The diameter growth was greatest on Ssth(7.37 cm), followed by Snth(7.10 cm) and lowest on Ridge(5.72 cm). The volume growth was highest on Ssth(4257.7 cm3), followed by Snth(3750.7 cm3) and lowest on Ridge(2093.7 cm3). Therefore, we should consider and include the concept of slope orientation together with differences in habitat environments in afforestation projects when creating artificial forests with P. densiflora. These study results can serve as important preliminary data for future establishment of artificial forest of P. densiflora in a post-fire plantation.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.4207741741671042)。
文摘Global warming will affect growth strategies and how trees will adapt.To compare the response of tree radial growth to climate warming in different slope directions,samples of Pinus armandii Franch were collected and treering chronologies developed on northern and western slopes from the Lubanling in the Funiu Mountains.Correlation analyses showed that two chronologies were mainly limited by temperatures in the previous June–August and the combination of temperatures and moisture in the current May–July.The difference of the climate response to slopes was small but not negligible.Radial growth of the LBL01 site on the northern slope was affected by the combined maximum and minimum temperatures,while that of the LBL02 site was affected by maximum temperatures.With regards to moisture,radial growth of the trees on the north slope was influenced by the relative humidity in the current May–July,while on the western slope,it was affected by the relative humidity in the previous June–August,the current May–July and the precipitation in the current May–July.With the change in climate,the effects of the main limiting factors on growth on different slopes were visible to a certain extent,but the differences in response of trees on different slopes gradually decreased,which might be caused by factors such as different slope directions and the change in diurnal temperature range.These results may provide information for forest protection and ecological construction in this region,and a scientific reference for future climate reconstruction.
文摘以草海国家级自然保护区华山松(Pinus armandii)为研究对象,采用典型样地调查法,以胸径代替龄级,从静态生命表、存活曲线、生存分析和时间序列分析等方面定量研究华山松种群的结构特征及动态变化,为喀斯特森林生态系统的保护、资源管理和恢复重建提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)华山松种群呈两头小中间大的纺锤形结构,数量动态指数(V n)随龄级的增加波动较大,但忽略外部干扰的种群数量变化动态指数(V p i)和考虑外部干扰的种群数量变化动态指数(V p i′)均大于0,属增长型种群,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;(2)生存分析显示,华山松生存率逐渐降低,累积死亡率逐渐增加,两者呈相反的变化趋势;死亡密度和危险率曲线反差明显,死亡密度曲线变化平缓,稳中有降,危险率曲线逐渐增加,综合表明华山松种群具有前期平稳、中期增长、后期衰退的特点;(3)时间序列分析显示,华山松种群在未来经历2、4、6、8龄级后,Ⅰ~Ⅲ龄级个体数逐渐减少,Ⅴ~Ⅸ龄级个体数则逐渐增加。研究表明,华山松种群的更新主要受建成机制制约,建议对幼苗和幼树加强抚育和管理养护措施。
基金supported by the key technology for the management of artificial multi-layers plantation(2006–2009)the interspecific nitrogen transfer behaviors and root interaction mechanism of Eucalyptus and Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen(31460196)the key technology for the management of Strified Mixed Stands of Pinus massoniana and Cinnamomum cassia(2014–2024)
文摘Thinning is an important activity employed in forest management. To date, studies have mainly focused on the effects of thinning on the growth of trees during the same thinning period. In this study, plantation Pinus massoniana Lamb. near maturity were thinned at varying intensities and an economically important species, Cinnamomum cassia Presl., was planted beneath the thinned canopy. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of the extent of thinning on the essential oil content and its components of C. cassia in different parts of the plant, as well as the economic feasibility of the P. massoniana–C.cassia management model. Thinning significantly reduced the oil yield in the bark and branches of C. cassia, but hardly impacted the oil yield from C. cassia leaves compared with pure C. cassia forest(CK). Among the different thinning treatments, both light(T.4) and extensive(T.1)thinning reduced the oil yield of C. cassia bark and new branches. The concentrations of the main aldehydes differed in different parts of the plant and were affected by the extent of thinning. The influence on cinnamaldehyde in the bark was minor, but was much greater in the branches and leaves. Both the oil yield and content of cinnamaldehyde showed that moderate(T.3) thinning was more favorable than other thinning models. These results not only provide a potentially promising model for the transformation of low–yield artificial pure forests of P. massoniana in the future, but also offer a reference for the management of artificial mixed stands.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40403014)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX1-10-01,KZCX2-SW-118)
文摘Changbai pine (Pinus sylvestris var. Sylvestriformis) is an endemic and important tree species in Changbai Mountain. There were only 63 plant species in Changbai pine plantation, where hemicryptophyte was dominant(39.68%).Simpson diversity index was 0.87, Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.96, and evenness index was 0.82. Community structure were divided into three layels: tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. The total biomass and net production were 111.982 t/hm2 and 8942.80 kg/(hm2·a) respectively. The total biomass for tree, shrub and herb layers were 106.150, 2.230,2.264 t/hm2, accounting for 94.79%, 1 .99%, and 2.02%, respectively, and net production for those were 7465, 223, and 1182kg/(hm2·a), accounting for 83.47%, 2.49%, and 13.22% of the total respectively. The nutrient content in various organs is in the order of needle> branch> root> bark> trunk, For the assimilated organ, the nutrient content is in the order of N> K> Ca>P> Mg, and that in absorption organ is in the order of Ca> N> K> P> Mg. For the whole plantation ecosystem, nutrient content is in the order of soil> litter> herb layer> shrub layer> tree layer. Nutrient storage and its accumulation rate in tree layer take up 88.79% and 76.43% of the total, respectively.
文摘Trap bags were used to assess the presence of an Armillaria species in a Pinus koraiensis plantation in Heilongjiang,China.216 trap bags containing bark were p1aced in three plots at 2×2m spacing.Afer 10 weeks,the presence of Armillaria was determined from the growth of rhizomorphs in the trap bags.The trap bag method proved successful in determining the presence of viable Armillaria rhizomorphs where only a few dead trees showed signs of the diseade.The distribution of positive traps corresponded generally with the presence of rhizomorphs in the soil taken from the trap holes.However,the trap bags were superior to soil samples for evaluating the presence of viable rhizomorphs.The fresh,abundant rhizomorphs were easily identified by persons inexperienced in the assessment of Armillaria root rot.Several practical problems need to solved before the method is applicable in general forest manage-ment in China.
基金supported by a research Grant from Yeungnam University in 2015the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant(NRF No.2016M3C1B6929073)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning of the Republic of Korea
文摘We estimated the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions by comparing and analyzing the vertical and horizontal distributions of below-ground roots on each contour.The main roots at the south-facing slope(SS) developed in a long and straight form,and those on the north-facing slope(NS) in a twisted form.The side roots developed more than the main roots on the Ridge.The depth of taproots decreased in the following order:SS>NS>Ridge.The roots on the SS developed in a pile-form root structure whereas those in the Ridge and NS developed concentrically near the root collar.The amount of root development decreased in the following order:SS>NS>Ridge.The ratio of fine roots from the wholeroot development decreased in the following order:Ridge>SS>NS.These results can guide considerations of growth differences according to the planting contour conditions for future establishment of P.densiflora artificial plantations.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the ecological and economic benefits of Pinus elliottii plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm, Jingmen City. [Methods] P. elliottii plantations in Pengchang Forest Farm in Jingmen City were selected as the research object, and the appearance and quantitative characteristics of P. elliottii community were studied and analyzed by a sampling method. [Results] Phanerophytes were the most in the P. elliottii community, accounting for 50%. In the community, except P. elliottii, the importance values of native plants were higher. The order of species diversity of P. elliottii community in Pengchang Forest Farm was herb layer, tree layer and shrub layer. The stress resistance of the community was weak, and strong intraspecific competition existed in P. elliottii. It is recommended to thin P. elliottii trees with insufficient lighting, poor growth potential and severely damaged tree body, and interplant Phoebe zhennan after thinning the P. elliottii plantations, so as to create a coniferous and broad-leaved evergreen mixed forest. [Conclusions] This study provides scientific support for thinning, tending, and forest management of P. elliottii plantations.
文摘Incidence of Armillaria infection was quantified based on site factors in New Zealand Pinus radiata plantations.A linear multiple regression model was derived to predict infection levels of Armillaria root rot.Factors positivily associated with the infection were:previous vegetation（native bush,pine）;soil type（pumice）;landform （valley,gully,flat）and the interaction between them.This model could assist in management planning with regard to the predisposition of particular stand to Armillaria infection.Keywods:Armillaria root rot,Disease incidence,Site factors,Quantification,Pinus radiata.
基金supported by a research grant from Yeungnam University in 2015
文摘We used preliminary data to estimate the growth volume of artificially reforested Pinus densiflora in a post-fire area on three different contour conditions. We compared the growth of P. densiflora on a south-facing slope(Ssth), north-facing slope(Snth) and ridge area(Ridge), using 7 trees selected from each stand aspect. The tree height, diameter and growth volume were measured and the dry weight of each plant part were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that the total dry weight was highest on Ssth(5992.3 g), followed by Snth(4833.2 g) and lowest on Ridge(3160.1 g). The height growth was highest on Snth(285.8 cm), followed by Ssth(274.5 cm) and lowest on Ridge(211.5 cm). The diameter growth was greatest on Ssth(7.37 cm), followed by Snth(7.10 cm) and lowest on Ridge(5.72 cm). The volume growth was highest on Ssth(4257.7 cm3), followed by Snth(3750.7 cm3) and lowest on Ridge(2093.7 cm3). Therefore, we should consider and include the concept of slope orientation together with differences in habitat environments in afforestation projects when creating artificial forests with P. densiflora. These study results can serve as important preliminary data for future establishment of artificial forest of P. densiflora in a post-fire plantation.
