[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction of pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs),and to study the protective effect of PPPs on acute alcoholic li...[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction of pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs),and to study the protective effect of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.[Methods]The optimal extraction conditions of PPPs were determined by single factor and orthogonal experiments,and an acute alcoholic liver injury model in mice was established.Bifendate was used as the positive control group to investigate the protective effect of low,medium and high doses of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury.[Results]The optimum extraction process parameters were followed as 60%ethanol concentration,solid-liquid ratio of 1:40(w/v),extraction temperature of 50℃,and extraction time of 1.5 h,and the yield was 1.42%.The results of animal experiments showed that PPPs could effectively reduce the degree of alcoholic liver injury in mice,reduce the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and reduce the inflammation and necrosis of liver tissue in mice.Meanwhile,the total polyphenols from pomegranate peel also significantly reduced the expression levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in mice,and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and reduced glutathione(GSH)in liver tissue of mice,indicating its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,further illustrating its protective effect on alcoholic liver injury.[Conclusions]PPPs could reduce the expression levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA in mice,and increase the expression levels of SOD and GSH to achieve the protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.This study will provide new ideas for the development of new anti-alcoholic liver injury drug resources.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the antioxidant effect of polyphenols from pomegranate peel in vivo. [Method] The Kunming rats were randomly divided into a control group, a low-dose group, a middle-dose group and a h...[Objective] The aim was to study the antioxidant effect of polyphenols from pomegranate peel in vivo. [Method] The Kunming rats were randomly divided into a control group, a low-dose group, a middle-dose group and a high-dose group,n=10; the protein content, the activities of the superoxide dismutase（SOD） and the glutathione peroxidase（GSH-PX）, the content of the maleic dialdehyde（MDA） in serum and liver tissue of the rats from different groups were determined. [Result]The polyphenols of pomegranate peel could increase protein content, activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and glutathione peroxidase（GSH-PX） in serum and liver tissue, and decrease the maleic dialdehyde（MDA） content simultaneously. [Conclusion] Polyphenols of pomegranate peel have strong antioxidant activity in vivo.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the chromatographic conditions for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method. [Method] By using 0.2 mg/ml ellagic acid standard solution, on the basis of si...[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the chromatographic conditions for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method. [Method] By using 0.2 mg/ml ellagic acid standard solution, on the basis of single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment, chromatographic conditions （mobile phase ratio, flow rate, col- umn temperature） for detecting ellagic acid using HPLC were optimized. Based on the optimal chromatographic conditions, the ellagic acid content in experimental pomegranate peels was determined. [Resull] The optimal chromatographic conditions for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method are： 1.2% phos- phoric acid：acetonitrile=85：15, column temperature of 35 ℃, and flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The linear regression equation of ellagic acid is： y=2.9e＋0.6x＋4.4e＋5 （FF=9 999）. Ac- cording to the standard addition recovery test, the average recovery rate of ellagic acid is 98.20%, and RSD is 0.60%. Under above optimized chromatographic condi- tions, ellagic acid can be well separated from other interfering components in pomegranate peels, with shorter peak time and ideal effect, which is convenient for the detection in production practices. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to obtain the preparation technology of the pomegranate peel polyphenol nanoemulsion. [Method] The pomegranate peel polyphe- nol nanoemulsion was prepared by the titration methods and the pseud...[Objective] The aim was to obtain the preparation technology of the pomegranate peel polyphenol nanoemulsion. [Method] The pomegranate peel polyphe- nol nanoemulsion was prepared by the titration methods and the pseudo ternary dia- gram. The effect of various elements on the formation of the nanoemulsion was stud- ied. [Results] The optimal prescription of the pomegranate peel polyphenol nanoemul- sion was 4.4%（w/w） of pomegranate peel polyphenol, 34.1%（w/w） of EL-40, 17.1%（w/w） of anhydrous ethanol, 5.7%（w/w） of IPM and 38.7%（w/w） of distilled water. [Conclusion] It is feasible to produce the pomegranate peel polyphenol nanoemulsion by the titration methods and the pseudo ternary diagram. It consists of pomegranate peel polyphe- nol, EL-40, anhydrous ethanol, IPM and distilled water. There is 4.4%（w/w） of the pomegranate peel polyphenol in the nanoemuJsion.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to ...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to extract the ellagic acid from pomegranate peels, and the concentration of ellagic acid was measured by using ul- traviolet spectrophotometry; L9（34） orthogonal experiment was designed with four fac- tors at three levels, to investigate the effect of extraction temperature, extraction du- ration, solid-liquid ratio and ultrasound power on extraction rate of ellagic acid. [Re- sult] The optimal extraction condition for ellagic acid is extraction temperature of 30 ~C, solid-liquid ratio of 1：200, extraction duration of 20 min, and ultrasound power of 50 W. The relationship between primary and secondary factors affecting experimental indicators was solid-liquid ratio 〉 extraction duration 〉 ultrasound power 〉 extraction temperature. [Conclusion] Solid-liquid ratio has the maximum effect on extraction rate of ellagic acid. The ellagic acid extraction technology identified in this study is rea- sonable and feasible.展开更多
Insulin resistance(IR) has been considered to be an important causative factor of metabolic syndrome(Met S). The present study investigated whether pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs) could prevent the development of M...Insulin resistance(IR) has been considered to be an important causative factor of metabolic syndrome(Met S). The present study investigated whether pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs) could prevent the development of Met S by improving IR in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were fed high fat diet(HFD) to induce Met S and supplemented with different dosages of PPPs for 12 weeks. The results showed that HFD-induced insulin resistant rats had disordered metabolism of blood glucose, blood lipid, and terrible muscle fiber morphology when compared with normal diet-fed rats, but PPPs treatment at a dosage of 300 mg/kg·day significantly reversed these negative effects. Moreover, in skeletal muscle tissue of insulin resistant rats, PPPs treatments significantly increased the protein expressions of insulin receptor(Ins R) and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1(IRS-1), stimulated peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT/PKB) signaling pathway, and aggrandized the protein levels of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β) and glucose transporter 4(GLUT4). Our results suggest that PPPs possess of the beneficial effects on alleviating IR by enhancing insulin sensitivity and regulating glucose metabolism.展开更多
[ Objective] This study aimed to extract the effective ingredient of pomegranate peels and explore its whitening effect. [ Method] Pomegranate peels were used as materials for single factor experiment to determine the...[ Objective] This study aimed to extract the effective ingredient of pomegranate peels and explore its whitening effect. [ Method] Pomegranate peels were used as materials for single factor experiment to determine the optimal technique for effective ingredient extraction from pomegranate peels and explore the inhibition of the extracts on tyrosinase and whitening effect of the effective ingredient of pomegranate peels. [ Result] The optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of effective ingredient in pomegranate peels were： liquid-to-solid ratio of 1：20 with 60% ethanol, extraction temperature of 60℃, ultrasonic intensity of 7 and pro- cessing time of 40 min, which led to relatively strong inhibition effect of pomegranate peel extracts on tyrosinase. The inhibition rate of extracts obtained with com- mon solvent reflux extraction method was only around 60%, while the inhibition rate of extracts obtained with ultrasound-assisted extraction method on tyrosinase ac- tivity had achieved around 90%, showing a very significant the difference, which indicated that during the process of extraction of effective ingredient from pome- granate peels, appropriate ultrasound-assistance was advantageous to the extraction of active ingredients; in addition, the inhibition effect of extracts on tyrosinase had increased with the increasing concentration of extracts, and the inhibition rate could achieve 100%. [ Condusion] This study provided a certain theoretical ba- sis for the utilization of pomegranate peels as natural green materials to develop whitening cosmetics.展开更多
The objective of current study was to determine the effect of different ratios of pomegranate peel in diets of Karadi lambs (0%, 1%, 2% or 4% as control, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) on body weight, total body gain, a...The objective of current study was to determine the effect of different ratios of pomegranate peel in diets of Karadi lambs (0%, 1%, 2% or 4% as control, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) on body weight, total body gain, average daily gain, daily feed intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients. Sixteen Karadi male lambs weighing 23.29 ± 0.42 kg and 4.5-5 months old randomly divided into equally four treatment groups and individually penned for the period of 63 days. Results indicated that final body weight was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in lambs fed 1% or 2% pomegranate peel (PP) as compared to lambs fed 4% PP. The best improvements in total feed intake, total gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in lambs fed 1% PP. The total dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake per (body weight<sup>0.75</sup>) increased (P < 0.05) significantly in lambs fed 1% pomegranate peel (PP);however, the crude fiber (CF) intake decreased in lambs fed 1% PP as compared to other treatments. While, the dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), crude fiber digestibility (CFD) and nitrogen free extract digestibility (NFED) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in lambs fed 1% PP as compared to T2, T3 and control groups. In addition, EED increased significantly in T3 compared to other treatments. In conclusion, it was indicated that addition of pomegranate peel in diet at the rate of 1% or 2% had significant effect on Karadi lambs performance and digestibility.展开更多
Objective:To select the appropriate concentrations of methanolic pomegranate extract supplemented in rams’semen extender for obtaining the best-cryopreserved semen quality.Methods:Tris-based semen extender was supple...Objective:To select the appropriate concentrations of methanolic pomegranate extract supplemented in rams’semen extender for obtaining the best-cryopreserved semen quality.Methods:Tris-based semen extender was supplemented with 0.0,0.40,0.48,and 0.56 mg/mL pomegranate peel methanolic extract to extend semen collected from five native rams twice weekly for two months(n=80).Pooled(n=16)post-thaw semen characteristics were determined.Thawed seminal plasma of all supplemented and control groups were used to measure malondialdehyde(MDA),nitric oxide(NO),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),superoxide dismutase(SOD),ascorbic acid,zinc,copper,total cholesterol,low-density lipoproteins(LDL),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and alkaline phosphatase(ALP).Results:The supplementation of Tris-based semen extender with 0.48 mg/mL semen extender resulted in the highest post-thaw sperm total motility(P<0.001),sperm progressive motility(P<0.001),live sperm(P<0.001),sperm plasma membrane integrity(P<0.001),acrosome integrity(P<0.001),SOD(P<0.05),zinc(P<0.001),total cholesterol(P<0.001),and LDL(P<0.001)with the lowest percentage of abnormal sperm morphology(P<0.001),the lowest lipid peroxidation(MDA,P<0.01),ascorbic acid(P>0.05),and LDH(P>0.05).Conclusions:Pomegranate peel methanolic extract 0.48 mg/mL supplemented to Tris-based semen extender of rams is the best enrichment in preserving the sperm post-thaw characteristics via improving biochemical profiles and antioxidant capacity.展开更多
Pomegranate peel extract(PPE),rich in phenolic compounds,is an undervalued byproduct derived from processing pomegranates.However,there are very few studies on the inhibitory effect of PPE on harmful substances during...Pomegranate peel extract(PPE),rich in phenolic compounds,is an undervalued byproduct derived from processing pomegranates.However,there are very few studies on the inhibitory effect of PPE on harmful substances during meat processing.This study was intended to investigate the influence of different concentrations of PPE(0.50%,1%,and 1.50%)on the generation of heterocyclic amines(HCAs)and some quality attributes in mutton meatballs.All samples with the addition of PPE(0,0.50%,1%,and 1.50%)were fried for different lengths of time(2.5 min and 5 min)at 175±5 C,and the contents of fourteen HCAs,color,thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,and carbonyl values of fried mutton meatballs were evaluated.The results showed that samples fried at 2.5 min had a low HCA content,and the HCA content enhanced signifi-cantly when the frying time was increased from 2.5 to 5 min(P<0.05).In comparison with the control group,PPE could significantly inhibit the generation of total HCAs in fried mutton meatballs(P<0.05),and the total HCAs content decreased with increasing PPE concentration.PPE significantly reduced carbonyl andTBARS values in fried mutton meatballs(P<0.05).Moreover,PPE resulted in a significant increase in a*and b*values as well as a decrease in L*values in fried mutton meatballs(P<0.05).In conclusion,PPE could inhibit the formation of HCAs and improve the quality of mutton meatballs,and could be considered as a natural inhibitor of HCAs in fried meat products.展开更多
Objective： To optimize the enzymatic extraction conditions of polysaccharides from pomegranate peel using response surface methodology（RSM）, and invest the anti-oxidant activity of pomegranate peel polysaccharide i...Objective： To optimize the enzymatic extraction conditions of polysaccharides from pomegranate peel using response surface methodology（RSM）, and invest the anti-oxidant activity of pomegranate peel polysaccharide in vitro for seeking novel biological components used as pharmaceutical products and functional foods.Methods： Effects of enzymolysis time, ratio of water to raw material, and the dosage of cellulase on the extraction yield of pomegranate peel polysaccharide were fully examined by Box-Behnken design of RSM. DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay were measured by microplate reader.Results： The optimal extraction conditions were as follows： enzymolysis temperature 55 °C, pH 5.0,enzymolysis time 88 min, ratio of water to raw material 22：1 mL/g, and dosage of cellulose 0.93%. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the yield of pomegranate peel polysaccharide was（22.31 ± 0.07）%,which was well matched with the predicted value 22.35% of the Box-Behnken design model. Also,pomegranate peel polysaccharide demonstrated appreciable anti-oxidant potential on DPPH（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl） radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and reducing power in vitro.Conclusions： An optimized enzymolysis assisted method was proposed for the extraction of pomegranate peel polysaccharide, which can be used as a good anti-oxidant.展开更多
This study aimed to fabricate new and effective material for the efficiency of phosphate adsorption.Two types of adsorbent materials,the zirconium hydroxides embedded in pomegranate peel(Zr/Peel)and zirconium-lanthanu...This study aimed to fabricate new and effective material for the efficiency of phosphate adsorption.Two types of adsorbent materials,the zirconium hydroxides embedded in pomegranate peel(Zr/Peel)and zirconium-lanthanum hydroxides embedded in pomegranate peel(Zr-La/Peel)were developed.Scanning electronic microscopy(SEM),x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and x-ray diffraction(XRD)were evaluated to give insight into the physicochemical properties of these adsorbents.Zr-La/Peel exceeded the adsorption efficiency of Zr/Peel adsorbents in batch adsorption experiments at the same pH level.The peel as a host can strive to have a strong"shielding effect"to increase the steadiness of the entrenched Zr and La elements.La and Zr are hydroxide metals that emit many hydrogen ions during the hydrolysis reaction,which contribute to protonation and electrostatic attraction.The highest adsorption capacity of La-Zr/Peel for phosphate was calculated to be40.21 mg/g,and pseudo second-order equation is very well fitted for kinetic adsorption.Phosphate adsorption efficiency was reduced by an increase of pH.With the background of coexisting Cl-,little effect on adsorption efficiency was observed,while adsorption capacities were reduced by almost 20-30%with the coexistence of SO42-,NO3-and humic acid(HA).展开更多
Background Pomegranate （punica granatum） belongs to the family Punicaceae, and its peel has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine because of its efficacy in restraining intestine, promoting hemostasis, and kil...Background Pomegranate （punica granatum） belongs to the family Punicaceae, and its peel has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine because of its efficacy in restraining intestine, promoting hemostasis, and killing parasites. Pomegranate peel has been reported to possess wound-healing properties which are mainly attributed to its polyphenol extracts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pomegranate peel polyphenols （PPP） gel on cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats. Methods AIIoxan-induced diabetic rats were given incisional wounds on each side of the mid-back and then treated daily with PPP gel （polyphenol mass fraction =30%） post-wounding. Rats were sacrificed on days 4, 7, 14, and 21 post-wounding to assess the rates of wound closure, histological characteristics; and to detect the contents of hydroxyproline, production of nitric oxide （NO）, and activities of NO synthase （NOS）, as well as the expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）, vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）, and epidermal growth factor （EGF） in wound tissue. Results Wound closure was significantly shortened when PPP gel was applied to the wounds of diabetic rats. Histological examination showed the ability of PPP gel to increase fibroblast infiltration, collagen regeneration, vascularization, and epithelialization in the wound area of diabetic rats. In addition, PPP gel-treated diabetic rats showed increased contents of hydroxyproline, production of NO, and activities of NOS and increased expressions of TGF-β1, VEGF, and EGF in wound tissues. Conclusion PPP gel may be a beneficial method for treating wound disorders associated with diabetes.展开更多
Pomegranate peels are disposed of as waste even though it is an eminent source of total hydrolysable tannins(THT)and possesses a great worth for recycling.The present study was carried out with the hypothesis that pul...Pomegranate peels are disposed of as waste even though it is an eminent source of total hydrolysable tannins(THT)and possesses a great worth for recycling.The present study was carried out with the hypothesis that pulsed system ultrasound-assisted extraction(PSUAE)technique optimization would aid in retaining high extract yield and THT recovery yield from pomegranate peel extract(PPE)with enhanced antioxidant potential.The extraction was performed at various conditions regarding solvent concentration(30-90% of acetone),solvent-feed ratio(10-30 mL/g),extraction time(10-20 min),and ultrasound amplitude(40-80%)for maximum extract yield,THT and antioxidant activity(AA).To model and optimize the process conditions tools namely response surface methodology(RSM)and artificial neural network(ANN)were applied.For solvent concentration,solvent-feed ratio,extraction time,and amplitude the optimal conditions attained with aid of RSM and ANN were:56%,26.5 mL/g,15 min,55%,and 45%,23 mL/g,15 min,50% respectively.The extract yield and THT content determined with RSM and ANN optimized values were 51.2%,86.4 mg TAE/g,and 62%,98.1 mg TAE/g,respectively.The mean square error value displayed the minimum and R^(2) exhibited maximum value in case of ANN compared to RSM model.PSUAE significantly augmented the AA of PPE to 77.2±0.50% compared to 49.7±0.35% of conventional extraction.FTIR and HPLC analysis established that PPE produced from PSUAE contains a significant amount of THT compounds(gallic acid and tannic acid derivative).SEM elucidated that the sonication effect resulted in peel cell wall disruptions ensuing in elevated extraction of THT.Therefore,this pulsed mode of ultrasound extraction could be regarded as an easy,cost-effective,and competent technique for the extraction of preferred natural THT from pomegranate peels that possess high prospective to be applied in food and nutraceutical formulations.展开更多
An increase in the demand for natural additives has shifted the attention from synthetic to natural antioxidants. Antioxidative components from pomegranate peel were extracted by using different solvents like methanol...An increase in the demand for natural additives has shifted the attention from synthetic to natural antioxidants. Antioxidative components from pomegranate peel were extracted by using different solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and ethyl acetate. All the extracts were tested for Total phenolic content （TPC） and the methanol which proved to be best in extracting the phenolic compounds was used to assess the antioxidant property by using different methods like Diphenyl piridyl picryl hydrazyl （DPPH）, Relative reducing power （RRP）, Beta carotene bleaching and Ferric thiocyanate （FTC）. The antioxidant activity （AA） of pomegranate peel extract （PPE） was compared with Butylated hydroxyl toluene （BHT） and Butylated hydroxyl anisole （BHA）. The methanolic extract was examined by Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy （LCMS） and the spectra showed the presence of different phenolic compounds. The extracts were tested for their efficiency in preventing rancidity of Refined Bleached Deodorized Soybean oil （RBDSBO） in comparison with BHT and control at 200 ppm concentration. The PPE proved to be best in preventing rancidity. Owing to the present results, the studies can further be extended to exploit the PPE for application into different food products.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PGE) on the development of secondary experimental echinococcosis and on the viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, and the immunom...Objective: To investigate the effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PGE) on the development of secondary experimental echinococcosis and on the viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, and the immunomodulatory properties of PGE. Methods: Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with viable protoscoleces. Then, PGE was orally administered daily during cystic echinococcosis development. Cyst development and hepatic damage were macroscopically and histologically analyzed. The production of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha was assessed in plasma and the hepatic expression of iNOS, TNF-alpha, NF-kappa B and CD68 was examined. Moreover, protoscoleces were cultured and treated with different concentrations of PGE. Results: It was observed that in vitro treatment of protoscoleces caused a significant decrease in viability in a PGE-dose-dependent manner. In vivo, after treatment of cystic echinococcosis infected mice with PGE, a significant decrease in nitric oxide levels (P<0.000 1) and TNF-alpha levels (P<0.001) was observed. This decline was strongly related to the inhibition of cyst development (rate of hydatid cyst growth inhibition=63.08%) and a decrease in CD68 expression in both the pericystic layer of hepatic hydatid cysts and liver tissue (P<0.000 1). A significant diminution of iNOS, TNF-alpha and NF-kappa B expression was also observed in liver tissue of treated mice (P<0.000 I). Conclusions: Our results indicate an antihydatic scolicidal effect and immunomodulatory properties of PGE, suggesting its potential therapeutic role against Echinococcus granulosus infection.展开更多
基金Supported by Provincial Key College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project (202211834033).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction of pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs),and to study the protective effect of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.[Methods]The optimal extraction conditions of PPPs were determined by single factor and orthogonal experiments,and an acute alcoholic liver injury model in mice was established.Bifendate was used as the positive control group to investigate the protective effect of low,medium and high doses of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury.[Results]The optimum extraction process parameters were followed as 60%ethanol concentration,solid-liquid ratio of 1:40(w/v),extraction temperature of 50℃,and extraction time of 1.5 h,and the yield was 1.42%.The results of animal experiments showed that PPPs could effectively reduce the degree of alcoholic liver injury in mice,reduce the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and reduce the inflammation and necrosis of liver tissue in mice.Meanwhile,the total polyphenols from pomegranate peel also significantly reduced the expression levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in mice,and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and reduced glutathione(GSH)in liver tissue of mice,indicating its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,further illustrating its protective effect on alcoholic liver injury.[Conclusions]PPPs could reduce the expression levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA in mice,and increase the expression levels of SOD and GSH to achieve the protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.This study will provide new ideas for the development of new anti-alcoholic liver injury drug resources.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Projects Units of Science and Technology Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Financial Support(Project No.2013911072)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the antioxidant effect of polyphenols from pomegranate peel in vivo. [Method] The Kunming rats were randomly divided into a control group, a low-dose group, a middle-dose group and a high-dose group,n=10; the protein content, the activities of the superoxide dismutase（SOD） and the glutathione peroxidase（GSH-PX）, the content of the maleic dialdehyde（MDA） in serum and liver tissue of the rats from different groups were determined. [Result]The polyphenols of pomegranate peel could increase protein content, activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and glutathione peroxidase（GSH-PX） in serum and liver tissue, and decrease the maleic dialdehyde（MDA） content simultaneously. [Conclusion] Polyphenols of pomegranate peel have strong antioxidant activity in vivo.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the chromatographic conditions for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method. [Method] By using 0.2 mg/ml ellagic acid standard solution, on the basis of single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment, chromatographic conditions （mobile phase ratio, flow rate, col- umn temperature） for detecting ellagic acid using HPLC were optimized. Based on the optimal chromatographic conditions, the ellagic acid content in experimental pomegranate peels was determined. [Resull] The optimal chromatographic conditions for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method are： 1.2% phos- phoric acid：acetonitrile=85：15, column temperature of 35 ℃, and flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The linear regression equation of ellagic acid is： y=2.9e＋0.6x＋4.4e＋5 （FF=9 999）. Ac- cording to the standard addition recovery test, the average recovery rate of ellagic acid is 98.20%, and RSD is 0.60%. Under above optimized chromatographic condi- tions, ellagic acid can be well separated from other interfering components in pomegranate peels, with shorter peak time and ideal effect, which is convenient for the detection in production practices. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for detecting ellagic acid in pomegranate peels using HPLC method.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Projects Units of Science and Technology Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Financial Support(Project No.2013911072)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to obtain the preparation technology of the pomegranate peel polyphenol nanoemulsion. [Method] The pomegranate peel polyphe- nol nanoemulsion was prepared by the titration methods and the pseudo ternary dia- gram. The effect of various elements on the formation of the nanoemulsion was stud- ied. [Results] The optimal prescription of the pomegranate peel polyphenol nanoemul- sion was 4.4%（w/w） of pomegranate peel polyphenol, 34.1%（w/w） of EL-40, 17.1%（w/w） of anhydrous ethanol, 5.7%（w/w） of IPM and 38.7%（w/w） of distilled water. [Conclusion] It is feasible to produce the pomegranate peel polyphenol nanoemulsion by the titration methods and the pseudo ternary diagram. It consists of pomegranate peel polyphe- nol, EL-40, anhydrous ethanol, IPM and distilled water. There is 4.4%（w/w） of the pomegranate peel polyphenol in the nanoemuJsion.
基金Supported by College-level Special Fund of Sichuan Agricultural University(06070904)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to extract the ellagic acid from pomegranate peels, and the concentration of ellagic acid was measured by using ul- traviolet spectrophotometry; L9（34） orthogonal experiment was designed with four fac- tors at three levels, to investigate the effect of extraction temperature, extraction du- ration, solid-liquid ratio and ultrasound power on extraction rate of ellagic acid. [Re- sult] The optimal extraction condition for ellagic acid is extraction temperature of 30 ~C, solid-liquid ratio of 1：200, extraction duration of 20 min, and ultrasound power of 50 W. The relationship between primary and secondary factors affecting experimental indicators was solid-liquid ratio 〉 extraction duration 〉 ultrasound power 〉 extraction temperature. [Conclusion] Solid-liquid ratio has the maximum effect on extraction rate of ellagic acid. The ellagic acid extraction technology identified in this study is rea- sonable and feasible.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871801, 32001679)the Science and Technology Research of Shaanxi Province (2020QFY08-03)+1 种基金Forestry Science and Technology Programs of Shaanxi Province (SXLK20200213)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK201604013)。
文摘Insulin resistance(IR) has been considered to be an important causative factor of metabolic syndrome(Met S). The present study investigated whether pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs) could prevent the development of Met S by improving IR in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were fed high fat diet(HFD) to induce Met S and supplemented with different dosages of PPPs for 12 weeks. The results showed that HFD-induced insulin resistant rats had disordered metabolism of blood glucose, blood lipid, and terrible muscle fiber morphology when compared with normal diet-fed rats, but PPPs treatment at a dosage of 300 mg/kg·day significantly reversed these negative effects. Moreover, in skeletal muscle tissue of insulin resistant rats, PPPs treatments significantly increased the protein expressions of insulin receptor(Ins R) and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1(IRS-1), stimulated peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT/PKB) signaling pathway, and aggrandized the protein levels of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β) and glucose transporter 4(GLUT4). Our results suggest that PPPs possess of the beneficial effects on alleviating IR by enhancing insulin sensitivity and regulating glucose metabolism.
文摘[ Objective] This study aimed to extract the effective ingredient of pomegranate peels and explore its whitening effect. [ Method] Pomegranate peels were used as materials for single factor experiment to determine the optimal technique for effective ingredient extraction from pomegranate peels and explore the inhibition of the extracts on tyrosinase and whitening effect of the effective ingredient of pomegranate peels. [ Result] The optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of effective ingredient in pomegranate peels were： liquid-to-solid ratio of 1：20 with 60% ethanol, extraction temperature of 60℃, ultrasonic intensity of 7 and pro- cessing time of 40 min, which led to relatively strong inhibition effect of pomegranate peel extracts on tyrosinase. The inhibition rate of extracts obtained with com- mon solvent reflux extraction method was only around 60%, while the inhibition rate of extracts obtained with ultrasound-assisted extraction method on tyrosinase ac- tivity had achieved around 90%, showing a very significant the difference, which indicated that during the process of extraction of effective ingredient from pome- granate peels, appropriate ultrasound-assistance was advantageous to the extraction of active ingredients; in addition, the inhibition effect of extracts on tyrosinase had increased with the increasing concentration of extracts, and the inhibition rate could achieve 100%. [ Condusion] This study provided a certain theoretical ba- sis for the utilization of pomegranate peels as natural green materials to develop whitening cosmetics.
文摘The objective of current study was to determine the effect of different ratios of pomegranate peel in diets of Karadi lambs (0%, 1%, 2% or 4% as control, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) on body weight, total body gain, average daily gain, daily feed intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients. Sixteen Karadi male lambs weighing 23.29 ± 0.42 kg and 4.5-5 months old randomly divided into equally four treatment groups and individually penned for the period of 63 days. Results indicated that final body weight was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in lambs fed 1% or 2% pomegranate peel (PP) as compared to lambs fed 4% PP. The best improvements in total feed intake, total gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in lambs fed 1% PP. The total dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake per (body weight<sup>0.75</sup>) increased (P < 0.05) significantly in lambs fed 1% pomegranate peel (PP);however, the crude fiber (CF) intake decreased in lambs fed 1% PP as compared to other treatments. While, the dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), crude fiber digestibility (CFD) and nitrogen free extract digestibility (NFED) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in lambs fed 1% PP as compared to T2, T3 and control groups. In addition, EED increased significantly in T3 compared to other treatments. In conclusion, it was indicated that addition of pomegranate peel in diet at the rate of 1% or 2% had significant effect on Karadi lambs performance and digestibility.
文摘Objective:To select the appropriate concentrations of methanolic pomegranate extract supplemented in rams’semen extender for obtaining the best-cryopreserved semen quality.Methods:Tris-based semen extender was supplemented with 0.0,0.40,0.48,and 0.56 mg/mL pomegranate peel methanolic extract to extend semen collected from five native rams twice weekly for two months(n=80).Pooled(n=16)post-thaw semen characteristics were determined.Thawed seminal plasma of all supplemented and control groups were used to measure malondialdehyde(MDA),nitric oxide(NO),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),superoxide dismutase(SOD),ascorbic acid,zinc,copper,total cholesterol,low-density lipoproteins(LDL),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and alkaline phosphatase(ALP).Results:The supplementation of Tris-based semen extender with 0.48 mg/mL semen extender resulted in the highest post-thaw sperm total motility(P<0.001),sperm progressive motility(P<0.001),live sperm(P<0.001),sperm plasma membrane integrity(P<0.001),acrosome integrity(P<0.001),SOD(P<0.05),zinc(P<0.001),total cholesterol(P<0.001),and LDL(P<0.001)with the lowest percentage of abnormal sperm morphology(P<0.001),the lowest lipid peroxidation(MDA,P<0.01),ascorbic acid(P>0.05),and LDH(P>0.05).Conclusions:Pomegranate peel methanolic extract 0.48 mg/mL supplemented to Tris-based semen extender of rams is the best enrichment in preserving the sperm post-thaw characteristics via improving biochemical profiles and antioxidant capacity.
基金supported by the Program for the Green Processing Technology Research and Industrialization Demonstration of Traditional Meat Products in Gansu Province(No.20YF3NA014)Gansu Province Educational Technology Innovation Project(GSSYLXM-02),China.
文摘Pomegranate peel extract(PPE),rich in phenolic compounds,is an undervalued byproduct derived from processing pomegranates.However,there are very few studies on the inhibitory effect of PPE on harmful substances during meat processing.This study was intended to investigate the influence of different concentrations of PPE(0.50%,1%,and 1.50%)on the generation of heterocyclic amines(HCAs)and some quality attributes in mutton meatballs.All samples with the addition of PPE(0,0.50%,1%,and 1.50%)were fried for different lengths of time(2.5 min and 5 min)at 175±5 C,and the contents of fourteen HCAs,color,thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,and carbonyl values of fried mutton meatballs were evaluated.The results showed that samples fried at 2.5 min had a low HCA content,and the HCA content enhanced signifi-cantly when the frying time was increased from 2.5 to 5 min(P<0.05).In comparison with the control group,PPE could significantly inhibit the generation of total HCAs in fried mutton meatballs(P<0.05),and the total HCAs content decreased with increasing PPE concentration.PPE significantly reduced carbonyl andTBARS values in fried mutton meatballs(P<0.05).Moreover,PPE resulted in a significant increase in a*and b*values as well as a decrease in L*values in fried mutton meatballs(P<0.05).In conclusion,PPE could inhibit the formation of HCAs and improve the quality of mutton meatballs,and could be considered as a natural inhibitor of HCAs in fried meat products.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31301598)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities of China(No.GK201803086)
文摘Objective： To optimize the enzymatic extraction conditions of polysaccharides from pomegranate peel using response surface methodology（RSM）, and invest the anti-oxidant activity of pomegranate peel polysaccharide in vitro for seeking novel biological components used as pharmaceutical products and functional foods.Methods： Effects of enzymolysis time, ratio of water to raw material, and the dosage of cellulase on the extraction yield of pomegranate peel polysaccharide were fully examined by Box-Behnken design of RSM. DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay were measured by microplate reader.Results： The optimal extraction conditions were as follows： enzymolysis temperature 55 °C, pH 5.0,enzymolysis time 88 min, ratio of water to raw material 22：1 mL/g, and dosage of cellulose 0.93%. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the yield of pomegranate peel polysaccharide was（22.31 ± 0.07）%,which was well matched with the predicted value 22.35% of the Box-Behnken design model. Also,pomegranate peel polysaccharide demonstrated appreciable anti-oxidant potential on DPPH（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl） radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and reducing power in vitro.Conclusions： An optimized enzymolysis assisted method was proposed for the extraction of pomegranate peel polysaccharide, which can be used as a good anti-oxidant.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51978384)Tai Shan Scholar Foundation(No.ts20151003)
文摘This study aimed to fabricate new and effective material for the efficiency of phosphate adsorption.Two types of adsorbent materials,the zirconium hydroxides embedded in pomegranate peel(Zr/Peel)and zirconium-lanthanum hydroxides embedded in pomegranate peel(Zr-La/Peel)were developed.Scanning electronic microscopy(SEM),x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and x-ray diffraction(XRD)were evaluated to give insight into the physicochemical properties of these adsorbents.Zr-La/Peel exceeded the adsorption efficiency of Zr/Peel adsorbents in batch adsorption experiments at the same pH level.The peel as a host can strive to have a strong"shielding effect"to increase the steadiness of the entrenched Zr and La elements.La and Zr are hydroxide metals that emit many hydrogen ions during the hydrolysis reaction,which contribute to protonation and electrostatic attraction.The highest adsorption capacity of La-Zr/Peel for phosphate was calculated to be40.21 mg/g,and pseudo second-order equation is very well fitted for kinetic adsorption.Phosphate adsorption efficiency was reduced by an increase of pH.With the background of coexisting Cl-,little effect on adsorption efficiency was observed,while adsorption capacities were reduced by almost 20-30%with the coexistence of SO42-,NO3-and humic acid(HA).
基金This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30960527）.
文摘Background Pomegranate （punica granatum） belongs to the family Punicaceae, and its peel has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine because of its efficacy in restraining intestine, promoting hemostasis, and killing parasites. Pomegranate peel has been reported to possess wound-healing properties which are mainly attributed to its polyphenol extracts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pomegranate peel polyphenols （PPP） gel on cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats. Methods AIIoxan-induced diabetic rats were given incisional wounds on each side of the mid-back and then treated daily with PPP gel （polyphenol mass fraction =30%） post-wounding. Rats were sacrificed on days 4, 7, 14, and 21 post-wounding to assess the rates of wound closure, histological characteristics; and to detect the contents of hydroxyproline, production of nitric oxide （NO）, and activities of NO synthase （NOS）, as well as the expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）, vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）, and epidermal growth factor （EGF） in wound tissue. Results Wound closure was significantly shortened when PPP gel was applied to the wounds of diabetic rats. Histological examination showed the ability of PPP gel to increase fibroblast infiltration, collagen regeneration, vascularization, and epithelialization in the wound area of diabetic rats. In addition, PPP gel-treated diabetic rats showed increased contents of hydroxyproline, production of NO, and activities of NOS and increased expressions of TGF-β1, VEGF, and EGF in wound tissues. Conclusion PPP gel may be a beneficial method for treating wound disorders associated with diabetes.
文摘Pomegranate peels are disposed of as waste even though it is an eminent source of total hydrolysable tannins(THT)and possesses a great worth for recycling.The present study was carried out with the hypothesis that pulsed system ultrasound-assisted extraction(PSUAE)technique optimization would aid in retaining high extract yield and THT recovery yield from pomegranate peel extract(PPE)with enhanced antioxidant potential.The extraction was performed at various conditions regarding solvent concentration(30-90% of acetone),solvent-feed ratio(10-30 mL/g),extraction time(10-20 min),and ultrasound amplitude(40-80%)for maximum extract yield,THT and antioxidant activity(AA).To model and optimize the process conditions tools namely response surface methodology(RSM)and artificial neural network(ANN)were applied.For solvent concentration,solvent-feed ratio,extraction time,and amplitude the optimal conditions attained with aid of RSM and ANN were:56%,26.5 mL/g,15 min,55%,and 45%,23 mL/g,15 min,50% respectively.The extract yield and THT content determined with RSM and ANN optimized values were 51.2%,86.4 mg TAE/g,and 62%,98.1 mg TAE/g,respectively.The mean square error value displayed the minimum and R^(2) exhibited maximum value in case of ANN compared to RSM model.PSUAE significantly augmented the AA of PPE to 77.2±0.50% compared to 49.7±0.35% of conventional extraction.FTIR and HPLC analysis established that PPE produced from PSUAE contains a significant amount of THT compounds(gallic acid and tannic acid derivative).SEM elucidated that the sonication effect resulted in peel cell wall disruptions ensuing in elevated extraction of THT.Therefore,this pulsed mode of ultrasound extraction could be regarded as an easy,cost-effective,and competent technique for the extraction of preferred natural THT from pomegranate peels that possess high prospective to be applied in food and nutraceutical formulations.
文摘An increase in the demand for natural additives has shifted the attention from synthetic to natural antioxidants. Antioxidative components from pomegranate peel were extracted by using different solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and ethyl acetate. All the extracts were tested for Total phenolic content （TPC） and the methanol which proved to be best in extracting the phenolic compounds was used to assess the antioxidant property by using different methods like Diphenyl piridyl picryl hydrazyl （DPPH）, Relative reducing power （RRP）, Beta carotene bleaching and Ferric thiocyanate （FTC）. The antioxidant activity （AA） of pomegranate peel extract （PPE） was compared with Butylated hydroxyl toluene （BHT） and Butylated hydroxyl anisole （BHA）. The methanolic extract was examined by Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy （LCMS） and the spectra showed the presence of different phenolic compounds. The extracts were tested for their efficiency in preventing rancidity of Refined Bleached Deodorized Soybean oil （RBDSBO） in comparison with BHT and control at 200 ppm concentration. The PPE proved to be best in preventing rancidity. Owing to the present results, the studies can further be extended to exploit the PPE for application into different food products.
文摘Objective: To investigate the effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PGE) on the development of secondary experimental echinococcosis and on the viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, and the immunomodulatory properties of PGE. Methods: Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with viable protoscoleces. Then, PGE was orally administered daily during cystic echinococcosis development. Cyst development and hepatic damage were macroscopically and histologically analyzed. The production of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha was assessed in plasma and the hepatic expression of iNOS, TNF-alpha, NF-kappa B and CD68 was examined. Moreover, protoscoleces were cultured and treated with different concentrations of PGE. Results: It was observed that in vitro treatment of protoscoleces caused a significant decrease in viability in a PGE-dose-dependent manner. In vivo, after treatment of cystic echinococcosis infected mice with PGE, a significant decrease in nitric oxide levels (P<0.000 1) and TNF-alpha levels (P<0.001) was observed. This decline was strongly related to the inhibition of cyst development (rate of hydatid cyst growth inhibition=63.08%) and a decrease in CD68 expression in both the pericystic layer of hepatic hydatid cysts and liver tissue (P<0.000 1). A significant diminution of iNOS, TNF-alpha and NF-kappa B expression was also observed in liver tissue of treated mice (P<0.000 I). Conclusions: Our results indicate an antihydatic scolicidal effect and immunomodulatory properties of PGE, suggesting its potential therapeutic role against Echinococcus granulosus infection.
