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Human intestinal parasitism,potable water availability and methods of sewage disposal among nomadic Fulanis in Kuraje rural settlement of Zamfara state 被引量:2
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作者 Godwin T Jombo James G Damen +2 位作者 Hauwa Safiyanu Friday Odey Emmanuel M Mbaawuaga 《Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine》 SCIE CAS 2010年第6期491-493,共3页
Objective:To ascertain the level of intestinal parasites vis-a-vis the quality of housing and water supply,and sanitary conditions among the people of Kuraje village in Zamfara state. Methods:The study was cross secti... Objective:To ascertain the level of intestinal parasites vis-a-vis the quality of housing and water supply,and sanitary conditions among the people of Kuraje village in Zamfara state. Methods:The study was cross sectional in nature.Individual households were selected using systematic random sampling methods and pre-tested questionnaires were administered to all the members of each household.Stool samples were collected and processed using standard laboratory procedures.Housing conditions,sources of water and sanitary conditions of the households were also inspected.Results were analysed using Epi Info 2006 model.Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 67.0%(347/519).72.3%(251/347),17.0%(59/347),and 10.7%(37/347) had one,two and three or more parasites,respectively.The associated factors with intestinal parasites were poor housing and sanitary conditions,lack of potable water and illiteracy.The commonest parasites encountered were hookworm(22.0%),Ascaris lumbricoides (18.5%),and Strongyloides stercoralis(15.6%) while the least common was Enterobius vermicularis (1.6%).Others were Giardia lamblia(5.7%),Hymenolepsis nana(5.0%),Trichuris trichiura(8.8%), Entamoeba histolytica(14.4%) and Schistosoma mansoni(8.4%).Conclusions:The infection rate of intestinal parasites in Kuraje village is high.More efforts should be intensified towards improvement in sanitary and housing standards,supply of potable water and institution of a more comprehensive literacy programme for the people of the community. 展开更多
关键词 INTESTINAL parasites HOUSING potable water SEWAGE DISPOSAL Rural community
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A Framework for Potable Water in the Face of Plenty for Sustainability on Lekki Peninsula of Lagos State, Nigeria
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作者 Kofo Aderogba 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2014年第3期185-192,共8页
Peninsulas are exceptional areas loved to be developed uniquely in most part of the globe. Lekki Peninsulas in Lagos, Nigeria is fast growing, benefitting from similar fortunes such as modern residential suburbs, free... Peninsulas are exceptional areas loved to be developed uniquely in most part of the globe. Lekki Peninsulas in Lagos, Nigeria is fast growing, benefitting from similar fortunes such as modern residential suburbs, free trade zone, airport;and tourism are springing up but without adequate potable water for sustainable development. Reconnaissance surveys followed by an In-Depth-Interview were carried out. The commonest sources are sachet, bottled and borehole waters. Sachet and bottled waters are readily available but at unaffordable costs. The most frequently available is borehole, but chemical, physical/organoleptic and microbiological analysis show that the compositions are not within WHO permissible standards. Sustainability is in jeopardy. Individuals, organizations and businesses spend average of 15% of their income on treatments to meet acceptable standards. There are needs to bridge the gap between the residents taking untreated poor water and the few that take WHO standardized waters. A Simple Water Treatment Device is recommended. The device consists of four chambers, two pumping machines, alum and chlorine for treatment. It is equipped with 12 to 13 valves (depending on the position of the chambers);and the entire system is powered by electricity. It will control water borne diseases such as typhoid, schistotomiasis, diarrhea and dysentery, hepatitis, cholera and others;potable water will be available for domestic, recreational and industrial uses;enough for use in the Free Trade Zone and at the forth coming airport;the Eighteen Golf Course will not have challenges of potable water;and forces and military formations within and around the peninsula can rely on the source for every use. It is estimated that the system that can provide average of 100,000 liters of water a day will cost N720,000:00, that is, outside the cost of electricity. The system requires regular maintenance. This device could be applied anywhere. 展开更多
关键词 Lekki PENINSULA LAGOS New SUBURB FRAMEWORK potable Water SUSTAINABILITY
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A Study of a Rudimentary Potable Water System in a Rural Community
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作者 Josue Ake Karen Waight +1 位作者 Joselyn Romero Thippi Thiagarajan 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2015年第6期449-455,共7页
A comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate a rural community’s efforts to solve its potable water problem. Residents of St. Margaret village has built a rudimentary water storage facility through their community... A comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate a rural community’s efforts to solve its potable water problem. Residents of St. Margaret village has built a rudimentary water storage facility through their community efforts and run a network of water supply to the households of the village. The study analyzed the water quality of the reservoir for physical, chemical and microbiological parameters by using standard water quality measurements and compared it between the wet and the dry seasons. The results indicate that the temperature and the pH were highest in the month of April. The phosphate level was high during the month of November whereas the dissolved oxygen level was lowest during November. The presence of fecal coliforms and other pathogenic microbes such as Salmonella and Shigella suggested that the water bodies are not safe for human consumption. The survey of the households in the village also revealed that health ailments associated with gastrointestinal tract are common among the people using the water for drinking purpose. The community’s effort in finding solution to their potable water problem has been demonstrated in the design and execution of the rudimentary reservoir in the St. Margaret village. Although majority of the inhabitants of the village have only primary-level education, they were able to carry out a major engineering project. 展开更多
关键词 Rudimentary RESERVOIR potable WATER QUALITY RURAL COMMUNITY
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Quality of Potable Water Available to the Residents of Anambra State, Nigeria
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作者 Chigozie John Onyinye Anarado Charity Ebere Anarado +4 位作者 Benjamin Chimezie Izuagbachukwu Uzorchukwu Michael Ogu Amarachi Maduka Chinyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu Valentine Ifenna Onwukeme 《Natural Resources》 2019年第11期395-414,共20页
Public pipe-borne water system had collapsed in Anambra state of Nigeria, for over fifteen years, challenging the residents of the state to resort to alternative sources of potable water, notably, boreholes. It is imp... Public pipe-borne water system had collapsed in Anambra state of Nigeria, for over fifteen years, challenging the residents of the state to resort to alternative sources of potable water, notably, boreholes. It is imperative to continuously assess the quality of the water. In this work, two boreholes each in nineteen communities, one from Aguluzigbo, in three local government areas?(Anaocha, Awka-North, Awka-South) in the state were sampled, and tested for pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Total Suspended Solids, Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, Bacteria and Yeast loads. The water samples were all soft and mostly acidic. While there were not much threats of yeast, the aerobic bacteria counts were above the acceptable limits. The Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium concentrations were above the tolerable limits in most communities in Anaocha and Awka-South. Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium were absent in all the samples in Awka-North except in four communities where Cadmium was present. Suspended solid contents were also high in all the Local Government Areas. Overall, the quality of the water consumed by the people in the selected population calls to question?of?the water and sanitation component of the public health system. 展开更多
关键词 potable Water CADMIUM Lead ARSENIC pH Bacteria Load Total Suspended SOLIDS CONDUCTIVITY Hardness
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The energy-free purification of trace thallium(I)-contaminated potable water using a high-selective filter paper with multi-layered Prussian blue decoration
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作者 Jiangyan Lu Zhu Xiong +7 位作者 Yuhang Cheng Qingwu Long Kaige Dong Hongguo Zhang Dinggui Luo Li Yu Wei Zhang Gaosheng Zhang 《Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第2期1-12,共12页
Thallium is a highly toxic metal,and trace amount of thallium(I)(Tl+)in potable water could cause a severe water crisis,which arouses the exploitation of highly-effective technology for purification of Tl+contaminated... Thallium is a highly toxic metal,and trace amount of thallium(I)(Tl+)in potable water could cause a severe water crisis,which arouses the exploitation of highly-effective technology for purification of Tl+contaminated water.This report proposes the multi-layered Prussian blue(PB)-decorated composite membranes(PBx@PDA/PEI-FP)based on the aminated filter papers for Tl+uptake.Extensively characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer-attenuated total reflectance,scanning electron microscope,thermogravimetric analysis,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were performed to confirm the in situ growth of cubic PB crystals on filter paper membrane surfaces via the aminated layers,and the successful fabrication of multi-layered PB overcoats via the increasing of aminated layers.The effect of PB layers on Tl+removal by PBx@PDA/PEI-FP from simulated drinking water was evaluated as well as the influence of different experimental conditions.A trade-off between PB decoration layer number and PB distribution sizes is existed in Tl+uptake by PBx@PDA/PEI-FP.The double-layered PB2@PDA/PEI-FP membrane showed the maximum sorption capacity,but its Tl+uptake performance was weakened by the acid,coexisting ions(K+and Na+)and powerful operation pressure,during filtrating a large volume of low-concentrated Tl+-containing water.However,the negative effect of coexisting ions on the Tl+uptake could be effectively eliminated in weak alkaline water,and the Tl+removal was increased up to 100%without any pressure driving for PB2@PDA/PEI-FP membrane.Most importantly,PB2@PDA/PEI-FP displayed the high-efficiency and high-selectivity in purifying the Tl+-spiked Pearl River water,in which the residual Tl+in filtrate was less than 2μg·L^(–1) to meet the drinking water standard of United States Environmental Protection Agency.This work provides a feasible avenue to safeguard the drinking water in remote and underdeveloped area via the energy-free operation. 展开更多
关键词 membrane adsorption Prussian blue energy-free filtration potable water trace thallium(I)
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Salinity exchange between seawater/brackish water and domestic wastewater through electrodialysis for potable water 被引量:1
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作者 Mourin Jarin Zeou Dou +2 位作者 Haiping Gao Yongsheng Chen Xing Xie 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》 SCIE EI CSCD 2023年第2期19-28,共10页
Two-thirds of the world’s population has limited access to potable water.As we continue to use up our freshwater resources,new and improved techniques for potable water production are warranted.Here,we present a gene... Two-thirds of the world’s population has limited access to potable water.As we continue to use up our freshwater resources,new and improved techniques for potable water production are warranted.Here,we present a general concept called“salinity exchange”that transfers salts from seawater or brackish water to treated wastewater until their salinity values approximately switch,thus producing wastewater with an increased salinity for discharge and desalinated seawater as the potable water source.We have demonstrated this process using electrodialysis.Salinity exchange has been successfully achieved between influents of different salinities under various operating conditions.Laboratory-scale salinity exchange electrodialysis(SEE)systems can produce high-quality desalinated water at~1 mL/min with an energy consumption less than 1 kWh/m3.SEE has also been operated using real water,and the challenges of its implementation at a larger scale are evaluated. 展开更多
关键词 DESALINATION potable water reuse Ion-exchange membrane Salinity gradient energy Wastewater discharge
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Development of Localized Assessment of Municipal Wastewater Disposal Risks
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作者 Frederick Bloetscher Daniel E. Meeroff Brittanney Adelmann 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 CAS 2024年第6期395-413,共19页
A means to develop a comparative assessment of the risks of available wastewater effluent disposal options on a local scale needs to be developed to help local decision-makers make decisions on options such as direct ... A means to develop a comparative assessment of the risks of available wastewater effluent disposal options on a local scale needs to be developed to help local decision-makers make decisions on options such as direct or indirect potable reuse options. These options have garnered more interest as a result of water supply limitations in many urban areas. This risk assessment was developed from a risk assessment developed at the University of Miami in 2001 and Florida Atlantic University (FAU) in 2023. Direct potable reuse and injection wells were deemed to have the lowest risk in the most recent study by FAU. However, the injection well option may not be available everywhere. As a result, a more local means to assess exposure risk is needed. This paper outlines the process to evaluate the public health risks associated with available disposal alternatives which may be very limited in some areas. The development of exposure pathways can help local decision-makers define the challenges, and support later expert level analysis upon which public health decisions are based. 展开更多
关键词 potable Reuse WASTEWATER Effluent Disposal Risk Risk Assessment
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Implications of de Facto Reuse on Future Regulatory Developments for Beaufort-Jasper Water & Sewer Authority in Okatie, South Carolina, USA
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作者 Tricia H. Kilgore Shubhashini Oza +1 位作者 Jeremy Hatfield Katherine Y. Bell 《Journal of Environmental Protection》 2024年第2期173-192,共20页
A significant portion of the national water supply can be attributed to de facto or unplanned potable reuse, though the extent of its contribution is difficult to estimate. Fortunately, the contribution of Water Resou... A significant portion of the national water supply can be attributed to de facto or unplanned potable reuse, though the extent of its contribution is difficult to estimate. Fortunately, the contribution of Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) effluent to waters that supply drinking water treatment plants has been documented by some communities. In the United States (US), among the top 25 most impacted drinking water treatment plants by upstream WRRF, 16% of the influent flow to the drinking water treatment plant under average streamflow and up to 100% under low-flow conditions is WRRF effluent. Currently, the full extent of de facto reuse in the US may be much higher because of population growth. The scenario is no different for Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer Authority (BJWSA) in South Carolina, US, with contributions to the Savannah River originating from numerous WRRF and other upstream dischargers. South Carolina coastal utilities such as BJSWA are considering direct and indirect potable reuse options, driven by disposal limitations and challenges. Currently, South Carolina does not have a framework, guidelines, or regulations for reuse, but discussions have started among the regulated community. In addition to understanding the extent of de facto reuse, the state will need to develop standards and best practices to enable future adoption of planned potable reuse solutions to water resources challenges. Such guidance should address human health risk management and technical considerations regarding treatment in addition to other factors, including source control, storage, fail-safe operation, monitoring, non-cost factors, and public acceptance. This study conducted a mapping assessment specific to BJWSA, sampled at four locations on Savannah River, and observed that de facto reuse is approximately 4.6% to 5.9% during low-flow months and is within the range generally observed nationwide. When coupled with evidence that planned potable reuse can improve human health and environmental risks, this practice is a meaningful option in the water supply portfolio for many utilities. 展开更多
关键词 Water Reuse De Facto Reuse Planned potable Reuse Water Recycling Wastewater Derived Contaminants
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Experimental and Analytical Study of a Single Effect Distillation Using Electrical Evaporator Powered by Solar Energy
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作者 Saeed J. Almalowi 《Journal of Power and Energy Engineering》 2024年第8期20-29,共10页
The experimental and analytical investigation was conducted on a solar-powered single-effect distillation (SED). The evaporator was designed to be an electrical evaporator as opposed to the steam evaporator that exist... The experimental and analytical investigation was conducted on a solar-powered single-effect distillation (SED). The evaporator was designed to be an electrical evaporator as opposed to the steam evaporator that existed previously. Using sun-tracking solar panels, the electrical evaporator in the designed distillation unit was powered by solar energy. Approximately 20 kWh was utilized by the small-scale distillation apparatus. This type of design is mobile, so remote areas and countries with fragile economies can utilize it on a small or large scale. Utilizing the principles of energy and mass conservation, the amount of distillate water and power required for a single unit was determined, at the low salinity (2200 PPM) with fixed boiling point temperature (Tb = 75˚C), the unit performance is approx. 98.4%. The experimental results and those derived from a mathematical model were compared, and both showed strong accord. Using engineering equation solver (EES) software, a computer program was developed for this research scenario. 展开更多
关键词 DISTILLATION Single Effect SOLAR potable SALT
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The effect of coupling coagulation and flocculation with membrane filtration in water treatment:A review 被引量:22
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作者 TorOve Leiknes 《Journal of Environmental Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2009年第1期8-12,共5页
Water supply and sanitation demands are foreseen to face enormous challenges over the coming decades to meet the fast growing needs in a global perspective. Significant growth in the industry is predicted and membrane... Water supply and sanitation demands are foreseen to face enormous challenges over the coming decades to meet the fast growing needs in a global perspective. Significant growth in the industry is predicted and membrane separation technologies have been identified as one of the possible solutions to meet future demands. Application and implementation of membrane technology is expected both in production of potable water as well as in treatment of wastewater. In potable water production membranes are substituting conventional separation technologies due to the superior performance, potential for less chemical use and sludge production, as well as the potential to fulfill hygienic barrier requirements. Membrane bio-reactor (MBR) technology is probably the membrane process which has had most success and has the best prospects for the future in wastewater treatment. Trends and developments indicate that this technology is becoming accepted and is rapidly becoming the best available technology for many wastewater treatment applications. A major drawback of MBR systems is membrane fouling. Studies have shown that fouling mitigation in MBR systems can potentially be done by coupling coagulation and flocculation to the process. 展开更多
关键词 coagulation and flocculation membrane filtration potable water WASTEWATER
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Study on coagulation property of metal-polysilicate coagulants in low turbidity water treatment 被引量:9
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作者 杨海燕 崔福义 +1 位作者 赵庆良 马超 《Journal of Zhejiang University Science》 EI CSCD 2004年第6期721-726,共6页
In order to remove the low turbidity present in surface water, a novel metal-polysilicate coagulant was used to treat the raw water taken from Tanjiang River in Guangdong Province. This study on the effects of Al/Fe ... In order to remove the low turbidity present in surface water, a novel metal-polysilicate coagulant was used to treat the raw water taken from Tanjiang River in Guangdong Province. This study on the effects of Al/Fe molar ratio on the performance of a complex compound formed by polysilicic acid, aluminium and ferric salt (PAFS) showed that PAFS with Al/Fe ratio of 10:3 seemed to have the best coagulation performance in removing turbidity and color. Experimental results showed that under the conditions of polymerization time of 15 d, sedimentation time of 12 min, and pH of 6?8, PAFS with Al/Fe molar ratio of 10:3 had the best coagulation efficiency and lowest residual Al concentration. The turbid- ity decreased from 23.8 NTU to 3.23 NTU and the residual Al concentration was only 0.165 mg/L in the product water. It could be speculated that colloidal impurities and particulate Al were removed by adsorption bridging and electrical neu- tralization of long chain inorganic polymer coagulants. 展开更多
关键词 potable water treatment Metal-polysilicate coagulant Coagulation property Residual aluminum
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Behaviour of Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water Distribution Systems 被引量:1
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作者 Yimei Tian Hao Guo +2 位作者 Yang Wang Yang Liu Jinlin Shan 《Transactions of Tianjin University》 EI CAS 2017年第1期93-99,共7页
To guarantee the safety of drinking water quality after chlorination, the formation, distribution and factors influencing the concentrations of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in a water distribution system (WDS) were investi... To guarantee the safety of drinking water quality after chlorination, the formation, distribution and factors influencing the concentrations of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in a water distribution system (WDS) were investigated both on a full-scale WDS (FWDS) and pilot-scale WDS (PWDS) within a city in northern China. The results of both investigations showed that trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) were the dominating types of HAAs. In the FWDS, variations in the HAA content showed negative correlations with total residual chlorine, pH and non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) and positive correlations with temperature and UV254. In the PWDS, the concentration of HAAs after rechlorination followed the rule of ‘first rise and then fall’; therefore, locating an appropriate rechlorination point and lowering the single chlorine dosage could be used as effective measures to control the HAA content in WDSs. © 2016, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 展开更多
关键词 CARBON CHLORINE Correlation methods Dichloroacetic acid Organic carbon potable water Trichloroacetic acid Water Water quality Water supply systems
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Assessment of Endotoxin Removal from Reclaimed Wastewater Using Coagulation-Flocculation 被引量:1
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作者 M. Guizani M. A. Lopez Zavala N. Funamizu 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2016年第9期855-864,共11页
Following biological treatment, wastewater continues to have endotoxic active materials. However, because there is a trend of potable reuse and because endotoxic active materials potentially have harmful effects on hu... Following biological treatment, wastewater continues to have endotoxic active materials. However, because there is a trend of potable reuse and because endotoxic active materials potentially have harmful effects on human health, their removal from water is crucial. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin has hydrophobic groups, and their removal using a coagulation-flocculation alternative is believed to be efficient. Thus, their removal from reclaimed wastewater using the coagulation-flocculation process was assessed. Secondary effluent samples from a wastewater treatment plant located in Sapporo, Japan, were investigated. It was found that this process gave satisfactory results in removing endotoxins, with an optimum removal rate of up to 40.5%. The endotoxin removal was maximized by adjusting the pH at the low range 4 - 5.5, with an aluminum sulfate dose of 80 mg/L. Further increases of the coagulant dose did not improve the removal efficiency. DOC and turbidity removal were at their optimum at higher pH range 5.5 - 6.5. Thus coagulation and flocculation could be considered as the first barrier and should be followed by other treatments to safely reuse reclaimed wastewater. 展开更多
关键词 LPS Endotoxins WASTEWATER COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION potable Reuse
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Mathematical Advancement of General Chlorine Bulk Decay Model
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作者 Shaoying Qi Jinfeng Lu 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2017年第4期9-17,共9页
An accurate chlorine bulk decay model is needed to ensure that potable water meets the microbial and the chemical safeties at the treatment plant and throughout the distribution. Among the mathematical models availabl... An accurate chlorine bulk decay model is needed to ensure that potable water meets the microbial and the chemical safeties at the treatment plant and throughout the distribution. Among the mathematical models available,the general second-order chlorine bulk decay model( GBDM) is the most fundamentally sound.Application of the GBDM,however,has been hindered by its numerous fictive parameters and lack of an analytical solution. This theoretical work removes the two obstacles. The GBDM is solved through transformation and integration. The analytical solution provides deep insights into the GBDM and facilitates the parameterization and sensitivity analysis. The background natural organic matter( NOM) is characterized with the probabilistic distribution of functional groups. It reveals that the mean of the function group distribution is correlated with the initial chlorine decay rate coefficient( κ_0). A simple formula is developed to determine κ_0 directly from the initial chlorine decay. The theoretical treatment reduces the fictive parameters to a minimum. For the common lognormal distribution,the GBDM needs only three parameters,well defined as initial chlorine demand X_0,median rate coefficient km,and heterogeneity index σ. For more complicated scenarios,composite distributions are constructed through superposition of individual distributions. A highlighted example is to predict chlorine decay in blends of different waters. With the theoretical and mathematical advancement here,the GBDM can be applied effectively to any reactive background matter in any reaction systems. 展开更多
关键词 CHLORINE RESIDUAL potable water natural organic MATTER DECAY MODEL
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Assessment of the Viability of the Reuse of Sedibeng District Municipal Secondary Effluent in Southern Gauteng, South Africa
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作者 Gugulethu Given Skosana Hein H. du Preez 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2017年第8期1043-1061,共19页
Population growth, urbanization, water resources pollution, environmental awareness, uneven distribution of water resources and water scarcity have necessitated water reuse especially in arid and semi-arid countries. ... Population growth, urbanization, water resources pollution, environmental awareness, uneven distribution of water resources and water scarcity have necessitated water reuse especially in arid and semi-arid countries. Influent and effluent data of chemical and biological analyses from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Sedibeng district municipality (SDM) were used to assess the viability of water reuse. Available worldwide water reuse criteria of Water Reclamation Plants (WRPs) for different reuse options were used to characterize the SDM’s four WWTPs for potable water, power and steel industrial water reuse. Only WWTP4 does not meet the influent design criteria of the New Goreangab WRP in Windhoek, Namibia of 43 mg/l and the DWAF general limit of discharge of 75 mg/l used by Beaufort West WRP in South Africa for COD. WWTP2 and 4 do not meet the DWAF general limit of 25 mg/l for suspended solids. Some of the water quality parameters of the effluents from these plants were non-compliant to the requirements for reuse in power generation and steel manufacturing. However, the implementation of advance treatment technologies such as membrane or advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as part of the treatment train in a potential WRP would address the water quality issues. Water reclamation of SDM effluent either through direct (DPR) or indirect potable (IPR) water reuse, power generation and steel manufacturing industry has the potential of reuse in the Southern Gauteng region. The success of the selected option would be depended on cost effectiveness, stakeholder commitment and public acceptance of the reuse strategy. 展开更多
关键词 Water RECLAMATION Indirect/Direct potable REUSE Advanced Treatment Wastewater EFFLUENT
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Comparative Analysis of Chemical, Physical and Biological Contaminants in Drinking Water in Various Developed Countries around the World
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作者 Kaleh Karim Sujata Guha Ryan Beni 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2020年第8期714-728,共15页
Sustaining a reliable and contaminant-free drinking water is becoming an increasing challenge worldwide due to human activity, industrial waste, and agricultural overuse. Surface water is the main source of drinking w... Sustaining a reliable and contaminant-free drinking water is becoming an increasing challenge worldwide due to human activity, industrial waste, and agricultural overuse. Surface water is the main source of drinking water around the world. However, groundwater is also becoming increasingly popular, due to its clarity and minimal need for processing to reduce turbidity. Over the years, the demand and growth in the agricultural industry has also been the means of groundwater contamination. Due to the health burden that raw water can pose, water must be processed and purified prior to consumption. Raw water quality can be compromised by physical, chemical (heavy metals and disinfection by-products), and biological contaminants. Biological contaminants can significantly impact immunocompromised populations, while chemical contaminants can impact the growth and development of young children. Although obtaining a steady and high-quality water flow to the general population is an increasing challenge, developed countries have utilized state-of-the-art technologies and techniques to provide contaminant-free water to their citizens. This research aims to provide information about the regulatory parameters, characteristics, and sources of safe drinking water in the world as a model for future use in the developing world. In this, secondary data was used to compare and contrast drinking water quality among countries in the European Union, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Singapore, New Zealand, Australia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. The data indicates that Ireland and the United Kingdom have relatively lower amounts of contaminants in their drinking water. Upon completing this research, it is recommended that countries desiring clean drinking water systems should initiate and invest in programs that control and protect treatment plants, water distribution systems, water sources, and catchments. 展开更多
关键词 potable Water Water Contaminants Drinking Water LEAD TURBIDITY Water Quality Heavy Metals Disinfection By-Products Water Sources
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Assessing Risk of Injection of Reclaimed Water into the Biscayne Aquifer for Aquifer Recharge Purposes
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作者 Frederick Bloetscher Daniel E. Meeroff Pollop Phonpornwithoon 《Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection》 2019年第7期184-201,共18页
The recharge of non-potable water into a drinking water aquifer is one means to overcome decreasing groundwater supplies and maintain availability of these resources for current and future generations. However, health... The recharge of non-potable water into a drinking water aquifer is one means to overcome decreasing groundwater supplies and maintain availability of these resources for current and future generations. However, health concerns exist regarding the use of waters of “impaired quality” such as reclaimed wastewater for aquifer recharge. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential risk to drinking water from the use of reclaimed water for recharge purposes using computational modeling with MODFLOW and MT3D groundwater transport simulation based on an actual situation using rotavirus as a surrogate. The results from the simulation showed that after seven months, the risk of contamination based on concentration contours from the injection well to the production wells was stabilized below 10-6. 展开更多
关键词 potable REUSE Risk ROTAVIRUS GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
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Physico-Chemical Characterization of Sludge from the Goudel Drinking Water Production Plant in Niamey (Niger)
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作者 Ibrahim Soumaïla Siddo Mahaman Moustapha Adamou Fayçal Moumouni Abou 《Natural Resources》 CAS 2022年第10期206-216,共11页
Population growth and increasing needs make our current societies a considerable source of environmental threats. Going towards sustainable cities where harmony exists between economic, socio-cultural and environmenta... Population growth and increasing needs make our current societies a considerable source of environmental threats. Going towards sustainable cities where harmony exists between economic, socio-cultural and environmental issues is a necessity that is essential if we want to bequeath a livable world to future generations. Cities produce huge quantities of domestic and industrial waste, the management of which is becoming a growing problem for city managers. Located on the banks of the Niger River, the city of Niamey, capital of the Republic of Niger, is supplied with drinking water from this river. Significant quantities of sludge are produced by the plant following the treatment of this water. This study focuses on the physico-chemical characterization of this sludge which is now directly discharged into the Niger River. A total of 12 samples of pasty sludge taken from the pre-settling ponds were analyzed. The samples were previously dried, crushed, sieved and packaged. Physical (pH, EC and particle size), chemical (Ca, Mg, Na, K, CEC, AE, P, C, MO and N) and metallic trace elements (Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn) parameters and Al) were analyzed in the laboratory. The results show that the sludge is weakly acidic (pH between 4.16 and 5.71), conductive (<0.35 mS/cm) and rich in fine elements (12.1% to 77.71% clay). The nutrient content is low in nitrogen (<0.25%), phosphorus (<2.5 ppm), potassium (between 1 to 188 Mèq/100g) and organic matter (less than 2.88%). The concentrations of ETM comply with the values admissible in residual materials (French decree of 08/01/1998). This sludge can be recovered, especially in agriculture. 展开更多
关键词 SLUDGE potable Water Water Treatment Niger River Niamey
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Multifactorial Fuzzy Approach for the Assessment of Groundwater Quality 被引量:4
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作者 Natarajan Venkat Kumar Samson Mathew Ganapathiram Swaminathan 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2010年第6期597-608,共12页
This paper describes the utility of fuzzy Simulink model to assess the groundwater quality levels in Tiruchirappalli city, S. India. Water quality management is an important issue in the modern times. The study aimed ... This paper describes the utility of fuzzy Simulink model to assess the groundwater quality levels in Tiruchirappalli city, S. India. Water quality management is an important issue in the modern times. The study aimed at examining the influence of multiple parameters of ground water on potable quality. The data collected for Tiruchirappalli city have been utilized to develop fuzzy Simulink approach. This is illustrated with seventy nine groundwater samples collected from Tiruchirappalli corporation, S. India. The characteristics of the groundwater groundwater for this plain were monitored during the years 2006 and 2008. The quality of groundwater at several established stations within the plain were assessed using Fuzzy simulation. The results of the calculated fuzzy logic Simulink model and the monitoring study have yielded good agreement. Groundwater quality for potability indicated high to moderate water pollution levels at Srirangam, Ariyamangalam, Golden Rock and K. Abisekapuram depending on factors such as depth to groundwater, constituents of groundwater and vulnerability of groundwater to pollution. Fuzzy logic simulation approach was a practical, simple and useful tool to assess groundwater quality. This approach was capable of showing the water quality assessment for drinking on fuzzy Simulink 展开更多
关键词 GROUNDWATER Potability FUZZY SIMULATION GIS Tiruchirappalli
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Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Quality Assessment of Supply Water around Dhaka City, Bangladesh
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作者 Md. Shamimuzzaman Rashed Hasan Nayeem +3 位作者 Nargis Ara Md. Masuder Rahman Md. Iqbal Kabir Jahid Md. Nazmul Hasan 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2019年第3期280-295,共16页
Dhaka is one of the most densely-populated megacities in the world. Water supply problem is acute in this city, but the quality of drinking water has tremendous importance as potability. This study was aimed at compar... Dhaka is one of the most densely-populated megacities in the world. Water supply problem is acute in this city, but the quality of drinking water has tremendous importance as potability. This study was aimed at comparing various physicochemical and microbiological parameters which are very much relevant for the drinking water quality of Dhaka city of Bangladesh. A total of 80 samples from 11 collection point of different places were collected over ten months. After that, the samples were examined by a different measuring device for physicochemical parameter testing. Considering physicochemical parameters, all water samples were within the limit for pH. However, 53.75% water had unsatisfactory for chlorine level. Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), hardness, iron, and alkalinity based unsatisfactory were 28.75%, 15.0%, 8.75%, and 3.75% respectively. Five parameters had taken into consideration to measure the microbiological quality. The cultural and biochemical methods showed that 80 water samples have a different range of contamination. The total aerobic count was unsatisfactory for 53.75% samples. Sixty-one samples were found coliform contaminated that is 76.25% of the total samples and 58.75% sample was carried fecal substances. E. coli and Vibrio was unsatisfactory as 61.25% and13.75% respectively. This study revealed that how much safe is supplied water of a municipal water supplier. 展开更多
关键词 WATER Quality Microbial Assay COLIFORM FECAL COLIFORM CHLORINATION Potability Physicochemical Properties of WATER Pathogen
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