This study employs the generalized method of moments(GMM)and panel vector autoregression(PVAR)models for a multi-factor quantitative dissection of China’s poverty reduction process across multiple stages,using provin...This study employs the generalized method of moments(GMM)and panel vector autoregression(PVAR)models for a multi-factor quantitative dissection of China’s poverty reduction process across multiple stages,using provincial panel data from 2000 to 2019.According to our research,economic growth and social development are the key drivers of poverty reduction in China,but the trickle-down effect of economic growth is diminishing and marketization is having a lesser pro-poor effect.Public expenditure has failed to provide social protection and income redistribution benefits due to issues such as targeting error and elite capture.Increasing the efficiency of the poverty reduction system calls for adaptive adjustments.Finally,this study highlights China’s poverty reduction experiences and analyzes current challenges,which serve as inspiration for consolidating poverty-reduction achievements,combating relative poverty,and attaining countryside vitalization.展开更多
The Chinese approach to poverty reduction is a government-led and marketbased approach that gives priority to infrastructure and combines fiscal subsidy with development as an antidote to poverty.These characteristics...The Chinese approach to poverty reduction is a government-led and marketbased approach that gives priority to infrastructure and combines fiscal subsidy with development as an antidote to poverty.These characteristics are also evident in China’s cooperation with other developing countries on poverty reduction.China supports other developing countries to reduce poverty via aid and investment mainly in the field of infrastructure.While the government and SOEs take the lead in foreign aid and investment,China also invites other sources of capital to participate in market-based development in partnership with recipient countries.Our empirical research finds that aid and investment from China are generally conducive to reducing poverty incidence in recipient developing countries,but their poverty reduction effects vary across different types of aid and investment.The elements characteristic of the Chinese approach to poverty reduction proved to be effective in helping other developing countries reduce poverty as well.Nevertheless,the effectiveness of aid and investment in reducing poverty is subject to the governance and market efficiency of recipient countries.In order for the Chinese experience to work in less developed countries,future cooperation on poverty reduction must put a premium on governance and market systems.展开更多
Irrigation system is a scare resource in most of drought-stricken Africa.How to manage and maintain the existing irrigation facilities in Africa is a debatable issue to both policy makers and beneficiaries.Irrigation ...Irrigation system is a scare resource in most of drought-stricken Africa.How to manage and maintain the existing irrigation facilities in Africa is a debatable issue to both policy makers and beneficiaries.Irrigation facilities run by farmer cooperatives are considered ineffective,unsuccessful and dysfunctional in Tanzania by many researchers.A cooperative irrigation scheme is a mechanism that features the collective management of rural irrigation facilities by farmers'cooperative with some government intervention and external support.There is an increasing emphasis on the roles of cooperative irrigation scheme in the development of the agriculture sector and poverty reduction of smallholder farmers.In this study,the authors investigated the management and services of this scheme and analyzed its contribution to poverty reduction of smallholder rice farmers and community development in Tanzania through both quantitative and qualitative methods.The results showed that the scheme helped smallholder farmers increase the rice production and brought better market opportunities.The farmers'net income was also increased.Profit generated from rice farming not only improved the livelihoods of smallholder farmers but also created more employment opportunities in the rural communities.The research also revealed that the scheme was faced with a number of challenges due to resource and institutional constraints and low-level human capacity for both management and members.The research provides a feasible approach to effective management of small-scale agricultural infrastructure for poverty reduction in Africa.展开更多
Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda,and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures.However,poverty reduction policies have mostly focused ...Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda,and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures.However,poverty reduction policies have mostly focused on men,which has widened the gap in productivity and income between men and women and increased gender inequality.This paper aims to determine the impacts of a multi-component program on women's empowerment and poverty reduction,and explore the role empowered women play in poverty reduction.The dataset used in this study was collected in nine poor counties of Ulanqab City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at the end of 2014,yielding a sample of 900 households.Recall questions were used to reconstruct the baseline data and build a panel dataset.Smaller groups of rural households were further identified to better target the women in the beneficiary group.To control the selection bias,propensity score matching,inverse probability weighting,and the difference-in-differences matching method were used to analyze the effect of the program and undertake robust checks.The results show that the program has positive effects on women's empowerment and poverty reduction simultaneously.Empowering women also has positive effects on poverty reduction,and the women who were the beneficiaries have contributed to increasing the incomes and living standards of households.Training,microfinance,and associations are common means or strategies to empower women to address poverty.This paper provides new empirical evidence that women can benefit from a gender-focus program through portfolio intervention such as training,cooperatives,and credit.Empowered women further improve the livelihoods of poor households and help lift them out of poverty.The results suggest that researchers and policymakers need to pay more attention to poverty issues from the perspective of gender.展开更多
In recent years,under the stimulation of the national policy and the land circulation policy,the villages and towns have begun to guide the farmers to carry on the land circulation in an orderly way,combine the target...In recent years,under the stimulation of the national policy and the land circulation policy,the villages and towns have begun to guide the farmers to carry on the land circulation in an orderly way,combine the targeted poverty alleviation with the development of modern agriculture,and drive the registered households to participate in the modern agricultural industry and achieve the goal of getting rid of poverty and getting rich while realizing the transformation and upgrading of agriculture. The transfer of land management right can drive the local employment and the poverty reduction through industrial development is implemented. Taking Mopi Village in Xinping County as an example,this paper analyzes the main methods and effects of the transfer of land management right in this village in promoting poverty reduction through industrial development,and puts forward the existing problems and suggestions.展开更多
The integration of the cultural tourism industry with high-quality development is believed to be an important method of alleviating poverty.Most research in this area has focused on single towns,cities,or regions with...The integration of the cultural tourism industry with high-quality development is believed to be an important method of alleviating poverty.Most research in this area has focused on single towns,cities,or regions without considering the spillover effects of neighboring areas.To fill this gap,this study applies a spatial panel econometric model to empirically test the spatial spillover effects of integrating the cultural tourism industry with high-quality developments and their mechanisms of poverty alleviation based on provincial panel data of the Chinese Mainland from 2010 to 2020.Four key results are presented.First,there is an obvious spatial dependence on the high-quality development scale,specialization level,and poverty level of cultural tourism integration.The common panel model is found to overestimate the impact of this integration on poverty alleviation because it ignores the spatial spillover-related explanatory variables.Second,the scale of development quality is found to have no significant impact on poverty alleviation when integrating cultural tourism;however,the level of development specialization has both a direct impact on poverty alleviation and the spatial spillover effect.Third,the integration of the cultural tourism industry in the Central and Western regions is shown to have a strong direct effect on poverty reduction through high-quality development.However,the spillover effect on poverty reduction in the Eastern region is greater than that in the Central and Western regions.Fourth,the integration of high-quality development and cultural tourism is found to have a direct impact on poverty alleviation overall by promoting tourism consumption,material capital accumulation,and structural transformation.展开更多
Based on data gathered from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2010 and 2016,this paper examines income poverty and multidimensional poverty among the Chinese elderly.Compared with the non-elderly population,pover...Based on data gathered from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2010 and 2016,this paper examines income poverty and multidimensional poverty among the Chinese elderly.Compared with the non-elderly population,poverty incidence was relatively lower among China’s elderly population in 2010,but the elderly poor were significantly more poor.By 2016,the level of poverty became more or less the same between elderly and non-elderly people.Compared with 2010,the poverty incidence on various deprived dimensions and the average share of deprivation for the elderly fell sharply in 2016 by an average of 30 and 10 percentage points,respectively.Reduction in poverty incidence was 10 percentage points higher for the rural elderly than for the urban elderly.After estimating the multidimensional poverty index for the elderly by the“two no worries and three guarantees”criteria,we found that the intensity of multidimensional poverty was only about half that of the income poverty.The“two worries,”i.e.the lack of food and clothing,contributed more to multidimensional poverty than did what the“three guarantees”target i.e.education,healthcare and housing,especially on income and residential energy dimensions.Elderly healthcare contributed more than 20%to the“three guarantees.”展开更多
The development of any country or society requires a cultural context. A cultural narrative influence the process of development by shaping people's views and actions, and thus policy. This paper first discusses t...The development of any country or society requires a cultural context. A cultural narrative influence the process of development by shaping people's views and actions, and thus policy. This paper first discusses the importance of cultural narratives, and then analyzes the different cultural narratives on poverty reduction, development, right to development, and South-South Cooperation. It illustrates how cultural narratives significantly influence social justice development and reforms.展开更多
This paper uses the Rural E-Commerce Demonstration County(REDC)policy to estimate the effect of e-commerce on poverty reduction.We discover that the REDC policy enhanced the gross regional product per capita by 8.4 pe...This paper uses the Rural E-Commerce Demonstration County(REDC)policy to estimate the effect of e-commerce on poverty reduction.We discover that the REDC policy enhanced the gross regional product per capita by 8.4 percent for the total sample of counties and 10.5 percent for a subsample of poor counties.Specifically,the REDC policy increased the aggregate final product in primary industry by 10.6 percent.The final product per capita in the secondary and service sectors was 13.1 percent and 3.3 percent higher in the REDCs than in other counties,respectively.The effects were even greater for the subsample of poor counties.The estimates demonstrate that e-commerce developed quickly in the REDCs since the implementation of the REDC policy.The income of those involved in e-commerce increased,yielding more aggregate savings deposits.The expansion of e-commerce induced more investment,suggesting that more aggregate loans are being made in REDCs.This evidence suggests new opportunities for poor people in the new digital economy.展开更多
China contributes to poverty reduction in devceloping countrics along the Belt and Road(B&R)by the way of aid and investment,taking infrastructure construction as a break through and state-owned capital as the mai...China contributes to poverty reduction in devceloping countrics along the Belt and Road(B&R)by the way of aid and investment,taking infrastructure construction as a break through and state-owned capital as the main force.The empirical study of the B&R countries'panel data of 2000-2017 shows that Chinese aid and investment help to reduce poverty rate,and there is a threshold effect between investment and poverty rate reduction.When the per capita GDP level is below the threshold value,the poverty reduction effect of Chinese investment is more significant.Different types of aid and investment generate different poverty reduction effects:construction project investment and green land investment have more significant effects,and poverty reduction mechanism based on infrastructure construction has better poverty reduction effect than transfer payment aid.The correlation between state-owned enterprise investment and poverty rate reduction is significant,and state owned capital plays an important role in poverty reduction in the B&R developing countries.The research also finds that poverty reduction effct of Chinese aid and investment is realized mainly by capital formation and job creation in these countries.展开更多
It is the Chinese Government’s pivotal goal to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects by 2020.Compared with the economically developed coastal regions in east China,much work of pover...It is the Chinese Government’s pivotal goal to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects by 2020.Compared with the economically developed coastal regions in east China,much work of poverty reduction still needs to be done in the inland border regions to the west in the fol owing three years.According to China’s statistics,the rural population living in poverty was 43.35展开更多
Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,soc...Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,social assistance,and social welfare between the period 1978–2018,this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis.It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run,but the effect is very limited;nearly 99%of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions.Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is–0.2255,which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty.Based on these findings,the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged.It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.展开更多
A large body of empirical literature showed that the adoption of agricultural technologies reduces poverty. However, dominants of those studies so far used one-dimensional income or expenditure-based measures of pover...A large body of empirical literature showed that the adoption of agricultural technologies reduces poverty. However, dominants of those studies so far used one-dimensional income or expenditure-based measures of poverty which may not reflect other types of deprivations. Therefore, the major objective of this study is to examine the impact of adopting climate-smart agricultural technology, which refers to a joint application of row planting methods and the use of chemical fertilizers, on the multidimensional poverty status of rural households in Ethiopia. To estimate the impact of the stated technologies, this study employs propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression methods. To measure the multidimensional poverty index, the study also uses the Alkire and Foster counting approach. Using the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey(ESS), collected in 2015-Wave 3, the results of the study show that the adoption of these technologies reduces deprivation score and one of its component, the standard of living part. Regionally, a high reduction in deprivation is observed in Amhara and Oromiya regions. The results also show that the impact is significantly higher in severely deprived households. It is also observed that the reduction in multidimensional poverty due to the technology is through an increase in income/consumption via improvement in production gain. The impact channels more through the non-food expenditure pathway. Finally, this study also sheds light on the effects that technology adoption has on multidimensional poverty reduction.展开更多
Based on the first-hand data of the household survey of targeted poverty alleviation policies,five dimensions were analyzed from the residential regions,the individual characteristics,the household income characterist...Based on the first-hand data of the household survey of targeted poverty alleviation policies,five dimensions were analyzed from the residential regions,the individual characteristics,the household income characteristics,the poverty status and the farmers' relevancy to poverty alleviation policies.Through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis,the satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors have been inspected.It is found that the farmers,on the whole,are satisfied with the targeted poverty alleviation policies.Their satisfaction for the implementation of local poverty alleviation policies is in a moderate high level,however at the same time they expect the policies to be improved.The impoverished farmers in southern Shaanxi have higher satisfaction towards the poverty alleviation policies.Those farmers' awareness,participation,and benefit are positively related to the level of satisfaction towards policies.The implementation of the poverty alleviation from the government is not only favorable for its people,but also the country.It can greatly enhance the recognition of the government's legitimacy and local government's credibility.To formulate and implement the targeted alleviation policies,the relationship between farmers,especially impoverished farmers,and such policies should be taken into consideration.The starting point and judging criteria of poverty alleviation job should be based on questions whether the farmers know,need,and have the willing to participate in and satisfy with the policies.Those farmers' right to know,participate,benefit and judge should be protected,and it will continuously promote the efficiency of implementing poverty alleviation.展开更多
This paper develops an information theoretic estimator of wage and employment shifts that provides quantification of and inference about type of employment (full time, part time, seasonal, unemployed) and industry sha...This paper develops an information theoretic estimator of wage and employment shifts that provides quantification of and inference about type of employment (full time, part time, seasonal, unemployed) and industry share of employment. It is applied to determine the effects of two United States Agency for International Development (USAID) projects on employment in villages in the Tambacounda and Kedougou provinces in Senegal. The projects support the development of local forest-based production and processing industries. The results demonstrate statistically significant and positive effects on employment and the industry composition of employment.展开更多
By using China Yearbook of Household Survey and CHIPS’we measure,decompose,and test the pushing factors of rural anti-poverty’s performance.We find that the rural poverty rate fell,which benefited from the endogenou...By using China Yearbook of Household Survey and CHIPS’we measure,decompose,and test the pushing factors of rural anti-poverty’s performance.We find that the rural poverty rate fell,which benefited from the endogenous reform of land policy from 1978 to 1985,and from 1986 to 1993,China’s rural poverty rate was still falling rapidly,when economic growth played a leading role,but the marginal revenue was falling.Although rural areas had implemented development-oriented poverty relief and social relief during the period from 1994 to 2000,the poverty rate decline was not large,because negative effects from redistribution offset the contribution from economic growth.China’s rural poverty rate was rising slightly from 2001 to 2014,because the positive contribution from economic growth was falling and the effects from income distribution originated from poverty reduction aiming mechanism were low,which led to a falling composite contribution rate.Throughout the 30 years’strategy and path of anti-poverty,we find that economic growth has been playing the dominant role,and as the poverty rate and poverty gap rebound,the contribution from income distribution and redistribution in reducing poverty will rise.The government should increase investment in rural public products and public services to optimize the path and strategy of rural anti-poverty.展开更多
Exploring the spatio-temporal dynamics of poverty is important for research on sustainable poverty reduction in China. Based on the perspective of development geography, this paper proposes a panel vector autoregressi...Exploring the spatio-temporal dynamics of poverty is important for research on sustainable poverty reduction in China. Based on the perspective of development geography, this paper proposes a panel vector autoregressive(PVAR) model that combines the human development approach with the global indicator framework for Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) to identify the poverty-causing and the poverty-reducing factors in China. The aim is to measure the multidimensional poverty index(MPI) of China’s provinces from 2007 to 2017, and use the exploratory spatio-temporal data analysis(ESTDA) method to reveal the characteristics of the spatio-temporal dynamics of multidimensional poverty. The results show the following:(1) The poverty-causing factors in China include the high social gross dependency ratio and crop-to-disaster ratio, and the poverty-reducing factors include the high per capita GDP, per capita social security expenditure, per capita public health expenditure, number of hospitals per 10,000 people, rate of participation in the new rural cooperative medical scheme, vegetation coverage, per capita education expenditure, number of universities, per capita research and development(R&D) expenditure, and funding per capita for cultural undertakings.(2) From 2007 to 2017, provincial income poverty(IP), health poverty(HP), cultural poverty(CP), and multidimensional poverty have been significantly reduced in China, and the overall national poverty has dropped by 5.67% annually. there is a differentiation in poverty along different dimensions in certain provinces.(3) During the study period, the local spatial pattern of multidimensional poverty between provinces showed strong spatial dynamics, and a trend of increase from the eastern to the central and western regions was noted. The MPI among provinces exhibited a strong spatial dependence over time to form a pattern of decrease from northwestern and northeastern China to the surrounding areas.(4) The spatio-temporal networks of multidimensional poverty in adjacent provinces were mainly negatively correlated, with only Shaanxi and Henan, Shaanxi and Ningxia, Qinghai and Gansu, Hubei and Anhui, Sichuan and Guizhou, and Hainan and Guangdong forming spatially strong cooperative poverty reduction relationships. These results have important reference value for the implementation of China’s poverty alleviation strategy.展开更多
There is less than a decade left to accomplish the goal of ending global poverty by 2030.This paper investigates global poverty dynamics and finds a shift in the world's poverty gravity center from South Asia to A...There is less than a decade left to accomplish the goal of ending global poverty by 2030.This paper investigates global poverty dynamics and finds a shift in the world's poverty gravity center from South Asia to Africa in the period 1990–2015.Sub-Saharan Africa has become the main battlefield for poverty reduction in the world.Global poverty reduction has been accompanied by political instability and local conflicts,economic marginalization,rural decline,and natural hazards as well as climate change which are jointly impacting the least developed areas and making the world's poverty reduction vulnerable to external shocks.The"STAR"scheme,including maintaining political stability,promoting targeted poverty alleviation,implementing regular assessments of poverty reduction initiatives,and revitalizing rural and poverty-stricken areas,is proposed with specific measures to enhance the resilience capacity of poverty alleviation in the world.展开更多
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago,both extreme poverty and parasitic infections and other neglected tropical diseases were highly prevalent.Owing to social development,particularly...Before the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago,both extreme poverty and parasitic infections and other neglected tropical diseases were highly prevalent.Owing to social development,particularly economic reforms since the 1980s,poverty has since been dramatically reduced,and China became increasingly urbanized and industrialized.In parallel,China's economic transformation translated into similar and remarkable reductions in neglected tropical diseases.Qian and colleagues report in their review published in Infectious Diseases of Poverty,the elimination or near elimination as a public health problem of lymphatic filariasis,trachoma,soil-transmitted helminth infections,schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases.Of note,neglected tropical disease control and poverty reduction each appear to reinforce the other.China's formula for success in parasitic and neglected tropical disease control might translate to other parts of the world,such as in sub-Saharan Africa through China's new Belt and Road Initiative.展开更多
Special attention needs to be paid to achieve the world’s poverty reduction goal by 2030 in less than ten-year time.The paper aims to investigate the multidimensional poverty in South Asia in the period 2003-2019.It ...Special attention needs to be paid to achieve the world’s poverty reduction goal by 2030 in less than ten-year time.The paper aims to investigate the multidimensional poverty in South Asia in the period 2003-2019.It constructs the Multidimensional Poverty Index(MPI)by selecting ten indicators in the fields of health,education and living standards.The research results show that the MPI of South Asia decreases in the research period.Poor people in South Asian countries are still facing several forms of deprivation while cooking fuel,sanitation,housing,nutrition and years of schooling are the main restrictive factors to poverty reduction in this region.Pakistan,India and Bangladesh face the worst poverty situation in terms of health,education and living standards.Targeted poverty alleviation and resilient poverty reduction are proposed in the paper to improve the poverty reduction efficiency and individual/regional capacity against risks to avoid returning to poverty.展开更多
基金Key Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China(NSSFC)“Study on the Theory and Practice of Inclusive Green Growth(19ZDA048)General Project of the China Postdoctoral Science Fund“Study on the Impact and Mechanism of Talent Dividend on High Quality Development of Manufacturing Industry from the Perspective of Common Prosperity”(2023M733865).
文摘This study employs the generalized method of moments(GMM)and panel vector autoregression(PVAR)models for a multi-factor quantitative dissection of China’s poverty reduction process across multiple stages,using provincial panel data from 2000 to 2019.According to our research,economic growth and social development are the key drivers of poverty reduction in China,but the trickle-down effect of economic growth is diminishing and marketization is having a lesser pro-poor effect.Public expenditure has failed to provide social protection and income redistribution benefits due to issues such as targeting error and elite capture.Increasing the efficiency of the poverty reduction system calls for adaptive adjustments.Finally,this study highlights China’s poverty reduction experiences and analyzes current challenges,which serve as inspiration for consolidating poverty-reduction achievements,combating relative poverty,and attaining countryside vitalization.
文摘The Chinese approach to poverty reduction is a government-led and marketbased approach that gives priority to infrastructure and combines fiscal subsidy with development as an antidote to poverty.These characteristics are also evident in China’s cooperation with other developing countries on poverty reduction.China supports other developing countries to reduce poverty via aid and investment mainly in the field of infrastructure.While the government and SOEs take the lead in foreign aid and investment,China also invites other sources of capital to participate in market-based development in partnership with recipient countries.Our empirical research finds that aid and investment from China are generally conducive to reducing poverty incidence in recipient developing countries,but their poverty reduction effects vary across different types of aid and investment.The elements characteristic of the Chinese approach to poverty reduction proved to be effective in helping other developing countries reduce poverty as well.Nevertheless,the effectiveness of aid and investment in reducing poverty is subject to the governance and market efficiency of recipient countries.In order for the Chinese experience to work in less developed countries,future cooperation on poverty reduction must put a premium on governance and market systems.
基金funded by the former UK Department for International Development(DFID)through China International Development Research Network(CIDRN)Research Grants(20200105)。
文摘Irrigation system is a scare resource in most of drought-stricken Africa.How to manage and maintain the existing irrigation facilities in Africa is a debatable issue to both policy makers and beneficiaries.Irrigation facilities run by farmer cooperatives are considered ineffective,unsuccessful and dysfunctional in Tanzania by many researchers.A cooperative irrigation scheme is a mechanism that features the collective management of rural irrigation facilities by farmers'cooperative with some government intervention and external support.There is an increasing emphasis on the roles of cooperative irrigation scheme in the development of the agriculture sector and poverty reduction of smallholder farmers.In this study,the authors investigated the management and services of this scheme and analyzed its contribution to poverty reduction of smallholder rice farmers and community development in Tanzania through both quantitative and qualitative methods.The results showed that the scheme helped smallholder farmers increase the rice production and brought better market opportunities.The farmers'net income was also increased.Profit generated from rice farming not only improved the livelihoods of smallholder farmers but also created more employment opportunities in the rural communities.The research also revealed that the scheme was faced with a number of challenges due to resource and institutional constraints and low-level human capacity for both management and members.The research provides a feasible approach to effective management of small-scale agricultural infrastructure for poverty reduction in Africa.
基金supported by the People’s Republic of China Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Rural Advancement Programme led by IFADthe National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(71661147001)the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research in Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2020JKY040)。
文摘Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda,and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures.However,poverty reduction policies have mostly focused on men,which has widened the gap in productivity and income between men and women and increased gender inequality.This paper aims to determine the impacts of a multi-component program on women's empowerment and poverty reduction,and explore the role empowered women play in poverty reduction.The dataset used in this study was collected in nine poor counties of Ulanqab City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at the end of 2014,yielding a sample of 900 households.Recall questions were used to reconstruct the baseline data and build a panel dataset.Smaller groups of rural households were further identified to better target the women in the beneficiary group.To control the selection bias,propensity score matching,inverse probability weighting,and the difference-in-differences matching method were used to analyze the effect of the program and undertake robust checks.The results show that the program has positive effects on women's empowerment and poverty reduction simultaneously.Empowering women also has positive effects on poverty reduction,and the women who were the beneficiaries have contributed to increasing the incomes and living standards of households.Training,microfinance,and associations are common means or strategies to empower women to address poverty.This paper provides new empirical evidence that women can benefit from a gender-focus program through portfolio intervention such as training,cooperatives,and credit.Empowered women further improve the livelihoods of poor households and help lift them out of poverty.The results suggest that researchers and policymakers need to pay more attention to poverty issues from the perspective of gender.
文摘In recent years,under the stimulation of the national policy and the land circulation policy,the villages and towns have begun to guide the farmers to carry on the land circulation in an orderly way,combine the targeted poverty alleviation with the development of modern agriculture,and drive the registered households to participate in the modern agricultural industry and achieve the goal of getting rid of poverty and getting rich while realizing the transformation and upgrading of agriculture. The transfer of land management right can drive the local employment and the poverty reduction through industrial development is implemented. Taking Mopi Village in Xinping County as an example,this paper analyzes the main methods and effects of the transfer of land management right in this village in promoting poverty reduction through industrial development,and puts forward the existing problems and suggestions.
基金supported by the Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of China’s“Research on the Dynamic Mechanism and Realization Paths of High-Quality Development of Cultural Tourism Integration in Relatively Poor Areas of China”[Grant number.21BGL150].
文摘The integration of the cultural tourism industry with high-quality development is believed to be an important method of alleviating poverty.Most research in this area has focused on single towns,cities,or regions without considering the spillover effects of neighboring areas.To fill this gap,this study applies a spatial panel econometric model to empirically test the spatial spillover effects of integrating the cultural tourism industry with high-quality developments and their mechanisms of poverty alleviation based on provincial panel data of the Chinese Mainland from 2010 to 2020.Four key results are presented.First,there is an obvious spatial dependence on the high-quality development scale,specialization level,and poverty level of cultural tourism integration.The common panel model is found to overestimate the impact of this integration on poverty alleviation because it ignores the spatial spillover-related explanatory variables.Second,the scale of development quality is found to have no significant impact on poverty alleviation when integrating cultural tourism;however,the level of development specialization has both a direct impact on poverty alleviation and the spatial spillover effect.Third,the integration of the cultural tourism industry in the Central and Western regions is shown to have a strong direct effect on poverty reduction through high-quality development.However,the spillover effect on poverty reduction in the Eastern region is greater than that in the Central and Western regions.Fourth,the integration of high-quality development and cultural tourism is found to have a direct impact on poverty alleviation overall by promoting tourism consumption,material capital accumulation,and structural transformation.
文摘Based on data gathered from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2010 and 2016,this paper examines income poverty and multidimensional poverty among the Chinese elderly.Compared with the non-elderly population,poverty incidence was relatively lower among China’s elderly population in 2010,but the elderly poor were significantly more poor.By 2016,the level of poverty became more or less the same between elderly and non-elderly people.Compared with 2010,the poverty incidence on various deprived dimensions and the average share of deprivation for the elderly fell sharply in 2016 by an average of 30 and 10 percentage points,respectively.Reduction in poverty incidence was 10 percentage points higher for the rural elderly than for the urban elderly.After estimating the multidimensional poverty index for the elderly by the“two no worries and three guarantees”criteria,we found that the intensity of multidimensional poverty was only about half that of the income poverty.The“two worries,”i.e.the lack of food and clothing,contributed more to multidimensional poverty than did what the“three guarantees”target i.e.education,healthcare and housing,especially on income and residential energy dimensions.Elderly healthcare contributed more than 20%to the“three guarantees.”
文摘The development of any country or society requires a cultural context. A cultural narrative influence the process of development by shaping people's views and actions, and thus policy. This paper first discusses the importance of cultural narratives, and then analyzes the different cultural narratives on poverty reduction, development, right to development, and South-South Cooperation. It illustrates how cultural narratives significantly influence social justice development and reforms.
基金the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.17BJL085)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72003143).
文摘This paper uses the Rural E-Commerce Demonstration County(REDC)policy to estimate the effect of e-commerce on poverty reduction.We discover that the REDC policy enhanced the gross regional product per capita by 8.4 percent for the total sample of counties and 10.5 percent for a subsample of poor counties.Specifically,the REDC policy increased the aggregate final product in primary industry by 10.6 percent.The final product per capita in the secondary and service sectors was 13.1 percent and 3.3 percent higher in the REDCs than in other counties,respectively.The effects were even greater for the subsample of poor counties.The estimates demonstrate that e-commerce developed quickly in the REDCs since the implementation of the REDC policy.The income of those involved in e-commerce increased,yielding more aggregate savings deposits.The expansion of e-commerce induced more investment,suggesting that more aggregate loans are being made in REDCs.This evidence suggests new opportunities for poor people in the new digital economy.
基金National Social Science Fund"Research on Liquidity Risk and Optimum Classified Management Model of China's Foreign Exchange Reserve"(17BJY 199)National Social Science Fund "The Challenges and Paths of China-US Communist Party in Promoting the Reform of Global Economic Govermance System"(16BGJ007).
文摘China contributes to poverty reduction in devceloping countrics along the Belt and Road(B&R)by the way of aid and investment,taking infrastructure construction as a break through and state-owned capital as the main force.The empirical study of the B&R countries'panel data of 2000-2017 shows that Chinese aid and investment help to reduce poverty rate,and there is a threshold effect between investment and poverty rate reduction.When the per capita GDP level is below the threshold value,the poverty reduction effect of Chinese investment is more significant.Different types of aid and investment generate different poverty reduction effects:construction project investment and green land investment have more significant effects,and poverty reduction mechanism based on infrastructure construction has better poverty reduction effect than transfer payment aid.The correlation between state-owned enterprise investment and poverty rate reduction is significant,and state owned capital plays an important role in poverty reduction in the B&R developing countries.The research also finds that poverty reduction effct of Chinese aid and investment is realized mainly by capital formation and job creation in these countries.
文摘It is the Chinese Government’s pivotal goal to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects by 2020.Compared with the economically developed coastal regions in east China,much work of poverty reduction still needs to be done in the inland border regions to the west in the fol owing three years.According to China’s statistics,the rural population living in poverty was 43.35
基金financially supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(16ZDA021)the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(18YJA630135)。
文摘Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,social assistance,and social welfare between the period 1978–2018,this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis.It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run,but the effect is very limited;nearly 99%of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions.Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is–0.2255,which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty.Based on these findings,the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged.It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.
文摘A large body of empirical literature showed that the adoption of agricultural technologies reduces poverty. However, dominants of those studies so far used one-dimensional income or expenditure-based measures of poverty which may not reflect other types of deprivations. Therefore, the major objective of this study is to examine the impact of adopting climate-smart agricultural technology, which refers to a joint application of row planting methods and the use of chemical fertilizers, on the multidimensional poverty status of rural households in Ethiopia. To estimate the impact of the stated technologies, this study employs propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression methods. To measure the multidimensional poverty index, the study also uses the Alkire and Foster counting approach. Using the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey(ESS), collected in 2015-Wave 3, the results of the study show that the adoption of these technologies reduces deprivation score and one of its component, the standard of living part. Regionally, a high reduction in deprivation is observed in Amhara and Oromiya regions. The results also show that the impact is significantly higher in severely deprived households. It is also observed that the reduction in multidimensional poverty due to the technology is through an increase in income/consumption via improvement in production gain. The impact channels more through the non-food expenditure pathway. Finally, this study also sheds light on the effects that technology adoption has on multidimensional poverty reduction.
基金supported by Northwest A&F University Research Fund(Grant No.2016Z43)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.16SZYB24)
文摘Based on the first-hand data of the household survey of targeted poverty alleviation policies,five dimensions were analyzed from the residential regions,the individual characteristics,the household income characteristics,the poverty status and the farmers' relevancy to poverty alleviation policies.Through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis,the satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors have been inspected.It is found that the farmers,on the whole,are satisfied with the targeted poverty alleviation policies.Their satisfaction for the implementation of local poverty alleviation policies is in a moderate high level,however at the same time they expect the policies to be improved.The impoverished farmers in southern Shaanxi have higher satisfaction towards the poverty alleviation policies.Those farmers' awareness,participation,and benefit are positively related to the level of satisfaction towards policies.The implementation of the poverty alleviation from the government is not only favorable for its people,but also the country.It can greatly enhance the recognition of the government's legitimacy and local government's credibility.To formulate and implement the targeted alleviation policies,the relationship between farmers,especially impoverished farmers,and such policies should be taken into consideration.The starting point and judging criteria of poverty alleviation job should be based on questions whether the farmers know,need,and have the willing to participate in and satisfy with the policies.Those farmers' right to know,participate,benefit and judge should be protected,and it will continuously promote the efficiency of implementing poverty alleviation.
文摘This paper develops an information theoretic estimator of wage and employment shifts that provides quantification of and inference about type of employment (full time, part time, seasonal, unemployed) and industry share of employment. It is applied to determine the effects of two United States Agency for International Development (USAID) projects on employment in villages in the Tambacounda and Kedougou provinces in Senegal. The projects support the development of local forest-based production and processing industries. The results demonstrate statistically significant and positive effects on employment and the industry composition of employment.
基金supported by the major project of Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education of China(No.16JJD840008).
文摘By using China Yearbook of Household Survey and CHIPS’we measure,decompose,and test the pushing factors of rural anti-poverty’s performance.We find that the rural poverty rate fell,which benefited from the endogenous reform of land policy from 1978 to 1985,and from 1986 to 1993,China’s rural poverty rate was still falling rapidly,when economic growth played a leading role,but the marginal revenue was falling.Although rural areas had implemented development-oriented poverty relief and social relief during the period from 1994 to 2000,the poverty rate decline was not large,because negative effects from redistribution offset the contribution from economic growth.China’s rural poverty rate was rising slightly from 2001 to 2014,because the positive contribution from economic growth was falling and the effects from income distribution originated from poverty reduction aiming mechanism were low,which led to a falling composite contribution rate.Throughout the 30 years’strategy and path of anti-poverty,we find that economic growth has been playing the dominant role,and as the poverty rate and poverty gap rebound,the contribution from income distribution and redistribution in reducing poverty will rise.The government should increase investment in rural public products and public services to optimize the path and strategy of rural anti-poverty.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.71974070, No.41501593National Key R&D Project,No.2016YFA0602500Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Ministry of Education of China,No.19YJCZH068。
文摘Exploring the spatio-temporal dynamics of poverty is important for research on sustainable poverty reduction in China. Based on the perspective of development geography, this paper proposes a panel vector autoregressive(PVAR) model that combines the human development approach with the global indicator framework for Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) to identify the poverty-causing and the poverty-reducing factors in China. The aim is to measure the multidimensional poverty index(MPI) of China’s provinces from 2007 to 2017, and use the exploratory spatio-temporal data analysis(ESTDA) method to reveal the characteristics of the spatio-temporal dynamics of multidimensional poverty. The results show the following:(1) The poverty-causing factors in China include the high social gross dependency ratio and crop-to-disaster ratio, and the poverty-reducing factors include the high per capita GDP, per capita social security expenditure, per capita public health expenditure, number of hospitals per 10,000 people, rate of participation in the new rural cooperative medical scheme, vegetation coverage, per capita education expenditure, number of universities, per capita research and development(R&D) expenditure, and funding per capita for cultural undertakings.(2) From 2007 to 2017, provincial income poverty(IP), health poverty(HP), cultural poverty(CP), and multidimensional poverty have been significantly reduced in China, and the overall national poverty has dropped by 5.67% annually. there is a differentiation in poverty along different dimensions in certain provinces.(3) During the study period, the local spatial pattern of multidimensional poverty between provinces showed strong spatial dynamics, and a trend of increase from the eastern to the central and western regions was noted. The MPI among provinces exhibited a strong spatial dependence over time to form a pattern of decrease from northwestern and northeastern China to the surrounding areas.(4) The spatio-temporal networks of multidimensional poverty in adjacent provinces were mainly negatively correlated, with only Shaanxi and Henan, Shaanxi and Ningxia, Qinghai and Gansu, Hubei and Anhui, Sichuan and Guizhou, and Hainan and Guangdong forming spatially strong cooperative poverty reduction relationships. These results have important reference value for the implementation of China’s poverty alleviation strategy.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41771191。
文摘There is less than a decade left to accomplish the goal of ending global poverty by 2030.This paper investigates global poverty dynamics and finds a shift in the world's poverty gravity center from South Asia to Africa in the period 1990–2015.Sub-Saharan Africa has become the main battlefield for poverty reduction in the world.Global poverty reduction has been accompanied by political instability and local conflicts,economic marginalization,rural decline,and natural hazards as well as climate change which are jointly impacting the least developed areas and making the world's poverty reduction vulnerable to external shocks.The"STAR"scheme,including maintaining political stability,promoting targeted poverty alleviation,implementing regular assessments of poverty reduction initiatives,and revitalizing rural and poverty-stricken areas,is proposed with specific measures to enhance the resilience capacity of poverty alleviation in the world.
文摘Before the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago,both extreme poverty and parasitic infections and other neglected tropical diseases were highly prevalent.Owing to social development,particularly economic reforms since the 1980s,poverty has since been dramatically reduced,and China became increasingly urbanized and industrialized.In parallel,China's economic transformation translated into similar and remarkable reductions in neglected tropical diseases.Qian and colleagues report in their review published in Infectious Diseases of Poverty,the elimination or near elimination as a public health problem of lymphatic filariasis,trachoma,soil-transmitted helminth infections,schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases.Of note,neglected tropical disease control and poverty reduction each appear to reinforce the other.China's formula for success in parasitic and neglected tropical disease control might translate to other parts of the world,such as in sub-Saharan Africa through China's new Belt and Road Initiative.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171208)Alliance of Poverty Reduction and Development(ANSO-PA-2020-16)。
文摘Special attention needs to be paid to achieve the world’s poverty reduction goal by 2030 in less than ten-year time.The paper aims to investigate the multidimensional poverty in South Asia in the period 2003-2019.It constructs the Multidimensional Poverty Index(MPI)by selecting ten indicators in the fields of health,education and living standards.The research results show that the MPI of South Asia decreases in the research period.Poor people in South Asian countries are still facing several forms of deprivation while cooking fuel,sanitation,housing,nutrition and years of schooling are the main restrictive factors to poverty reduction in this region.Pakistan,India and Bangladesh face the worst poverty situation in terms of health,education and living standards.Targeted poverty alleviation and resilient poverty reduction are proposed in the paper to improve the poverty reduction efficiency and individual/regional capacity against risks to avoid returning to poverty.
