Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a major problem in the United States,commonly leading to hospital admission.Diagnosing DILI is difficult as it is a diagnosis of exclusion requiring a temporal relationship between dr...Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a major problem in the United States,commonly leading to hospital admission.Diagnosing DILI is difficult as it is a diagnosis of exclusion requiring a temporal relationship between drug exposure and liver injury and a thorough work up for other causes.In addition,DILI has a very variable clinical and histologic presentation that can mimic many different etiologies of liver disease.Objective scoring systems can assess the probability that a drug caused the liver injury but liver biopsy findings are not part of the criteria used in these systems.This review will address some of the recent updates to the scoring systems and the role of liver biopsy in the diagnosis of DILI.展开更多
Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a term used to describe an unexpected liver reaction to drugs,but also to herbal products and dietary supplements(HDS).In the current therapeutic armamentarium,only a small number of ...Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a term used to describe an unexpected liver reaction to drugs,but also to herbal products and dietary supplements(HDS).In the current therapeutic armamentarium,only a small number of available drugs are still capable of causing liver damage in overdose.These include,in addition to paracetamol-the prototypical example of this group-niacin(now rarely used to treat hypercholesterolaemia),intravenous methotrexate and probably ketamine(an intravenous hypnotic used in critically ill patients for rapid sequence induction)(1).展开更多
With the increasing amount of data,there is an urgent need for efficient sorting algorithms to process large data sets.Hardware sorting algorithms have attracted much attention because they can take advantage of diffe...With the increasing amount of data,there is an urgent need for efficient sorting algorithms to process large data sets.Hardware sorting algorithms have attracted much attention because they can take advantage of different hardware's parallelism.But the traditional hardware sort accelerators suffer“memory wall”problems since their multiple rounds of data transmission between the memory and the processor.In this paper,we utilize the in-situ processing ability of the ReRAM crossbar to design a new ReCAM array that can process the matrix-vector multiplication operation and the vector-scalar comparison in the same array simultaneously.Using this designed ReCAM array,we present ReCSA,which is the first dedicated ReCAM-based sort accelerator.Besides hardware designs,we also develop algorithms to maximize memory utilization and minimize memory exchanges to improve sorting performance.The sorting algorithm in ReCSA can process various data types,such as integer,float,double,and strings.We also present experiments to evaluate the performance and energy efficiency against the state-of-the-art sort accelerators.The experimental results show that ReCSA has 90.92×,46.13×,27.38×,84.57×,and 3.36×speedups against CPU-,GPU-,FPGA-,NDP-,and PIM-based platforms when processing numeric data sets.ReCSA also has 24.82×,32.94×,and 18.22×performance improvement when processing string data sets compared with CPU-,GPU-,and FPGA-based platforms.展开更多
文摘Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a major problem in the United States,commonly leading to hospital admission.Diagnosing DILI is difficult as it is a diagnosis of exclusion requiring a temporal relationship between drug exposure and liver injury and a thorough work up for other causes.In addition,DILI has a very variable clinical and histologic presentation that can mimic many different etiologies of liver disease.Objective scoring systems can assess the probability that a drug caused the liver injury but liver biopsy findings are not part of the criteria used in these systems.This review will address some of the recent updates to the scoring systems and the role of liver biopsy in the diagnosis of DILI.
基金supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III cofounded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER[contract numbers:FIS 21_01248PI18/00901,UMA18-FEDERJA-193].CIBERehd is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII).All authors are members of the COST ACTION“CA-17112”-Prospective European Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network,supported by COST(European Cooperation in Science and Technology).www.cost.eu.JMPB holds a Rio Hortega contract from ISCIII.
文摘Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a term used to describe an unexpected liver reaction to drugs,but also to herbal products and dietary supplements(HDS).In the current therapeutic armamentarium,only a small number of available drugs are still capable of causing liver damage in overdose.These include,in addition to paracetamol-the prototypical example of this group-niacin(now rarely used to treat hypercholesterolaemia),intravenous methotrexate and probably ketamine(an intravenous hypnotic used in critically ill patients for rapid sequence induction)(1).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61832006,62072195,and 61825202).
文摘With the increasing amount of data,there is an urgent need for efficient sorting algorithms to process large data sets.Hardware sorting algorithms have attracted much attention because they can take advantage of different hardware's parallelism.But the traditional hardware sort accelerators suffer“memory wall”problems since their multiple rounds of data transmission between the memory and the processor.In this paper,we utilize the in-situ processing ability of the ReRAM crossbar to design a new ReCAM array that can process the matrix-vector multiplication operation and the vector-scalar comparison in the same array simultaneously.Using this designed ReCAM array,we present ReCSA,which is the first dedicated ReCAM-based sort accelerator.Besides hardware designs,we also develop algorithms to maximize memory utilization and minimize memory exchanges to improve sorting performance.The sorting algorithm in ReCSA can process various data types,such as integer,float,double,and strings.We also present experiments to evaluate the performance and energy efficiency against the state-of-the-art sort accelerators.The experimental results show that ReCSA has 90.92×,46.13×,27.38×,84.57×,and 3.36×speedups against CPU-,GPU-,FPGA-,NDP-,and PIM-based platforms when processing numeric data sets.ReCSA also has 24.82×,32.94×,and 18.22×performance improvement when processing string data sets compared with CPU-,GPU-,and FPGA-based platforms.
