The objective of this paper is to compare the transformation of higher educations in Japan,South Korea,and Taiwan.The higher education systems in these societies were established and transformed from homologous Japane...The objective of this paper is to compare the transformation of higher educations in Japan,South Korea,and Taiwan.The higher education systems in these societies were established and transformed from homologous Japanese Imperial Universities,and developed toward various higher education systems intermediated by policies under international and domestic contexts.Using second hand data,the results show the common characteristics of these cases from state-led national elitism to market-led massification by means of privatization and commercialization.However,some differences exist in their finances resources,enrolment rates,policies for tuition fees and mostly important,job rewards for those who obtain higher education degrees,comparing to high school ones.The rise of reflexivity further suggests that the right of access to higher education has been changed from institutional limited opportunities,to the actors who decide when,why,and how to accept higher education.The facts imply that the states have to adjust and re-define their roles in higher education,and diverse programs and learning methods will be provided for multiple students in the future.展开更多
In this paper we present sufficient conditions for reflexivity of any powers of the multiplication operator acting on Banach spaces of formal Laurent series.
Above Baiyangdian Lake is a meticulously crafted novel by Guan Renshan nearing a million words in length.The novel offers a panoramic view of everyday life in Baiyangdian Lake and the development of the Xiong'an N...Above Baiyangdian Lake is a meticulously crafted novel by Guan Renshan nearing a million words in length.The novel offers a panoramic view of everyday life in Baiyangdian Lake and the development of the Xiong'an New Area.The novel exemplifies a genuine sense of the scene by presenting readers with a vivid,authentic depiction of our contemporary life.He employs a narrative structure that overlaps the present with the past,blending tradition and modernity to create a truly magnificent epic.Rather than avoiding the contradictions and darkness inherent to humanity,the novel embraces them and strives to accurately depict their complexity,resulting in a more profound reflection on society.Above Baiyangdian Lake expands and innovates the path of local literature by applying a genuinely realistic approach.It not only surpasses Guan's writing style,but also represents a transcendence of local writing conventions in contemporary literature.It draws upon and elevates the literary tradition of the Hehuadian School,emerging as a notable example of new local writing with distinct regional traits.展开更多
In this paper,we study some dentabilities in Banach spaces which are closely related to the famous Radon-Nikodym property.We introduce the concepts of the weak^(*)-weak denting point and the weak^(*)-weak^(*)denting p...In this paper,we study some dentabilities in Banach spaces which are closely related to the famous Radon-Nikodym property.We introduce the concepts of the weak^(*)-weak denting point and the weak^(*)-weak^(*)denting point of a set.These are the generalizations of the weak^(*)denting point of a set in a dual Banach space.By use of the weak^(*)-weak denting point,we characterize the very smooth space,the point of weak^(*)-weak continuity,and the extreme point of a unit ball in a dual Banach space.Meanwhile,we also characterize an approximatively weak compact Chebyshev set in dual Banach spaces.Moreover,we define the nearly weak dentability in Banach spaces,which is a generalization of near dentability.We prove the necessary and sufficient conditions of the reflexivity by nearly weak dentability.We also obtain that nearly weak dentability is equivalent to both the approximatively weak compactness of Banach spaces and the w-strong proximinality of every closed convex subset of Banach spaces.展开更多
Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognit...Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognition system are different types of presentation attacks like print attacks,3D mask attacks,replay attacks,etc.The proposed model uses pupil characteristics for liveness detection during the authentication process.The pupillary light reflex is an involuntary reaction controlling the pupil’s diameter at different light intensities.The proposed framework consists of two-phase methodologies.In the first phase,the pupil’s diameter is calculated by applying stimulus(light)in one eye of the subject and calculating the constriction of the pupil size on both eyes in different video frames.The above measurement is converted into feature space using Kohn and Clynes model-defined parameters.The Support Vector Machine is used to classify legitimate subjects when the diameter change is normal(or when the eye is alive)or illegitimate subjects when there is no change or abnormal oscillations of pupil behavior due to the presence of printed photograph,video,or 3D mask of the subject in front of the camera.In the second phase,we perform the facial recognition process.Scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)is used to find the features from the facial images,with each feature having a size of a 128-dimensional vector.These features are scale,rotation,and orientation invariant and are used for recognizing facial images.The brute force matching algorithm is used for matching features of two different images.The threshold value we considered is 0.08 for good matches.To analyze the performance of the framework,we tested our model in two Face antispoofing datasets named Replay attack datasets and CASIA-SURF datasets,which were used because they contain the videos of the subjects in each sample having three modalities(RGB,IR,Depth).The CASIA-SURF datasets showed an 89.9%Equal Error Rate,while the Replay Attack datasets showed a 92.1%Equal Error Rate.展开更多
We prove Theorem 1. Let E be a finite dimensional subspace of X<sup>**</sup>, let F be a reflexive subspace of X<sup>*</sup>, and let ε】0 be given. Then there is a linear operator S: E→X suc...We prove Theorem 1. Let E be a finite dimensional subspace of X<sup>**</sup>, let F be a reflexive subspace of X<sup>*</sup>, and let ε】0 be given. Then there is a linear operator S: E→X such that ‖S‖‖S<sup>-1</sup>‖【1+ε, Sx=x whenever x∈E∩X, and f(Sx<sup>**</sup>)=x<sup>**</sup>（f） for all x<sup>**</sup>∈E and all f∈F. The proof depends upon two results we now recall.展开更多
It is proved that any Von Neumann type subspace is reflexive.Particularly,allweakly closed-algebras and their weakly closed ideals are reflexive.Some results con-cerning hyperreflexivity of Von Neumann type subspace a...It is proved that any Von Neumann type subspace is reflexive.Particularly,allweakly closed-algebras and their weakly closed ideals are reflexive.Some results con-cerning hyperreflexivity of Von Neumann type subspace and Von Neumand algebra areobtained.展开更多
In this paper, we investigate local properties in the system of completely 1-summing mapping spaces. We introduce notions of injectivity, local reflexivity, exactness, nuclearity and finite-representability in the sys...In this paper, we investigate local properties in the system of completely 1-summing mapping spaces. We introduce notions of injectivity, local reflexivity, exactness, nuclearity and finite-representability in the system of completely 1-summing mapping spaces. First we obtain that if V has WEP, V is locally reflexive in the system (Ⅱ<sub>1</sub>(⋅,⋅), π<sub>1</sub>(⋅)) if and only if it is locally reflexive in the system (Ⅰ(⋅,⋅), t(⋅)). Furthermore we prove that an operator space V ⊆ B(H) is exact in the system (Ⅱ<sub>1</sub>(⋅,⋅), π<sub>1</sub>(⋅)) if and only if V is finitely representable in {M<sub>n</sub>}<sub>n∈N</sub> in the system (Ⅱ<sub>1</sub>(⋅,⋅), π<sub>1</sub>(⋅)). At last, we show that an operator space V is finitely representable in {M<sub>n</sub>}<sub>n∈N</sub> in the system (Ⅱ<sub>1</sub>(⋅,⋅), π<sub>1</sub>(⋅)) if and only if V = C.展开更多
Background:Parents of children with complex right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT)anomalies are confronted with their child’s need for heart surgery early in life and repeated reoperations later on.Preoperative assess...Background:Parents of children with complex right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT)anomalies are confronted with their child’s need for heart surgery early in life and repeated reoperations later on.Preoperative assessment needs to be performed whenever an indication for reoperation is suspected.The aim was to illuminate the experiences of parents of children diagnosed with RVOT anomalies,in particular,how they experience their child’s heart disease and everyday life during the assessment and after the decision on whether to perform a reoperation.Method:Individual interviews(n=27)were conducted with nine parents on three occasions between 2014 and 2016 and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.Results:The analysis resulted in the following five main coexisting themes:The heart surgery keeps my child alive illuminates parents’experiences during and after the assessment and emphasizes that heart surgery,although dreaded,is central for their child’s survival;Everyday struggles illuminates the different struggles parents had to face to ensure that their child would be in the best possible condition;the remaining three themes,Unconditional love,Trust in life,and Togetherness,illuminate the ways in which the parents gained inner strength and confidence in their everyday lives.Conclusion:Although the parents were grateful for the assessment and had learned to navigate among the fears it aroused,they experienced several distressing situations during the assessment process that should be addressed.By inviting both the parents and their child to participate in the child’s care,individualized support can take into account the needs of both parents and child.展开更多
Objective:Anesthetics are of great importance in avoiding severe pain and suffering in animals and ensuring experimental progress.This study was aimed at elucidating the anesthesia score of phenobarbital sodium as a g...Objective:Anesthetics are of great importance in avoiding severe pain and suffering in animals and ensuring experimental progress.This study was aimed at elucidating the anesthesia score of phenobarbital sodium as a general anesthetic at different concentrations and doses in BALB/c mice,and finding the suitable anesthesia strategies for experimental surgeries.Methods:Phenobarbital sodium was administrated intraperitoneally at the doses of 75,100,125,150,and 200 mg/kg and randomly in different concentrations(2%,5%,and 10%)to female BALB/c mice.The anesthesia score was evaluated based on the stimulus index including tail-pinch,front and hind limb withdrawal,and eyelid reflexes.The speed and duration of anesthesia in different groups were recorded per the occurrence and duration of the righting reflex.Results:The anesthetic effect of phenobarbital sodium on female BALB/c mice showed an obvious dose-dependency.Respiratory suppression caused by high-dose anesthesia may lead to mouse death.Based on the anesthesia score,when the phenobarbital sodium treatment was greater than or equal to five percent or 200 mg/kg,more than 80%mice meet the anesthesia depth that surgical operation needed.The rates of achieving surgical anesthesia depth(standard-reaching rate)in mice treated with 2%sodium phenobarbital were 0%in the 75 mg/kg group,0%in the 100 mg/kg group,50%in the 125 mg/kg group,66.7%in the 150 mg/kg group,and 100%in the 200 mg/kg group.The standard-reaching rate of mice treated with 5%concentration of phenobarbital sodium were:0%in the 75 mg/kg group,0%in the 100 mg/kg group,83.33%in the 125 mg/kg group,100%in the 150 mg/kg group,and 100%in the 200 mg/kg group.The standard-reaching rate of mice treated with 10%concentration of phenobarbital sodium were:50%in the 75 mg/kg group,66.7%in the 100 mg/kg group,100%in the 125 mg/kg group,100%in the 150mg/kg group,and 100%in the 200 mg/kg group.Sedation and hypnosis were induced in the low-concentration dose group,and anesthesia was induced in the high-concentration dose group.In the 5%and 125 mg/kg phenobarbital sodium groups,the mortality rate of mice was 0,the anesthesia induction time was(35.5±7.92)minutes,and the anesthesia duration was(106±39.59)minutes.In the 5%and 150 mg/kg phenobarbital sodium groups,the mortality rate of mice was 0,the anesthesia induction time was(34.83±5.27)minutes,and the anesthesia duration was(131.7±36.75)minutes.Conclusion:Phenobarbital sodium alone can provide appropriate general anesthesia in female BALB/c mice.Both the concentration and dose of phenobarbital sodium can affect the anesthetic effect.On the basis of our findings,we recommend the 5%and 125 mg/kg and 5%and 150 mg/kg concentration–dose combinations of phenobarbital sodium for anesthetizing mice according to the surgical requirement.展开更多
Background: The utricular macula is located on the floor of the utricle, approximately in the plane of the lateral semicircular canal, and is oriented to respond best to lateral tilts and side-to-side or fore-and-aft ...Background: The utricular macula is located on the floor of the utricle, approximately in the plane of the lateral semicircular canal, and is oriented to respond best to lateral tilts and side-to-side or fore-and-aft translations of the head. However, the details of the otolith ocular reflex are unknown. Pathophysiology of transient direction-changing geotropic positional nystagmus is a canalolithiasis in the lateral semicircular canal. The principle of affected-ear-up 90° maneuver is moving debris from a long arm to the utricle, therefore debris stimulates the utricular macula in the sitting position after the treatment. Objective: To clarify whether nystagmus occurs by the stimulation to the macula of the utricle. Methods: The subjects were 10 patients with lateral semicircular canal canalolithiasis. After the diagnosis, we performed affected-ear-up 90° maneuver immediately. We observed eye movements in the sitting position (chin-down 30°) just after the treatment. Results: No one showed nystagmus in the sitting position after the treatment. In all patients, positional nystagmus disappeared within 7 days after the treatment. Conclusion: Nystagmus does not occur by the stimulation to the macula of the utricle. Hence, we cannot assess the function of the utricle by the analysis of eye movements, and ocular counter-rolling is considered to be a semicircular canal ocular reflex.展开更多
Background: We have been performing a canalith repositioning procedure for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. When we adopted the Epley maneuver for posterior semicircular canal type, and affected-ear-up 90° m...Background: We have been performing a canalith repositioning procedure for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. When we adopted the Epley maneuver for posterior semicircular canal type, and affected-ear-up 90° maneuver for lateral semicircular canal type, we noticed that no nystagmus occurred in the sitting position just after treatment. Despite direct excitation to the utricle by the pathological debris, none of the subjects complained of dizziness. Thus, we hypothesized that nystagmus and dizziness do not occur by stimulation of the otolith organs. Objective: The aim of the study was to observe and record the eye movements induced by the otolith organs to confirm our hypothesis. Materials and Methods: Twelve healthy humans were tested. In the sitting position, the head was tilted to the right ear by 45° and vice versa. Afterward, the head was bent forward by 90° (nose-down), and the subject’s seat was reclined to the head-hanging position. Each position was kept for five seconds. We interviewed the subjects to assess their dizziness. Results: None of the subjects showed nystagmus and complained of dizziness in every position. Conclusions: Nystagmus does not occur by the stimulation to the otolith organs;therefore, ocular counter-rolling is a semicircular canal ocular reflex.展开更多
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases that affect many body systems including the auditory system. Objectives: To assess hearing thresholds and to ascertai...Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases that affect many body systems including the auditory system. Objectives: To assess hearing thresholds and to ascertain types of hearing loss among Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis patients attending rheumatology clinic in Omdurman military hospital and matching them with non-rheumatoid arthritis subjects. Methodology: This descriptive and analytic (comparative) hospital based cross sectional study conducted from October 2020 to April 2021 which include 66 RA patients with age range (21 - 60 years) matched with 41 non-rheumatoid arthritis group sharing same characteristics (nation, gender and age). Pure tone audiometry, tympanometry and acoustic reflexes were done for all RA patients and matched groups. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the association and correlation tests for associations and t-test for independent samples. Results: Thirty-six (54.5%) of RA patients had hearing impairment versus 9 (22%) non-RA in PTA test. Twenty-four RA cases (36.3%) showed asymmetrical hearing threshold and graph in PTA between right and left ears. Thirty-four (51.5%) right and 36 (54.5%) left ears were normal degree followed by 23 (34.8%) in the right and 24 (36.4%) in the left ears were mild degree hearing loss. Among hearing impaired RA patients;20 right ears (62.5%) and 19 left ears (65.5%) had sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), conductive hearing loss 11 (34.4%) right ears and 9 (31%) left ears. Mixed HL was in 1 right ear (3.1%) and 1 left ear (3.5%). The most common degree of SNHL type was mild in (75%) and (78.9%) in right and left ears respectively, moderate and moderate severe were (20%) in the right and (15.7%) in the left ears. Fifty-eight right ears (87.9%) and 56 left ears (84.8%) had type A tympanogram while 7 (10.6%) right ears and 9 left ears (13.6%) were type As tympanogram, one right and one left ears had type Ad tympanogram. Acoustic reflex was impaired in 17 right ears and 17 left ears (25.8% for both). There were significant statistical differences in most of the specific frequency means between the study group and non-rheumatoid group in the right and left ears p-value 0.05). Also there was no significant statistical association between anti-rheumatic drugs used and hearing threshold of RA patients (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: Hearing impairment especially sensorineural type is common in Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis patients. Conductive hearing loss is less common and most likely due to ossicles diarthrodial joint stiffness. No influence of the disease activity or used anti-rheumatic drugs on hearing threshold of the RA patients was detected in this study.展开更多
In this paper, we elucidate the concept and characteristics of action learning as well as summarize the re?exivity, cooperativeness, and subjectivity of this approach. Furthermore, we describe the effects and limitati...In this paper, we elucidate the concept and characteristics of action learning as well as summarize the re?exivity, cooperativeness, and subjectivity of this approach. Furthermore, we describe the effects and limitations of action learning when applied in nursing management, nursing education, and clinical practice, among various ?elds.展开更多
Public stigma and self-stigma impact negatively on the lives of people with mental health issues.Many people in society stereotype and discriminate against people with mental ill-health,and often this negative process...Public stigma and self-stigma impact negatively on the lives of people with mental health issues.Many people in society stereotype and discriminate against people with mental ill-health,and often this negative process of marginalisation is internalised by people with lived experiences.Thus,this negative internalisation leads to the development of self-stigma.In this article,I reflect on my own experiences of shame and self-stigma as a person with mental ill-health socially bullied by peers from my community and social groups.I present a personal narrative of both public and self-stigmatisation which I hope will enable me to exorcise memories of internalised stigma,which are encountered as my demons of lived experience.Using reflexivity,a process used widely in health and social care fields,I consider how social bullying shattered my fragile confidence,selfesteem,and self-efficacy in the early days of my recovery;the impact of associative stigma on family members is also explored.Following this,the potential to empower people who experience shame and stigma is explored alongside effective anti-stigma processes which challenge discrimination.I connect the concept of recovery with the notion of empowerment,both of which emphasise the importance of agency and self-efficacy for people with mental illhealth.Finally,I consider how the concepts of empowerment and recovery can challenge both the public stigma held by peers in the community and the selfstigma of those with lived experiences.展开更多
Factor properties and their structures are important themes in combinatorics on words.Let D be the infinite one-sided sequence over the alphabet{a,b}generated by the period-doubling substitutionσ(a)=ab andσ(b)=aa.In...Factor properties and their structures are important themes in combinatorics on words.Let D be the infinite one-sided sequence over the alphabet{a,b}generated by the period-doubling substitutionσ(a)=ab andσ(b)=aa.In this paper,we determine the derived sequence D_(ω)(D)for any factorω■D,and study some factor spectra using the structures of derived sequences.We also prove the reflexivity property of derived sequences.展开更多
文摘The objective of this paper is to compare the transformation of higher educations in Japan,South Korea,and Taiwan.The higher education systems in these societies were established and transformed from homologous Japanese Imperial Universities,and developed toward various higher education systems intermediated by policies under international and domestic contexts.Using second hand data,the results show the common characteristics of these cases from state-led national elitism to market-led massification by means of privatization and commercialization.However,some differences exist in their finances resources,enrolment rates,policies for tuition fees and mostly important,job rewards for those who obtain higher education degrees,comparing to high school ones.The rise of reflexivity further suggests that the right of access to higher education has been changed from institutional limited opportunities,to the actors who decide when,why,and how to accept higher education.The facts imply that the states have to adjust and re-define their roles in higher education,and diverse programs and learning methods will be provided for multiple students in the future.
文摘In this paper we present sufficient conditions for reflexivity of any powers of the multiplication operator acting on Banach spaces of formal Laurent series.
基金the National Social Science Fund of China(ProjectNo.17BZW029).
文摘Above Baiyangdian Lake is a meticulously crafted novel by Guan Renshan nearing a million words in length.The novel offers a panoramic view of everyday life in Baiyangdian Lake and the development of the Xiong'an New Area.The novel exemplifies a genuine sense of the scene by presenting readers with a vivid,authentic depiction of our contemporary life.He employs a narrative structure that overlaps the present with the past,blending tradition and modernity to create a truly magnificent epic.Rather than avoiding the contradictions and darkness inherent to humanity,the novel embraces them and strives to accurately depict their complexity,resulting in a more profound reflection on society.Above Baiyangdian Lake expands and innovates the path of local literature by applying a genuinely realistic approach.It not only surpasses Guan's writing style,but also represents a transcendence of local writing conventions in contemporary literature.It draws upon and elevates the literary tradition of the Hehuadian School,emerging as a notable example of new local writing with distinct regional traits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12271344)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(23ZR1425800)。
文摘In this paper,we study some dentabilities in Banach spaces which are closely related to the famous Radon-Nikodym property.We introduce the concepts of the weak^(*)-weak denting point and the weak^(*)-weak^(*)denting point of a set.These are the generalizations of the weak^(*)denting point of a set in a dual Banach space.By use of the weak^(*)-weak denting point,we characterize the very smooth space,the point of weak^(*)-weak continuity,and the extreme point of a unit ball in a dual Banach space.Meanwhile,we also characterize an approximatively weak compact Chebyshev set in dual Banach spaces.Moreover,we define the nearly weak dentability in Banach spaces,which is a generalization of near dentability.We prove the necessary and sufficient conditions of the reflexivity by nearly weak dentability.We also obtain that nearly weak dentability is equivalent to both the approximatively weak compactness of Banach spaces and the w-strong proximinality of every closed convex subset of Banach spaces.
基金funded by Researchers Supporting Program at King Saud University (RSPD2023R809).
文摘Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognition system are different types of presentation attacks like print attacks,3D mask attacks,replay attacks,etc.The proposed model uses pupil characteristics for liveness detection during the authentication process.The pupillary light reflex is an involuntary reaction controlling the pupil’s diameter at different light intensities.The proposed framework consists of two-phase methodologies.In the first phase,the pupil’s diameter is calculated by applying stimulus(light)in one eye of the subject and calculating the constriction of the pupil size on both eyes in different video frames.The above measurement is converted into feature space using Kohn and Clynes model-defined parameters.The Support Vector Machine is used to classify legitimate subjects when the diameter change is normal(or when the eye is alive)or illegitimate subjects when there is no change or abnormal oscillations of pupil behavior due to the presence of printed photograph,video,or 3D mask of the subject in front of the camera.In the second phase,we perform the facial recognition process.Scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)is used to find the features from the facial images,with each feature having a size of a 128-dimensional vector.These features are scale,rotation,and orientation invariant and are used for recognizing facial images.The brute force matching algorithm is used for matching features of two different images.The threshold value we considered is 0.08 for good matches.To analyze the performance of the framework,we tested our model in two Face antispoofing datasets named Replay attack datasets and CASIA-SURF datasets,which were used because they contain the videos of the subjects in each sample having three modalities(RGB,IR,Depth).The CASIA-SURF datasets showed an 89.9%Equal Error Rate,while the Replay Attack datasets showed a 92.1%Equal Error Rate.
文摘We prove Theorem 1. Let E be a finite dimensional subspace of X<sup>**</sup>, let F be a reflexive subspace of X<sup>*</sup>, and let ε】0 be given. Then there is a linear operator S: E→X such that ‖S‖‖S<sup>-1</sup>‖【1+ε, Sx=x whenever x∈E∩X, and f(Sx<sup>**</sup>)=x<sup>**</sup>（f） for all x<sup>**</sup>∈E and all f∈F. The proof depends upon two results we now recall.
文摘It is proved that any Von Neumann type subspace is reflexive.Particularly,allweakly closed-algebras and their weakly closed ideals are reflexive.Some results con-cerning hyperreflexivity of Von Neumann type subspace and Von Neumand algebra areobtained.
文摘In this paper, we investigate local properties in the system of completely 1-summing mapping spaces. We introduce notions of injectivity, local reflexivity, exactness, nuclearity and finite-representability in the system of completely 1-summing mapping spaces. First we obtain that if V has WEP, V is locally reflexive in the system (Ⅱ<sub>1</sub>(⋅,⋅), π<sub>1</sub>(⋅)) if and only if it is locally reflexive in the system (Ⅰ(⋅,⋅), t(⋅)). Furthermore we prove that an operator space V ⊆ B(H) is exact in the system (Ⅱ<sub>1</sub>(⋅,⋅), π<sub>1</sub>(⋅)) if and only if V is finitely representable in {M<sub>n</sub>}<sub>n∈N</sub> in the system (Ⅱ<sub>1</sub>(⋅,⋅), π<sub>1</sub>(⋅)). At last, we show that an operator space V is finitely representable in {M<sub>n</sub>}<sub>n∈N</sub> in the system (Ⅱ<sub>1</sub>(⋅,⋅), π<sub>1</sub>(⋅)) if and only if V = C.
基金This study was supported by the Pediatric Heart Center at Skåne University Hospital Lund and Lund University,and by the Swedish Children’s Heart Association.
文摘Background:Parents of children with complex right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT)anomalies are confronted with their child’s need for heart surgery early in life and repeated reoperations later on.Preoperative assessment needs to be performed whenever an indication for reoperation is suspected.The aim was to illuminate the experiences of parents of children diagnosed with RVOT anomalies,in particular,how they experience their child’s heart disease and everyday life during the assessment and after the decision on whether to perform a reoperation.Method:Individual interviews(n=27)were conducted with nine parents on three occasions between 2014 and 2016 and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.Results:The analysis resulted in the following five main coexisting themes:The heart surgery keeps my child alive illuminates parents’experiences during and after the assessment and emphasizes that heart surgery,although dreaded,is central for their child’s survival;Everyday struggles illuminates the different struggles parents had to face to ensure that their child would be in the best possible condition;the remaining three themes,Unconditional love,Trust in life,and Togetherness,illuminate the ways in which the parents gained inner strength and confidence in their everyday lives.Conclusion:Although the parents were grateful for the assessment and had learned to navigate among the fears it aroused,they experienced several distressing situations during the assessment process that should be addressed.By inviting both the parents and their child to participate in the child’s care,individualized support can take into account the needs of both parents and child.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81660270)Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(No.823RC497)+1 种基金"Nanhai Series"Talent Education ProgramKey Discipline Project of Pathophysiology of Hainan Medical University。
文摘Objective:Anesthetics are of great importance in avoiding severe pain and suffering in animals and ensuring experimental progress.This study was aimed at elucidating the anesthesia score of phenobarbital sodium as a general anesthetic at different concentrations and doses in BALB/c mice,and finding the suitable anesthesia strategies for experimental surgeries.Methods:Phenobarbital sodium was administrated intraperitoneally at the doses of 75,100,125,150,and 200 mg/kg and randomly in different concentrations(2%,5%,and 10%)to female BALB/c mice.The anesthesia score was evaluated based on the stimulus index including tail-pinch,front and hind limb withdrawal,and eyelid reflexes.The speed and duration of anesthesia in different groups were recorded per the occurrence and duration of the righting reflex.Results:The anesthetic effect of phenobarbital sodium on female BALB/c mice showed an obvious dose-dependency.Respiratory suppression caused by high-dose anesthesia may lead to mouse death.Based on the anesthesia score,when the phenobarbital sodium treatment was greater than or equal to five percent or 200 mg/kg,more than 80%mice meet the anesthesia depth that surgical operation needed.The rates of achieving surgical anesthesia depth(standard-reaching rate)in mice treated with 2%sodium phenobarbital were 0%in the 75 mg/kg group,0%in the 100 mg/kg group,50%in the 125 mg/kg group,66.7%in the 150 mg/kg group,and 100%in the 200 mg/kg group.The standard-reaching rate of mice treated with 5%concentration of phenobarbital sodium were:0%in the 75 mg/kg group,0%in the 100 mg/kg group,83.33%in the 125 mg/kg group,100%in the 150 mg/kg group,and 100%in the 200 mg/kg group.The standard-reaching rate of mice treated with 10%concentration of phenobarbital sodium were:50%in the 75 mg/kg group,66.7%in the 100 mg/kg group,100%in the 125 mg/kg group,100%in the 150mg/kg group,and 100%in the 200 mg/kg group.Sedation and hypnosis were induced in the low-concentration dose group,and anesthesia was induced in the high-concentration dose group.In the 5%and 125 mg/kg phenobarbital sodium groups,the mortality rate of mice was 0,the anesthesia induction time was(35.5±7.92)minutes,and the anesthesia duration was(106±39.59)minutes.In the 5%and 150 mg/kg phenobarbital sodium groups,the mortality rate of mice was 0,the anesthesia induction time was(34.83±5.27)minutes,and the anesthesia duration was(131.7±36.75)minutes.Conclusion:Phenobarbital sodium alone can provide appropriate general anesthesia in female BALB/c mice.Both the concentration and dose of phenobarbital sodium can affect the anesthetic effect.On the basis of our findings,we recommend the 5%and 125 mg/kg and 5%and 150 mg/kg concentration–dose combinations of phenobarbital sodium for anesthetizing mice according to the surgical requirement.
文摘Background: The utricular macula is located on the floor of the utricle, approximately in the plane of the lateral semicircular canal, and is oriented to respond best to lateral tilts and side-to-side or fore-and-aft translations of the head. However, the details of the otolith ocular reflex are unknown. Pathophysiology of transient direction-changing geotropic positional nystagmus is a canalolithiasis in the lateral semicircular canal. The principle of affected-ear-up 90° maneuver is moving debris from a long arm to the utricle, therefore debris stimulates the utricular macula in the sitting position after the treatment. Objective: To clarify whether nystagmus occurs by the stimulation to the macula of the utricle. Methods: The subjects were 10 patients with lateral semicircular canal canalolithiasis. After the diagnosis, we performed affected-ear-up 90° maneuver immediately. We observed eye movements in the sitting position (chin-down 30°) just after the treatment. Results: No one showed nystagmus in the sitting position after the treatment. In all patients, positional nystagmus disappeared within 7 days after the treatment. Conclusion: Nystagmus does not occur by the stimulation to the macula of the utricle. Hence, we cannot assess the function of the utricle by the analysis of eye movements, and ocular counter-rolling is considered to be a semicircular canal ocular reflex.
文摘Background: We have been performing a canalith repositioning procedure for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. When we adopted the Epley maneuver for posterior semicircular canal type, and affected-ear-up 90° maneuver for lateral semicircular canal type, we noticed that no nystagmus occurred in the sitting position just after treatment. Despite direct excitation to the utricle by the pathological debris, none of the subjects complained of dizziness. Thus, we hypothesized that nystagmus and dizziness do not occur by stimulation of the otolith organs. Objective: The aim of the study was to observe and record the eye movements induced by the otolith organs to confirm our hypothesis. Materials and Methods: Twelve healthy humans were tested. In the sitting position, the head was tilted to the right ear by 45° and vice versa. Afterward, the head was bent forward by 90° (nose-down), and the subject’s seat was reclined to the head-hanging position. Each position was kept for five seconds. We interviewed the subjects to assess their dizziness. Results: None of the subjects showed nystagmus and complained of dizziness in every position. Conclusions: Nystagmus does not occur by the stimulation to the otolith organs;therefore, ocular counter-rolling is a semicircular canal ocular reflex.
文摘Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases that affect many body systems including the auditory system. Objectives: To assess hearing thresholds and to ascertain types of hearing loss among Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis patients attending rheumatology clinic in Omdurman military hospital and matching them with non-rheumatoid arthritis subjects. Methodology: This descriptive and analytic (comparative) hospital based cross sectional study conducted from October 2020 to April 2021 which include 66 RA patients with age range (21 - 60 years) matched with 41 non-rheumatoid arthritis group sharing same characteristics (nation, gender and age). Pure tone audiometry, tympanometry and acoustic reflexes were done for all RA patients and matched groups. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the association and correlation tests for associations and t-test for independent samples. Results: Thirty-six (54.5%) of RA patients had hearing impairment versus 9 (22%) non-RA in PTA test. Twenty-four RA cases (36.3%) showed asymmetrical hearing threshold and graph in PTA between right and left ears. Thirty-four (51.5%) right and 36 (54.5%) left ears were normal degree followed by 23 (34.8%) in the right and 24 (36.4%) in the left ears were mild degree hearing loss. Among hearing impaired RA patients;20 right ears (62.5%) and 19 left ears (65.5%) had sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), conductive hearing loss 11 (34.4%) right ears and 9 (31%) left ears. Mixed HL was in 1 right ear (3.1%) and 1 left ear (3.5%). The most common degree of SNHL type was mild in (75%) and (78.9%) in right and left ears respectively, moderate and moderate severe were (20%) in the right and (15.7%) in the left ears. Fifty-eight right ears (87.9%) and 56 left ears (84.8%) had type A tympanogram while 7 (10.6%) right ears and 9 left ears (13.6%) were type As tympanogram, one right and one left ears had type Ad tympanogram. Acoustic reflex was impaired in 17 right ears and 17 left ears (25.8% for both). There were significant statistical differences in most of the specific frequency means between the study group and non-rheumatoid group in the right and left ears p-value 0.05). Also there was no significant statistical association between anti-rheumatic drugs used and hearing threshold of RA patients (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: Hearing impairment especially sensorineural type is common in Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis patients. Conductive hearing loss is less common and most likely due to ossicles diarthrodial joint stiffness. No influence of the disease activity or used anti-rheumatic drugs on hearing threshold of the RA patients was detected in this study.
基金supported by 2014 Higher Education Reform Project of Education Department of Henan,China(No.2014SJGLX119)
文摘In this paper, we elucidate the concept and characteristics of action learning as well as summarize the re?exivity, cooperativeness, and subjectivity of this approach. Furthermore, we describe the effects and limitations of action learning when applied in nursing management, nursing education, and clinical practice, among various ?elds.
文摘Public stigma and self-stigma impact negatively on the lives of people with mental health issues.Many people in society stereotype and discriminate against people with mental ill-health,and often this negative process of marginalisation is internalised by people with lived experiences.Thus,this negative internalisation leads to the development of self-stigma.In this article,I reflect on my own experiences of shame and self-stigma as a person with mental ill-health socially bullied by peers from my community and social groups.I present a personal narrative of both public and self-stigmatisation which I hope will enable me to exorcise memories of internalised stigma,which are encountered as my demons of lived experience.Using reflexivity,a process used widely in health and social care fields,I consider how social bullying shattered my fragile confidence,selfesteem,and self-efficacy in the early days of my recovery;the impact of associative stigma on family members is also explored.Following this,the potential to empower people who experience shame and stigma is explored alongside effective anti-stigma processes which challenge discrimination.I connect the concept of recovery with the notion of empowerment,both of which emphasise the importance of agency and self-efficacy for people with mental illhealth.Finally,I consider how the concepts of empowerment and recovery can challenge both the public stigma held by peers in the community and the selfstigma of those with lived experiences.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11701024)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019RC17)。
文摘Factor properties and their structures are important themes in combinatorics on words.Let D be the infinite one-sided sequence over the alphabet{a,b}generated by the period-doubling substitutionσ(a)=ab andσ(b)=aa.In this paper,we determine the derived sequence D_(ω)(D)for any factorω■D,and study some factor spectra using the structures of derived sequences.We also prove the reflexivity property of derived sequences.
