In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactiv...In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactively enforce content regulations in accordance with legal censorship obligations.Additionally,platform policies and user agreements augment their authority in content regulation.The platforms can achieve cost-effective and highly efficient content regulation by leveraging their strategic advantages enabled by their own technical capabilities and extensive coverage.The platform self-regulation model,however,still faces challenges.First,accurately evaluating content remains a formidable task;second,ensuring effective platform publicity through self-regulation poses difficulties;third,users may potentially face disadvantages due to the platform’s right of self-regulation;and fourth,digital copyright owners face challenges when defending digital copyright disputes under the safe harbor rule.Therefore,it is imperative to establish,review,and revise the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms in order to enhance the efficiency of their governance systems.The formulation of the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms may encompass the following aspects:rationalizing obligations pertaining to platform content regulations,enhancing supervision over platform self-regulation,and establishing a dual-track responsibility system for digital copyright content regulation.This will ensure a harmonious balance among public interests,users’personal rights and interests,and commercial benefits through regulating the content on network platforms.展开更多
Based on the analysis of the existing teaching situation of the“Construction Engineering Regulations”course,this paper divides the course content into three parts according to the course characteristics and content,...Based on the analysis of the existing teaching situation of the“Construction Engineering Regulations”course,this paper divides the course content into three parts according to the course characteristics and content,and explores three corresponding teaching modes.The proportion of student-led relationships in the three teaching modes is 80%,60%,and 90%,respectively,realizing a teaching mechanism centered on students and stimulating students’interest in independent learning.Teaching methods such as problem-oriented learning,group discussion,student reporting,MOOC(massive open online course),case analysis,etc.,have been used to establish a variety of comprehensive examination mechanisms such as quiz games,follow-up tests,and work displays.Practice has shown that after adopting these three teaching modes,classroom teaching efficiency has significantly improved,and students’abilities in exploration,expression,innovation,and team cooperation have also been enhanced.展开更多
The eradication of poliomyelitis is a landmark achievement in the history of public health, providing strong protection for children’s health. The introduction of the Chinese Regulations for the Manufacture and Contr...The eradication of poliomyelitis is a landmark achievement in the history of public health, providing strong protection for children’s health. The introduction of the Chinese Regulations for the Manufacture and Control of Live Poliovirus Vaccine is a prerequisite and safeguard for the large-scale production and use of domestically produced live poliovirus vaccines, serving as an indispensable component of vaccine safety. This article, based on archival documents, letters, collections of essays, and oral interviews, examines the historical experience of the development of Chinese Regulations for the Manufacture and Control of Live Poliovirus Vaccine. It contends that the emphasis on localization and the active engagement in international cooperation are critical factors in the swift introduction of Chinese Regulations for the Manufacture and Control of Live Poliovirus Vaccine.展开更多
Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)is a promising method to solve current environment and energy issues.Copper-based catalysts have been widely studied for converting CO_(2) into value-added ...Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)is a promising method to solve current environment and energy issues.Copper-based catalysts have been widely studied for converting CO_(2) into value-added hy-drocarbon products.Cu monometallic catalyst has been proved to have some shortcomings,including relatively high energy barriers and diverse reaction pathways,leading to low reaction activities and poor product selec-tivity,respectively.Recently copper-based bimetallic tandem catalysts have attracted extensive attentions due to their special catalyst structure,which can be easily regulated to achieve high CO_(2) RR reactivity and product selectivity.With the development of quantum chemistry calculations and spectroscopic characterization methods,deep understandings of CO_(2) RR from the mechanism perspective provide a broad horizon for the design of effi-cient catalysts.This review offers a good summary of reaction mechanisms and product regulation strategies over copper-based bimetallic catalysts,along with a brief discussion on future directions towards their practical applications.展开更多
The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),proposed by China,is an important platform for regional cooperation,serving the international economic and trade exchanges.The BRI Green Innovation Conference 2023 was held on August ...The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),proposed by China,is an important platform for regional cooperation,serving the international economic and trade exchanges.The BRI Green Innovation Conference 2023 was held on August 20 in Shenzhen,Guangdong province.Themed“high-quality development promoting green construction of BRI”,the conference was held by Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment,BRI International Green Development Coalition,Shenzhen Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau,and Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences,and hosted by the Belt and Road Environmental Technology Exchange and Transfer Center(Shenzhen).展开更多
On April 4th,2023,National Medical Products Administration introduced the announcement(No.36,2023)as regards the Regulations on Online Cosmetics Management and Supervision which will be implemented on September 1st,20...On April 4th,2023,National Medical Products Administration introduced the announcement(No.36,2023)as regards the Regulations on Online Cosmetics Management and Supervision which will be implemented on September 1st,2023.The Regulations contains five chapters consisted of 35 articles which involve general provisions,platform management,management concerning cosmetics managers at the platform,supervision and management of cosmetics operators within the platform.展开更多
This paper uses the gravity model to examine the effect of environmental regulations on pork trade flows between different regions within China.We apply a linear programming tool to estimate pork trade flows from 2000...This paper uses the gravity model to examine the effect of environmental regulations on pork trade flows between different regions within China.We apply a linear programming tool to estimate pork trade flows from 2000 to 2008,and discuss the environmental acts on livestock pollution and income level to proxy environmental regulations.We use OLS regression and panel data with dummy variable in the cross-sectional GLS estimation.Our results indicate that the gap of environmental regulations between trade partners has a positive relationship with pork trade flows,and the difference in environmental regulations changes the traditional comparative advantage pattern to some extent.This paper provides convincing evidence for the pollution haven effect on livestock in China.展开更多
Technology for safe firing area maps was introduced firstly,and then potential danger after the launching of shells by an antiaircraft gun and a rocket was analyzed.Finally,problems in the process of applying the regu...Technology for safe firing area maps was introduced firstly,and then potential danger after the launching of shells by an antiaircraft gun and a rocket was analyzed.Finally,problems in the process of applying the regulations and their solutions were discussed.The application of safe firing area maps can provide technical support for the efficient development of weather modification operation.展开更多
Introduction Excessive narrowing of airways is the most important pathological feature of asthma,but its mechanism remains puzzling.One certain thing is that the contraction of airway smooth muscle(ASM)ultimately caus...Introduction Excessive narrowing of airways is the most important pathological feature of asthma,but its mechanism remains puzzling.One certain thing is that the contraction of airway smooth muscle(ASM)ultimately causes airway narrowing,thus both structural and functional alterations of airway smooth muscle(ASM)are thought as common final pathway responsible for the bronchial hyperresponsiveness(BHR),the hall mark of asthma.Many chemical and physical factors such as air pollutants,inflammatory agents,mechanical and geometrical properties of the microenvironment could influence structure and/or function of ASM cells.In addition,some re-展开更多
This paper summarized the regulations related to dishwasher detergents from four perspectives:cleaning performance,rinsing performance,energy and water consumption during usage,environmental and biological safety.Fina...This paper summarized the regulations related to dishwasher detergents from four perspectives:cleaning performance,rinsing performance,energy and water consumption during usage,environmental and biological safety.Finally,the trend of detergents for auto-dishwasher has been summarized.展开更多
Smart growth policies advocate for economically viable,environmentally conscientious,and socially equitable solutions for urban development.These policies were developed largely in response to issues rooted in the aut...Smart growth policies advocate for economically viable,environmentally conscientious,and socially equitable solutions for urban development.These policies were developed largely in response to issues rooted in the automobile-oriented culture:air pollution,high greenhouse gas emissions,traffic congestion,and sedentary lifestyles.In urban settings,a good transportation alternative is cycling,since it is able to serve the travel needs of nearly half of city dwellers' daily trips.Many European and Canadian cities have successfully increased cycling rates by creating safer bicycle environments and restricting or discouraging automobile use.To evaluate the potential effects of the above measures on American urban areas,this paper examines case studies of cycle tracks and bicycle boulevards implemented in American cities,and how these facility improvements have changed how safe cyclists feel on the road and overall bicycle usage.Results show the two methods are indeed effective in increasing bicycle usage rates.Ultimately,increasing cycling rates needs policies to discourage people from driving,the greatest mode share in nearly all urban areas.Parking policy has major impacts on people's decision to use the automobile.Currently,parking is oversupplied and underpriced in many cities,making it irresistible for people to drive.Decreasing the number of parking spaces available and increasing their price will increase pressure on drivers to drive less,especially for short trips,and to bike instead.It is important for planners and policy makers to realize that solutions from both directions,making biking more enjoyable and making parking,and hence driving,less affordable,should be used in tandem.The complementary nature of the two approaches makes it so the effect of the combination is greater than the sum of the two.展开更多
Objective: This study aimed to explore the 100-year changes in regulations for the Florence Nightingale Medal.Methods: We used the announcements of the Florence Nightingale Medal awards as the research object to analy...Objective: This study aimed to explore the 100-year changes in regulations for the Florence Nightingale Medal.Methods: We used the announcements of the Florence Nightingale Medal awards as the research object to analyze-via historical and inductive methods-the regulations for receiving the Florence Nightingale Medal.Results: In the award years, the greatest number of winners per award year was 71 and the lowest was 12. The medal was initially exclusively awarded to living people but evolved to include both living and deceased people. The recipients were balanced among all countries. The gender of the winners showed a changing trend from being limited to only females to including both males and females.There was also a shift from emphasis on only dedication of the recipient to equal emphasis on both dedication and innovation.Conclusions: The selection criteria for recipients of the Florence Nightingale Medal evolved from consideration of those showing only dedication to equal consideration of both dedication and innovation.展开更多
Numerous studies evaluated the effects of end-of-pipe control environmental regulations(EER).However,few scholars discussed the effects of process management environmental regulations(PER),such as the China Cleaner Pr...Numerous studies evaluated the effects of end-of-pipe control environmental regulations(EER).However,few scholars discussed the effects of process management environmental regulations(PER),such as the China Cleaner Production Standards(CCPS)implemented by the country's Ministry of Ecology and Environment.Using data on China's manufacturing enterprises,this paper adopts the CCPS policies as quasi-natural experiments and uses differences-in-differences(DID)methods to analyze their effects on enterprise profitability and profit quality,respectively.The results show that:first,the CCPS significantly improve both profitability and profit quality;that is,the implementation of the environmental regulation policy plays a significant role in improving enterprise profit rates and cash flows.Second,for the profitability mediator effects,the short-term Porter effect of CCPS is not significant but shows the opposite during the lag period and significantly reduces the management cost and wage levels,comprehensively promoting enterprise profitability.Third,for the profit quality meditator effects,environmental regulations improve the enterprises'cash flow by reducing management costs and increasing government subsidies;however,its effect on bank credit subsidies is not significant.Fourth,for the moderator effects,the environmental regulations'effect on enterprises profitability and profit quality depends on the strategic interaction among local governments,the scale and ownership of the enterprise,and regional differences.That is,the strategic interaction weakens the effect of environmental regulations on enterprise performance.Environmental regulations have a stronger influence on profitability and profit quality for large-scale,state-owned,and coastal enterprises.展开更多
The coronavirus pandemic has affected all facets of our lives and all ages and social strata worldwide.Measures have been taken to protect against the spread of the virus,such as more rigorous hand hygiene,the use of ...The coronavirus pandemic has affected all facets of our lives and all ages and social strata worldwide.Measures have been taken to protect against the spread of the virus,such as more rigorous hand hygiene,the use of face masks and social distancing.However,the focus has often been on young people,who have been seen as a group lacking sufficient respect for government-imposed measures.This review outlines the preventive measures that have been taken in different countries and discusses their specific impact on young people and adolescents,taking into account the developmental stage and concrete needs of this age group.It summarizes those studies that have provided information on compliance with preventive measures by young people and adolescents,concluding that although compliance levels among this age group are lower than among older adults,the general view of youths as non-compliant is not consistent with real,objective data.The review also summarizes different views regarding the possible reasons for this lower level of compliance,taking into account both social(gender and age)and personal factors(personality,empathy,prosociality,self-control,cognitive styles and motivations),and discusses the practical implications of these findings for the future.展开更多
The Villagers' Charter of Self-government,as a senior form of village regulations and folk conventions,is the general charter of villagers' self-government. It is a small constitution of villagers,so it holds ...The Villagers' Charter of Self-government,as a senior form of village regulations and folk conventions,is the general charter of villagers' self-government. It is a small constitution of villagers,so it holds an important position in the villager autonomy system. Such position gives the credit to both historic and realistic objective factors. Rise of state power,vacancy of legislation,accumulation of excellent traditional resources,and democracy and contract spirit in village regulations and folk conventions will certainly accelerate development of village regulations and folk conventions and promote gradual improvement in the villager autonomy system.展开更多
According to the experiment and production practice,this paper brings forward the technical regulations on the production technology,the environmental conditions of production area,the output index,the site selection ...According to the experiment and production practice,this paper brings forward the technical regulations on the production technology,the environmental conditions of production area,the output index,the site selection and land preparation,the variety selection and seed quality,the fertilization,the sowing,the field management,the pest and disease control,the harvesting,the storage,the filing etc. about the adzuki beans in Qingyang City.展开更多
Occupational health and safety continues to be a major component of the built environment. The study investigates the effectiveness of occupational health and safety laws and regulations in the construction industry i...Occupational health and safety continues to be a major component of the built environment. The study investigates the effectiveness of occupational health and safety laws and regulations in the construction industry in Ghana and identifies the influencing factors. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among 49 stakeholders from four relevant groups—regulatory institutions, consultants, contractors, artisans and labourers. The findings of the study suggest that the existing occupational health and safety legal and regulatory framework is barely effective. Stakeholders were aware of the existence of some laws and regulations but mostly could not identify the specific laws and their relevant contents. Consequently, compliance is found to be irregular. The key recurring factors affecting effectiveness of occupational health and safety laws and regulations include: negligence and lack of priority for occupational health and safety, lack of training, lack of funds for occupational health and safety, lack of capacity of regulatory and supervisory institutions, and lack of occupational health and safety education within construction firms. The findings of the study are foundational in strategic interventions aimed at improving compliance with occupational health and safety laws and regulations in the construction industry of Ghana.展开更多
The market and popularity of e-cigarettes are growing rapidly worldwide.However,the research and regulation of this novel products have lagged behind.In this paper,we reviewed and compared the regulatory mechanisms re...The market and popularity of e-cigarettes are growing rapidly worldwide.However,the research and regulation of this novel products have lagged behind.In this paper,we reviewed and compared the regulatory mechanisms regarding e-cigarettes among ten Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)member states.Our findings demonstrated a continuum of the legal regulations of e-cigarettes in this region:on the one hand,countries such as Brunei,Cambodia,Thailand,and Singapore have prohibited the importation and sale of e-cigarettes with existing tobacco control laws or specific regulations;on the other,countries such as Myanmar and Vietnam had almost no legal restrictions on e-cigarettes whatsoever.This overview of national regulations not only clarified the legal status of e-cigarettes in the ASEAN region but also provided informing lessons for countries currently lacking e-cigarette regulations such as China.展开更多
基金This paper is a phased achievement of the key project of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission entitled“Research on Establishment of Regional Legal Framework for Rural Revitalization”(Project No.23SKJD033)the university-level project of Southwest University of Political Science&Law entitled“A Comparative Study on Legislation for Agricultural and Rural Modernization”(Project No.DFLF2020Y12).
文摘In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactively enforce content regulations in accordance with legal censorship obligations.Additionally,platform policies and user agreements augment their authority in content regulation.The platforms can achieve cost-effective and highly efficient content regulation by leveraging their strategic advantages enabled by their own technical capabilities and extensive coverage.The platform self-regulation model,however,still faces challenges.First,accurately evaluating content remains a formidable task;second,ensuring effective platform publicity through self-regulation poses difficulties;third,users may potentially face disadvantages due to the platform’s right of self-regulation;and fourth,digital copyright owners face challenges when defending digital copyright disputes under the safe harbor rule.Therefore,it is imperative to establish,review,and revise the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms in order to enhance the efficiency of their governance systems.The formulation of the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms may encompass the following aspects:rationalizing obligations pertaining to platform content regulations,enhancing supervision over platform self-regulation,and establishing a dual-track responsibility system for digital copyright content regulation.This will ensure a harmonious balance among public interests,users’personal rights and interests,and commercial benefits through regulating the content on network platforms.
文摘Based on the analysis of the existing teaching situation of the“Construction Engineering Regulations”course,this paper divides the course content into three parts according to the course characteristics and content,and explores three corresponding teaching modes.The proportion of student-led relationships in the three teaching modes is 80%,60%,and 90%,respectively,realizing a teaching mechanism centered on students and stimulating students’interest in independent learning.Teaching methods such as problem-oriented learning,group discussion,student reporting,MOOC(massive open online course),case analysis,etc.,have been used to establish a variety of comprehensive examination mechanisms such as quiz games,follow-up tests,and work displays.Practice has shown that after adopting these three teaching modes,classroom teaching efficiency has significantly improved,and students’abilities in exploration,expression,innovation,and team cooperation have also been enhanced.
基金This work was supported by a key project of the 14th Five Year Plan of the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(E2291J01)the Youth Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(E3292G02).
文摘The eradication of poliomyelitis is a landmark achievement in the history of public health, providing strong protection for children’s health. The introduction of the Chinese Regulations for the Manufacture and Control of Live Poliovirus Vaccine is a prerequisite and safeguard for the large-scale production and use of domestically produced live poliovirus vaccines, serving as an indispensable component of vaccine safety. This article, based on archival documents, letters, collections of essays, and oral interviews, examines the historical experience of the development of Chinese Regulations for the Manufacture and Control of Live Poliovirus Vaccine. It contends that the emphasis on localization and the active engagement in international cooperation are critical factors in the swift introduction of Chinese Regulations for the Manufacture and Control of Live Poliovirus Vaccine.
基金financial support from National Na-ture Science Foundation of China(Nos.22078232 and 21938008)the Science and Technology Major Project of Tianjin(Nos.19ZXNCGX00030 and 20JCYBJC00870)Seed Foundation of Tianjin University(2022XJS-0051).
文摘Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR)is a promising method to solve current environment and energy issues.Copper-based catalysts have been widely studied for converting CO_(2) into value-added hy-drocarbon products.Cu monometallic catalyst has been proved to have some shortcomings,including relatively high energy barriers and diverse reaction pathways,leading to low reaction activities and poor product selec-tivity,respectively.Recently copper-based bimetallic tandem catalysts have attracted extensive attentions due to their special catalyst structure,which can be easily regulated to achieve high CO_(2) RR reactivity and product selectivity.With the development of quantum chemistry calculations and spectroscopic characterization methods,deep understandings of CO_(2) RR from the mechanism perspective provide a broad horizon for the design of effi-cient catalysts.This review offers a good summary of reaction mechanisms and product regulation strategies over copper-based bimetallic catalysts,along with a brief discussion on future directions towards their practical applications.
文摘The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),proposed by China,is an important platform for regional cooperation,serving the international economic and trade exchanges.The BRI Green Innovation Conference 2023 was held on August 20 in Shenzhen,Guangdong province.Themed“high-quality development promoting green construction of BRI”,the conference was held by Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment,BRI International Green Development Coalition,Shenzhen Municipal Ecological Environment Bureau,and Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences,and hosted by the Belt and Road Environmental Technology Exchange and Transfer Center(Shenzhen).
文摘On April 4th,2023,National Medical Products Administration introduced the announcement(No.36,2023)as regards the Regulations on Online Cosmetics Management and Supervision which will be implemented on September 1st,2023.The Regulations contains five chapters consisted of 35 articles which involve general provisions,platform management,management concerning cosmetics managers at the platform,supervision and management of cosmetics operators within the platform.
基金supported by Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education[12YJCZH275]
文摘This paper uses the gravity model to examine the effect of environmental regulations on pork trade flows between different regions within China.We apply a linear programming tool to estimate pork trade flows from 2000 to 2008,and discuss the environmental acts on livestock pollution and income level to proxy environmental regulations.We use OLS regression and panel data with dummy variable in the cross-sectional GLS estimation.Our results indicate that the gap of environmental regulations between trade partners has a positive relationship with pork trade flows,and the difference in environmental regulations changes the traditional comparative advantage pattern to some extent.This paper provides convincing evidence for the pollution haven effect on livestock in China.
基金Supported by Project for Research on Meteorological Science and Technology of Weifang Meteorological Bureau(2016wfqxkt04)
文摘Technology for safe firing area maps was introduced firstly,and then potential danger after the launching of shells by an antiaircraft gun and a rocket was analyzed.Finally,problems in the process of applying the regulations and their solutions were discussed.The application of safe firing area maps can provide technical support for the efficient development of weather modification operation.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 11172340)Training Program for Hundreds of Distinguished Leading Scientists of Chongqing+3 种基金Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.CSTC2010BA5001,CSTC2012jjA0588)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.CQDXWL-2012-123)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20120191120032)Sharing Fund of Chongqing University's LargeScale Equipment(Grant No.2010063057,2011063048,2011063049)
文摘Introduction Excessive narrowing of airways is the most important pathological feature of asthma,but its mechanism remains puzzling.One certain thing is that the contraction of airway smooth muscle(ASM)ultimately causes airway narrowing,thus both structural and functional alterations of airway smooth muscle(ASM)are thought as common final pathway responsible for the bronchial hyperresponsiveness(BHR),the hall mark of asthma.Many chemical and physical factors such as air pollutants,inflammatory agents,mechanical and geometrical properties of the microenvironment could influence structure and/or function of ASM cells.In addition,some re-
文摘This paper summarized the regulations related to dishwasher detergents from four perspectives:cleaning performance,rinsing performance,energy and water consumption during usage,environmental and biological safety.Finally,the trend of detergents for auto-dishwasher has been summarized.
文摘Smart growth policies advocate for economically viable,environmentally conscientious,and socially equitable solutions for urban development.These policies were developed largely in response to issues rooted in the automobile-oriented culture:air pollution,high greenhouse gas emissions,traffic congestion,and sedentary lifestyles.In urban settings,a good transportation alternative is cycling,since it is able to serve the travel needs of nearly half of city dwellers' daily trips.Many European and Canadian cities have successfully increased cycling rates by creating safer bicycle environments and restricting or discouraging automobile use.To evaluate the potential effects of the above measures on American urban areas,this paper examines case studies of cycle tracks and bicycle boulevards implemented in American cities,and how these facility improvements have changed how safe cyclists feel on the road and overall bicycle usage.Results show the two methods are indeed effective in increasing bicycle usage rates.Ultimately,increasing cycling rates needs policies to discourage people from driving,the greatest mode share in nearly all urban areas.Parking policy has major impacts on people's decision to use the automobile.Currently,parking is oversupplied and underpriced in many cities,making it irresistible for people to drive.Decreasing the number of parking spaces available and increasing their price will increase pressure on drivers to drive less,especially for short trips,and to bike instead.It is important for planners and policy makers to realize that solutions from both directions,making biking more enjoyable and making parking,and hence driving,less affordable,should be used in tandem.The complementary nature of the two approaches makes it so the effect of the combination is greater than the sum of the two.
基金supported by the Special Fund of Key Discipline Construction(the characteristic subject of Nursing course)of Shanxi Province in China
文摘Objective: This study aimed to explore the 100-year changes in regulations for the Florence Nightingale Medal.Methods: We used the announcements of the Florence Nightingale Medal awards as the research object to analyze-via historical and inductive methods-the regulations for receiving the Florence Nightingale Medal.Results: In the award years, the greatest number of winners per award year was 71 and the lowest was 12. The medal was initially exclusively awarded to living people but evolved to include both living and deceased people. The recipients were balanced among all countries. The gender of the winners showed a changing trend from being limited to only females to including both males and females.There was also a shift from emphasis on only dedication of the recipient to equal emphasis on both dedication and innovation.Conclusions: The selection criteria for recipients of the Florence Nightingale Medal evolved from consideration of those showing only dedication to equal consideration of both dedication and innovation.
基金This study is supported by the Dengfeng Strategy of the key discipline construction project,“Environmental Technology Economics”,at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences[Grant number.2017-ZXKHJ]the National Social Science Fund Youth Fund Project:“Research on the effect Mechanism and Heterogeneity of Environmental Regulation on the Formation of Zombie Enterprises”[Grant number.19CJY028]+1 种基金General Project funded by the National Social Science Foundation:Economic Mechanism Analysis and Management Innovation System Study in Rural Water Environment Issues[Grant Number.10BJY064]the project funded by the Basic Business Fund of High Learning Institutions of the Central Government:Obstacles and Countermeasures to Spatial Integration of Economic Growth:with Yangtze River Economic Belt as an example[Grant number.20156322020201].
文摘Numerous studies evaluated the effects of end-of-pipe control environmental regulations(EER).However,few scholars discussed the effects of process management environmental regulations(PER),such as the China Cleaner Production Standards(CCPS)implemented by the country's Ministry of Ecology and Environment.Using data on China's manufacturing enterprises,this paper adopts the CCPS policies as quasi-natural experiments and uses differences-in-differences(DID)methods to analyze their effects on enterprise profitability and profit quality,respectively.The results show that:first,the CCPS significantly improve both profitability and profit quality;that is,the implementation of the environmental regulation policy plays a significant role in improving enterprise profit rates and cash flows.Second,for the profitability mediator effects,the short-term Porter effect of CCPS is not significant but shows the opposite during the lag period and significantly reduces the management cost and wage levels,comprehensively promoting enterprise profitability.Third,for the profit quality meditator effects,environmental regulations improve the enterprises'cash flow by reducing management costs and increasing government subsidies;however,its effect on bank credit subsidies is not significant.Fourth,for the moderator effects,the environmental regulations'effect on enterprises profitability and profit quality depends on the strategic interaction among local governments,the scale and ownership of the enterprise,and regional differences.That is,the strategic interaction weakens the effect of environmental regulations on enterprise performance.Environmental regulations have a stronger influence on profitability and profit quality for large-scale,state-owned,and coastal enterprises.
文摘The coronavirus pandemic has affected all facets of our lives and all ages and social strata worldwide.Measures have been taken to protect against the spread of the virus,such as more rigorous hand hygiene,the use of face masks and social distancing.However,the focus has often been on young people,who have been seen as a group lacking sufficient respect for government-imposed measures.This review outlines the preventive measures that have been taken in different countries and discusses their specific impact on young people and adolescents,taking into account the developmental stage and concrete needs of this age group.It summarizes those studies that have provided information on compliance with preventive measures by young people and adolescents,concluding that although compliance levels among this age group are lower than among older adults,the general view of youths as non-compliant is not consistent with real,objective data.The review also summarizes different views regarding the possible reasons for this lower level of compliance,taking into account both social(gender and age)and personal factors(personality,empathy,prosociality,self-control,cognitive styles and motivations),and discusses the practical implications of these findings for the future.
基金Supported by Key Bidding Project of National Social Science in 2011(11&ZD070)
文摘The Villagers' Charter of Self-government,as a senior form of village regulations and folk conventions,is the general charter of villagers' self-government. It is a small constitution of villagers,so it holds an important position in the villager autonomy system. Such position gives the credit to both historic and realistic objective factors. Rise of state power,vacancy of legislation,accumulation of excellent traditional resources,and democracy and contract spirit in village regulations and folk conventions will certainly accelerate development of village regulations and folk conventions and promote gradual improvement in the villager autonomy system.
基金Supported by the First Batch of Planned Revised Local Standards of Gansu Provincial Bureau of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China in 2016(2016-T-015)
文摘According to the experiment and production practice,this paper brings forward the technical regulations on the production technology,the environmental conditions of production area,the output index,the site selection and land preparation,the variety selection and seed quality,the fertilization,the sowing,the field management,the pest and disease control,the harvesting,the storage,the filing etc. about the adzuki beans in Qingyang City.
文摘Occupational health and safety continues to be a major component of the built environment. The study investigates the effectiveness of occupational health and safety laws and regulations in the construction industry in Ghana and identifies the influencing factors. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among 49 stakeholders from four relevant groups—regulatory institutions, consultants, contractors, artisans and labourers. The findings of the study suggest that the existing occupational health and safety legal and regulatory framework is barely effective. Stakeholders were aware of the existence of some laws and regulations but mostly could not identify the specific laws and their relevant contents. Consequently, compliance is found to be irregular. The key recurring factors affecting effectiveness of occupational health and safety laws and regulations include: negligence and lack of priority for occupational health and safety, lack of training, lack of funds for occupational health and safety, lack of capacity of regulatory and supervisory institutions, and lack of occupational health and safety education within construction firms. The findings of the study are foundational in strategic interventions aimed at improving compliance with occupational health and safety laws and regulations in the construction industry of Ghana.
文摘The market and popularity of e-cigarettes are growing rapidly worldwide.However,the research and regulation of this novel products have lagged behind.In this paper,we reviewed and compared the regulatory mechanisms regarding e-cigarettes among ten Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)member states.Our findings demonstrated a continuum of the legal regulations of e-cigarettes in this region:on the one hand,countries such as Brunei,Cambodia,Thailand,and Singapore have prohibited the importation and sale of e-cigarettes with existing tobacco control laws or specific regulations;on the other,countries such as Myanmar and Vietnam had almost no legal restrictions on e-cigarettes whatsoever.This overview of national regulations not only clarified the legal status of e-cigarettes in the ASEAN region but also provided informing lessons for countries currently lacking e-cigarette regulations such as China.
