Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 c...Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 cells/mm3. HIV/AIDS infection complications include tissue damage from oral lesions accompanied with pains. Pain is a disagreeable sensory and sensitive experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. This condition requires immediate treatment with analgesics and antibiotics. However, the inability of rural dwellers to afford readily available drugs is a consequence for using herbs like Bidens pilosa whose local usefulness in the management of oral lesions of HIV/AIDS has not been proven scientifically. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide the scientific basis in rats for the traditional healers’ use of Bidens pilosa leaves’ extracts in managing pain associated with oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. Assessment of the analgesic effects of Bidens pilosa was conducted using acetic acid in mice, formalin-induced pain and tail flick methods in rats. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa produced statistically significant dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced pain, non dose dependent pain reduction in formalin induced pain, (p < 0.05;student t-test) and non dose dependent tail withdrawal pattern (p < 0.05, Multivariate ANOVA test). Hence, we conclude that extracts of Bidens pilosa have an analgesic basis for their local use in treatment of oral lesions associated pain in HIV/AIDS patients in South-Western Uganda.展开更多
Rodent-borne leptospirosis is by far the most common bacterial zoonosis and it is an important emerging global public health concern in Southeast Asia.Bacterial pathogens associated with rodents,especially those that ...Rodent-borne leptospirosis is by far the most common bacterial zoonosis and it is an important emerging global public health concern in Southeast Asia.Bacterial pathogens associated with rodents,especially those that live in close association with humans have been underreported.To fill this knowledge gap,the present study was undertaken to explore other neglected disease agents that can naturally infect synanthropic rodents.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the prevalence of Calodium hepaticum(C.hepaticum)in rodents and insectivores from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River in China,and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of hepati...Objective:To investigate the prevalence of Calodium hepaticum(C.hepaticum)in rodents and insectivores from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River in China,and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of hepatic Calodium infection.Methods:Rodents and insectivores were captured from three selected Yangtze River beaches using mousetraps.The three survey sites were divided into six areas according to natural conditions,with 60 mousetraps placed in each area.The liver lesions in the captured rodents were observed by the naked eye and the eggs in the liver tissue were observed by microscopic examination.Results:A total of 1080 mousetraps were placed,and 1075 mousetraps were retrieved,with the retrieve rate as 99.5%.A total of 101 Apodemus agrarius,12 Rattus norvegicus,and 9 Crocidura attenuata were caught.The average density of rodents and insectivores was 10.5%and 0.8%,respectively.DNA of egg nodules from infected rodents showed 98%similarity with that of C.hepaticum 18 S rRNA(LC425008.1).One Rattus norvegicus was infected with C.hepaticum,with an infection rate of 3.23%in the Erqi river beach;the other two beaches did not show the incidence of C.hepaticum.Conclusions:The monitoring of C.hepaticum in the Yangtze River beaches should be strengthened to reduce the risk of human C.hepaticum infection.展开更多
Tick-Borne Rickettsial Diseases (TBRD) are emerging zoonotic diseases, and a problem of human health and veterinary medication. The distribution of these diseases is related to the distribution of vector. The presence...Tick-Borne Rickettsial Diseases (TBRD) are emerging zoonotic diseases, and a problem of human health and veterinary medication. The distribution of these diseases is related to the distribution of vector. The presence of pathogens in the host is a risk indicator of population exposure to these areas. A total of 478 tissues samples from rodents, A. phagocytophilum 18 (3.7%), E. canis 47 (9.8%), Rickettsia rickettsii 18 (3.7%) and E. chaffeensis 19 (3.9%) were detected using species-specific PCR assay. It is the first report in Mexico the presence of rodents infected with A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis. The rodent Peromyscus spp. were the most commonly prevalent host of infection for all the bacteria’s. We have to consider as host of TBRD transmitter and provide a useful contribution to understanding their epidemiology. The health sector should be considered all the fevers of unknown causes in humans and animals in Mexico as infections by these vector-borne rickettsial pathogens.展开更多
<strong>Objectives:</strong> The digestive track of mice and humans has always been an integral part of the pathogenesis of the Trypanosomes but is constantly overlooked. This realization opens up complete...<strong>Objectives:</strong> The digestive track of mice and humans has always been an integral part of the pathogenesis of the Trypanosomes but is constantly overlooked. This realization opens up completely new strategies for the development of trypanosomes vaccines, allowing approaches that parenteral delivery forms would not permit. The target of the study was to compare the haematological changes and immunological responses of trypanosomiasis model systems (mice and rats) inoculated orally and intraperitoneally and to observe the afterward effect of a controlled drug [Isometamidium chloride (ISM)] in the restoration of these initial parameters. <strong>Methods:</strong> To achieve this, a total of 40 rodents (20 rats and 20 mice) were purchased, then grouped into two [sixteen younger (1 - 5 weeks) and older (7 - 15 weeks) groups each]. They were further sub-grouped into five each. Body weights, Parasitaemia and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were taken before, after inoculation and after treatment with ISM at 4 mg/kg. <strong>Results:</strong> Based on presumptive clinical diagnosis, all rodents inoculated intraperitoneally showed clinical signs of fluctuations in weight, PCV and parasitaemia levels before, after inoculations and after treatment compared to those inoculated orally with a significant difference (P < 0.05) observed. Both young and older rodents also responded differently to the inoculants and to the different methods of inoculation. But more deaths were recorded among the mice when compared to the rats. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although these non-transgenic models would not have offered a completely new methods to vaccine development, their differences in response to various methods of inoculations is an indication of an exciting research processes and could offer desired results, particularly where transgenic rodents are employed.展开更多
The threat to wildlife population is attributed to various anthropogenic activities. The main objective of this study was to identify the influence of fragment size on the population density of rodents in the study ar...The threat to wildlife population is attributed to various anthropogenic activities. The main objective of this study was to identify the influence of fragment size on the population density of rodents in the study area. Fourteen (14) out of forty (40) fragments existing in the area were randomly sampled. The parameters used for the study were number, size of fragments and the corresponding population distribution of rodents in the study area. Fifty hunters in the area were also interviewed. The fragments were stratified into first, second and third order fragments on the basis of their sizes and randomly selected for the study. Indirect method of wildlife census was carried out through the observation of droppings, trail or tract, burrows, eating habits and noise. Fragment growth rate was 18 to 40 (87.5%) in 7 years. Anthropogenic perturbations in the form of cultivation of permanent cropland, settlement expansion, bush burning, timber exploitation and new settlements in areas previously thinly settled or not accessible to outsiders have resulted in disjointed ecosystems. The population density of rodents correlated with fragment size was highly significant ((P < 0.05) r = 0.9). It was then concluded that fragment size greatly influenced the population and diversity of rodent species. It was recommended that the remaining large fragments in the study area should be protected by law from further fragmentation.展开更多
Many rodent species are currently under conservation threat. However, population monitoring and status assessment are extremely challenging because of small body size, low abundance and elusive behavior of rodents. Fu...Many rodent species are currently under conservation threat. However, population monitoring and status assessment are extremely challenging because of small body size, low abundance and elusive behavior of rodents. Furthermore, invasive methods of capture and tissue collection commonly used to address such studies can induce an unacceptable amount of stress to sensitive species. As a result, noninvasive techniques have become more widely used, but relatively few studies have applied noninvasive techniques to rodents. Here we present two noninvasive alternatives for the collection of DNA from Franklin’s ground squirrels (Poliocitellus franklinii). We compared the quantity, purity and degradation of DNA extracted from plucked hair and fecal pellets to tail snip tissues. We recovered more DNA from tail snips than either plucked hair or fecal pellets. Both hair and fecal pellets recovered DNA with purity ratios similar to tail snips. As expected, DNA recovered from fecal pellets exhibited a high degree of degradation compared to hair and tail tissues. Careful planning of field and laboratory protocols is therefore necessary to compensate for challenges associated with noninvasive tissue types. While there is no tissue that can universally be applied to all research projects, both hair and feces are viable alternatives to traditional invasive procedures and can be applied to threatened and endangered rodent species.展开更多
Toll-like receptors(TLRs),the key sensor molecules in vertebrates,trigger the innate immunity and prime the adaptive immune system.The TLR family of rodents,the largest order of mammals,typically contains 13 TLR genes...Toll-like receptors(TLRs),the key sensor molecules in vertebrates,trigger the innate immunity and prime the adaptive immune system.The TLR family of rodents,the largest order of mammals,typically contains 13 TLR genes.However,a clear picture of the evolution of the rodent TLR family has not yet emerged and the TLR evolutionary patterns are unclear in rodent clades.Here,we analyzed the natural variation and the evolutionary processes acting on the TLR family in rodents at both the interspecific and population levels.Our results showed that rodent TLRs were dominated by purifying selection,but a series of positively selected sites(PSSs)primarily located in the ligand-binding domain was also identified.The numbers of PSSs differed among TLRs,and nonviralsensing TLRs had more PSSs than those in viral-sensing TLRs.Gene-conversion events were found between TLR1 and TLR6 in most rodent species.Population genetic analyses showed that TLR2,TLR8,and TLR12 were under positive selection in Rattus norvegicus and R.tanezumi,whereas positive selection also acted on TLR5 and TLR9 in the former species,as well as TLR1 and TLR7 in the latter species.Moreover,we found that the proportion of polymorphisms with potentially functional change was much lower in viral-sensing TLRs than in nonviral-sensing TLRs in both of these rat species.Our findings revealed the first thorough insight into the evolution of the rodent TLR genetic variability and provided important novel insights into the evolutionary history of TLRs over long and short timescales.展开更多
Fertility control is often heralded as a humane and effective technique for management of overabundant wildlife,including rodents.The intention is to reduce the use of lethal and inhumane methods,increase farm product...Fertility control is often heralded as a humane and effective technique for management of overabundant wildlife,including rodents.The intention is to reduce the use of lethal and inhumane methods,increase farm productivity and food security as well as reduce disease transmission,particularly of zoonoses.We developed a framework to guide researchers and stakeholders planning to assess the effectiveness of a potential contraceptive agent for a particular species.Our guidelines describe the overarching research questions which must be sequentially addressed to ensure adequate data are collected so that a contraceptive can be registered for use in broad-scale rodent management.The framework indicates that studies should be undertaken iteratively and,at times,in parallel,with initial research being conducted on(1)laboratory-based captive assessments of contraceptive effects in individuals;(2)simulation of contraceptive delivery using bait markers and/or surgical sterilization of different proportions of afield-based or enclosure population to determine how population dynamics are affected;(3)development of mathematical models which predict the outcomes of different fertility control scenarios;and(4)implementation of large-scale,replicated trials to validate contraceptive efficacy under various management-scalefield situations.In some circumstances,fertility control may be most effective when integrated with other methods(e.g.some culling).Assessment of non-target effects,direct and indirect,and the environmental fate of the contraceptive must also be determined.Developing fertility control for a species is a resource-intensive commitment but will likely be less costly than the ongoing environmental and economic impacts by rodents and rodenticides in many contexts.展开更多
Rodent pests not only cause severe agricultural loss but also spread zoonotic pathogens to human beings.Antico-agulant rodenticides are widely used to decrease the population densities of rodents but often lead to the...Rodent pests not only cause severe agricultural loss but also spread zoonotic pathogens to human beings.Antico-agulant rodenticides are widely used to decrease the population densities of rodents but often lead to the spillover of ectoparasites becausefleas and ticks may gather on surviving rodents.Therefore,it is necessary to killfleas and ticks before culling rodents to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission.In this study,we used a mixture of ivermectin(an antiparasitic drug)and bromadiolone(an anticoagulant rodenticide)to control both rodent andflea/tick abundances.We found that in a laboratory test,0.01%ivermectin bait was not lethal for greater long-tailed hamsters after 7 days of treatment,while 0.1%ivermectin bait was lethal for approximately 33%of treated rodents.In afield test,bait containing 0.001%,0.005%,0.01%,and 0.05%ivermectin decreased the number offleas per vole of Brandt’s voles to 0.42,0.22,0.12,and 0.2,respectively,compared with 0.77 in the control group,indicating that 0.01%ivermectin bait performed best in removingfleas.In another laboratory test,bait containing a 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone mixture caused the death of all voles within 6–14 days after the intake of the bait.In thefield test,the bait containing 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone reduced the average number offleas per vole to 0.35,which was significantly lower than the 0.77 of the control group.Our results indicate that a 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone mixture could be used to control both rodents andfleas to minimize the spillover risk of disease transmission when using traditional rodenticides.展开更多
One classic system of pulsed resource and animal population is mast seeding and population dynamics of seedeating rodents in forests.However,we still lack an understanding of the global patterns regarding the contribu...One classic system of pulsed resource and animal population is mast seeding and population dynamics of seedeating rodents in forests.However,we still lack an understanding of the global patterns regarding the contributions of seed falls to rodent outbreaks or population dynamics.We analyzed a global dataset of coupled long-term time series of seed abundances and rodent populations from published literature,including 66 and 89 time series(156 rodent-seed pairs from 37 studies)for rodent and seed abundances,respectively.We found only half of the examined rodent populations showed statistically significant coincidence between rodent outbreak and mastseeding years.Over all the coupled time series,seed abundance was found to positively correlate with rodent abundance with a one-year lag,and the relative importance of seed abundance was much lower than that of density dependence in affecting rodent population growth rates.We also found the relative importance of seed abundance decreased,but that of rodent density dependence increased with the latitude of study.For the first time,our work provides a global pattern on the associations between seed falls and rodent population dynamics mostly in midand high-latitude forests,and highlights the necessity of more long-term studies on this subject in more forest ecosystems.展开更多
Integrins are a highly complex family of receptors that, when expressed on the surface of cells, can mediate reciprocal cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix(ECM) interactions leading to assembly of integrin a...Integrins are a highly complex family of receptors that, when expressed on the surface of cells, can mediate reciprocal cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix(ECM) interactions leading to assembly of integrin adhesion complexes(IACs) that initiate many signaling functions both at the membrane and deeper within the cytoplasm to coordinate processes including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and metabolism. All metazoan organisms possess integrins, and it is generally agreed that integrins were associated with the evolution of multicellularity, being essential for the association of cells with their neighbors and surroundings, during embryonic development and many aspects of cellular and molecular biology. Integrins have important roles in many aspects of embryonic development, normal physiology, and disease processes with a multitude of functions discovered and elucidated for integrins that directly influence many areas of biology and medicine, including mammalian pregnancy, in particular implantation of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, subsequent placentation and conceptus(embryo/fetus and associated placental membranes) development. This review provides a succinct overview of integrin structure, ligand binding, and signaling followed with a concise overview of embryonic development, implantation, and early placentation in pigs, sheep, humans, and mice as an example for rodents. A brief timeline of the initial localization of integrin subunits to the uterine luminal epithelium(LE) and conceptus trophoblast is then presented, followed by sequential summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs, sheep, humans, and rodents. As appropriate for this journal, summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs and sheep are in depth, whereas summaries for humans and rodents are brief. Because similar models to those illustrated in Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are present throughout the scientific literature, the illustrations in this manuscript are drafted as Viking imagery for entertainment purposes.展开更多
Local extinction or population decline of large frugivorous vertebrates as primary seed dispersers,caused by hu-man disturbance and habitat change,might lead to dispersal limitation of many large-seeded fruit trees.Ho...Local extinction or population decline of large frugivorous vertebrates as primary seed dispersers,caused by hu-man disturbance and habitat change,might lead to dispersal limitation of many large-seeded fruit trees.However,it is not known whether or not scatter-hoarding rodents as secondary seed dispersers can help maintain natural regeneration(e.g.seed dispersal)of these frugivore-dispersed trees in the face of the functional reduction or loss of primary seed dispersers.In the present study,we investigated how scatter-hoarding rodents affect the fate of tagged seeds of a large-seeded fruit tree(Scleropyrum wallichianum Arnott,1838,Santalaceae)from seed fall to seedling establishment in a heavily defaunated tropical forest in the Xishuangbanna region of Yunnan Province,in south-west China,in 2007 and 2008.Our results show that:(i)rodents removed nearly all S.wallichianum seeds in both years;(ii)a large proportion(2007,75%;2008,67.5%)of the tagged seeds were cached individually in the surface soil or under leaf litters;(iii)dispersal distance of primary caches was further in 2007(19.6±14.6 m)than that in 2008(14.1±11.6 m),and distance increased as rodents recovered and moved seeds from primary caches into subsequent caching sites;and(iv)part of the cached seeds(2007,3.2%;2008,2%)survived to the seedling stage each year.Our study suggests that by taking roles of both primary and secondary seed dispersers,scatter-hoarding rodents can play a significant role in maintaining seedling establishment of S.wallichianum,and are able to at least partly compensate for the loss of large frugivorous vertebrates in seed dispersal.展开更多
Some rodents gather and store seeds.How many seeds they gather and how they treat those seeds is largely determined by seed traits such as mass,nutrient content,hardness of the seed coat,presence of secondary compound...Some rodents gather and store seeds.How many seeds they gather and how they treat those seeds is largely determined by seed traits such as mass,nutrient content,hardness of the seed coat,presence of secondary compounds,and germination schedule.Through their consumption and dispersal of seeds,rodents act as agents of natural selection on seed traits,and those traits influence how rodents forage.Many seeds that are scatter-hoarded by rodents are pilfered,or stolen,by other rodents,and seed traits also likely influence pilfering rates and seed fates of pilfered seeds.To clarify coevolutionary relationships between rodents and the plants that they disperse,one needs to understand the role of seed traits in rodent foraging decisions.We compared how the seeds of 4 species of plants that are dispersed by scatter-hoarding animals and that differ in value(singleleaf piñon pine,Pinus monophylla;desert peach,Prunus andersonii;antelope bitterbrush,Purshia tridentata;Utah juniper,Juniperus osteosperma)were pilfered and recached by rodents.One hundred artificial caches of the 4 seed species(25 per species)were prepared,and removal by rodents was monitored.Rodents pilfered high-value seeds more rapidly than the other seeds.Desert peach seeds,which contain toxic secondary compounds,were more frequently recached.Relatively low value seeds like Utah juniper and antelope bitterbrush were pil-fered more slowly and were sometimes left at cache sites,and seeds of the latter species were transported shorter distances to new cache sites.The background density of seeds also appeared to influence the relative value of seeds.展开更多
Double mutualism,that is,pollination and seed dispersal of the same plant species mediated by the same animal partners,is important but remains elusive in nature.Recently,rodent species were found as key pollinators(i...Double mutualism,that is,pollination and seed dispersal of the same plant species mediated by the same animal partners,is important but remains elusive in nature.Recently,rodent species were found as key pollinators(i.e.explosive openers)for some Mucuna species in(sub)tropical Asia,but no evidence has shown whether and how these rodents could also act as legitimate seed dispersers via scatter-hoarding for those producing large seeds.Here,my aim was to test the hypothesis that scatter-hoarding rodents could act as double mutualists for both pollination and seed dispersal of the same Mucuna species,that is,Mucuna sempervirens(Fabaceae).Based on camera-trapping survey at 2 locations with or without squirrel presence in the Dujiangyan subtropical forests,Southwest China,7 mammals and birds were identified as explosive openers for M.sempervirensflowers,but Leopoldamys edwardsi(rats)and Paguma larvata(civets)were the main pollinators at the squirrel-absent site,while Callosciurus erythraeus(squirrels)were the main pollinators at the squirrel-present site.By tracking the fate of individually-tagged seeds over 5 years at each site,I provide thefirst evidence for seed-eating rodents as legitimate seed dispersers via scatter-hoarding of seeds in this world-wide plant genus,although dispersal services were slightly reduced at squirrel-absent site.More importantly,the dual roles of scatter-hoarding rodents as key pollinators and seed dispersers for the same Mucuna species have shown a clear relationship of double mutualism,and their key services may be essential for population conservation of these Mucuna species in human-disturbed landscapes.展开更多
Background:Pasteurella multocida is an important and old zoonotic pathogen worldwide which has an impressive host spectrum including numerous domestic and wild animals as well as birds,causing specific diseases or out...Background:Pasteurella multocida is an important and old zoonotic pathogen worldwide which has an impressive host spectrum including numerous domestic and wild animals as well as birds,causing specific diseases or outbreak with great economic impact.It has never been reported that P.multocida can cause an epidemic in wild rodents.In June 5–17,2016,more than 1000 rodent deaths of an unknown cause quickly spread in the PuEr City,Yunnan province,southwestern China.Methods:The rodents in affected areas and outside of the epidemic areas were collected and screened for possible known pathogens including Yersinia pestis,rabies virus and hantavirus as well as other bacteria.The possible bacterial pathogens were isolated both by culture medium and by mouse inoculation in parallel.The isolates were identified by the Vitek GNI card and PCR assays for 16S rRNA genes.The pathogen strains were selected for whole genome sequencing analysis.Results:A total of 123 rodents were collected from 25 sample sites at affected area,among of which,all 119 dead rodents were negative for the pathogen under consideration except P.multocida,and all four live rodents were negative for P.multocida.In addition,480 rodents collected from other 23 counties outside of the epidemic area in Yunnan were negative for with P.multocida.A total of 14 strains of P.multocida(six directly isolated from the field rodents and eight from the experimental mice that were injected with the organ substrates from the dead rodents)belonged to serogroup A and serogroup F represented by 9 N and 20 N were identified in these epidemic areas.Whole genome sequencing revealed that the serogroup F strain shared 99%similarity to P.multocida Pm70 from chicken,but contained a 50 k bp insertion sequence.The serogroup A strain shared 95%similarity to P.multocida FDAARGOS_385 from a human patient,but contained four large structural differences.Histological abnormalities were identified in the livers,lungs,hearts and brains of the inoculated mice.Conclusions:The simultaneous occurrence of both serotypes of P.multocida may have caused this sudden onset of mortality across the local rodent population in Yunnan Province,China.Further attention should be paid to this old bacterium in the world.展开更多
Herein, I summarize some basic components of rodent social biology. The material in this paper is summarized andcondensed from a recent book “Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective” edited by J...Herein, I summarize some basic components of rodent social biology. The material in this paper is summarized andcondensed from a recent book “Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective” edited by J. O.Wolff and P. W. Sherman (2007). I describe the four basic spacing patterns and illustrate how female territoriality isa function of offspring defense and male mating tactics are a function of female defensibility. The vulnerability ofyoung to infanticide shapes female spacing and mating behavior. Food does not appear to be a defensible resourcefor rodents, except for those species that larder hoard nonperishable items such as seeds. Philopatry and theformation of kin groups result in genetic sub-structuring of the population, which in turn affects effectivepopulation size and genetic diversity. Dispersal is male biased and typically involves emigration from the maternalsite to avoid female relatives and to seek unrelated mates. Scent marking is a major form of communication and isused in reproductive competition and to assess prospective mates, but it is also eavesdropped by predators to locateprey. Females do not appear to alter the sex ratio of litters in response to maternal condition but among arvicolinerodents daughters appear to be favored in spring and sons in autumn. Rodents are relatively monomorphic;however, females tend to be larger than males in the smallest species and smaller in the larger species. Predationrisk results from an interaction among foraging time and vulnerability and in turn affects behavioral and life historycharacteristics.展开更多
Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia.The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented.In temperate cereal systems,seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source f...Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia.The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented.In temperate cereal systems,seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source for rodents and weed cover along crop margins provides important refuge for rodents.In 2012 and 2013,a replicated study(n=4)in Bago,Myanmar compared 4 treatments(rodents and weeds;no rodents and weeds;rodents and no weeds;no rodents and no weeds)each of 0.25 ha in transplanted rice.Weeds were managed with hand weeding in the wet season,and hand weeding and herbicides in the dry season.Plastic fences were installed to exclude rodents.We examined the weed cover and relative abundance of weed species,rodent damage,rodent population dynamics and rice yield loss caused by rodents and weeds.The dominant rodent species was Bandicota bengalensis.In the dry season,Cyperus difformis was dominant at the tillering stage and Echinochloa crus-galli was the dominant weed species at the booting stage.In the wet season E.crus-galli was a dominant weed throughout the season.Damage by rodents was higher in the dry season.There were larger economic benefits for best weed management and effective rodent control in the dry season(258 US$/ha)than in the wet season(30 US$/ha).Concurrent control of weeds in and around rice fields combined with coordinated community trapping of rodents during the early tillering stage and ripening stage of rice are recommended management options.展开更多
Wild rodents were collected using live snap traps in pistachio gardens of Kerman Province, Southeast Iran from 2007 to 2009, then some physiological parameters of them were measured. The samples were identified as fol...Wild rodents were collected using live snap traps in pistachio gardens of Kerman Province, Southeast Iran from 2007 to 2009, then some physiological parameters of them were measured. The samples were identified as follow: Nesokia indica, Meriones persicus, Meriones lybicus and Tatera indica. Blood samples were obtained from the heart, then the blood parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, HDL, red and white blood cell number) in wild species of rodents and laboratory rat were compared. The results showed that there were no significant differences in serum glucose, triglyceride, HDL and total protein levels among different experimental groups. The concentration of cholesterol in T. indica was more than that in N. indica (P < 0.01). The total numbers of red blood cells also showed significant difference between wild garden rodent species and laboratory rat (P < 0.01), while the numbers of white blood cells showed no significant difference.展开更多
The function and conservation of many forest ecosystems depend on the distribution and diversity of the community of rodents that consume and disperse seeds.The habitat preferences and interactions are especially rele...The function and conservation of many forest ecosystems depend on the distribution and diversity of the community of rodents that consume and disperse seeds.The habitat preferences and interactions are especially relevant in alpine systems where such granivorous rodents reach the southernmost limit of their distribution and are especially sensitive to global warming.We analyzed the community of granivorous rodents in the Pyrenees,one of the southernmost mountain ranges of Europe.Rodent species were identified by DNA with particular attention to the Apodemus species,which are prominent seed-dispersing rodents in Europe.We confirmed for the first time the presence of the yellow-necked mouse,Apodemus flavicollis,in central Pyrenees,a typical Eurosiberian species that reaches its southernmost distribution limit in this area.We also found the wood mouse,Apodemus sylvaticus,a related species more tolerant to Mediterranean environments.Both rodents were spatially segregated by altitude.A.sylvaticus was rare at high altitudes,which might cause the genetic differentiation between populations of the different valleys reported here.We also found other seed consumers like dormice,Elyomis quercinus,and voles,Myodes glareolus,with marked habitat preferences.We suggest that population isolation among valleys may increase the genetic diversity of rodents,like A.sylvaticus.We also highlight the potential threat that global warming may represent for species linked to high-altitude refuges at the southern edge of its distribution,like Apodemus flavicollis.Finally,we discuss how this threat may have a dimension in the conservation of alpine forests dispersed by these rodent populations.展开更多
文摘Oral lesions, diarrhoea, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis and urinary tract infections are some of the opportunistic infections (OIs) which arise when the CD4 cells of the HIV/AIDS patient fall below 200 cells/mm3. HIV/AIDS infection complications include tissue damage from oral lesions accompanied with pains. Pain is a disagreeable sensory and sensitive experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. This condition requires immediate treatment with analgesics and antibiotics. However, the inability of rural dwellers to afford readily available drugs is a consequence for using herbs like Bidens pilosa whose local usefulness in the management of oral lesions of HIV/AIDS has not been proven scientifically. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide the scientific basis in rats for the traditional healers’ use of Bidens pilosa leaves’ extracts in managing pain associated with oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. Assessment of the analgesic effects of Bidens pilosa was conducted using acetic acid in mice, formalin-induced pain and tail flick methods in rats. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa produced statistically significant dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced pain, non dose dependent pain reduction in formalin induced pain, (p < 0.05;student t-test) and non dose dependent tail withdrawal pattern (p < 0.05, Multivariate ANOVA test). Hence, we conclude that extracts of Bidens pilosa have an analgesic basis for their local use in treatment of oral lesions associated pain in HIV/AIDS patients in South-Western Uganda.
基金financially supported by the University of Malaya research grant(RP021C-16SUS)Higher Institution Centre of Excellence(HICoE)program(MO002-2019).
文摘Rodent-borne leptospirosis is by far the most common bacterial zoonosis and it is an important emerging global public health concern in Southeast Asia.Bacterial pathogens associated with rodents,especially those that live in close association with humans have been underreported.To fill this knowledge gap,the present study was undertaken to explore other neglected disease agents that can naturally infect synanthropic rodents.
基金financially supported by the Health Bureau of Wuhan(WG17B04)the Health Bureau of Wuhan(WG18Q05).
文摘Objective:To investigate the prevalence of Calodium hepaticum(C.hepaticum)in rodents and insectivores from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River in China,and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of hepatic Calodium infection.Methods:Rodents and insectivores were captured from three selected Yangtze River beaches using mousetraps.The three survey sites were divided into six areas according to natural conditions,with 60 mousetraps placed in each area.The liver lesions in the captured rodents were observed by the naked eye and the eggs in the liver tissue were observed by microscopic examination.Results:A total of 1080 mousetraps were placed,and 1075 mousetraps were retrieved,with the retrieve rate as 99.5%.A total of 101 Apodemus agrarius,12 Rattus norvegicus,and 9 Crocidura attenuata were caught.The average density of rodents and insectivores was 10.5%and 0.8%,respectively.DNA of egg nodules from infected rodents showed 98%similarity with that of C.hepaticum 18 S rRNA(LC425008.1).One Rattus norvegicus was infected with C.hepaticum,with an infection rate of 3.23%in the Erqi river beach;the other two beaches did not show the incidence of C.hepaticum.Conclusions:The monitoring of C.hepaticum in the Yangtze River beaches should be strengthened to reduce the risk of human C.hepaticum infection.
文摘Tick-Borne Rickettsial Diseases (TBRD) are emerging zoonotic diseases, and a problem of human health and veterinary medication. The distribution of these diseases is related to the distribution of vector. The presence of pathogens in the host is a risk indicator of population exposure to these areas. A total of 478 tissues samples from rodents, A. phagocytophilum 18 (3.7%), E. canis 47 (9.8%), Rickettsia rickettsii 18 (3.7%) and E. chaffeensis 19 (3.9%) were detected using species-specific PCR assay. It is the first report in Mexico the presence of rodents infected with A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis. The rodent Peromyscus spp. were the most commonly prevalent host of infection for all the bacteria’s. We have to consider as host of TBRD transmitter and provide a useful contribution to understanding their epidemiology. The health sector should be considered all the fevers of unknown causes in humans and animals in Mexico as infections by these vector-borne rickettsial pathogens.
文摘<strong>Objectives:</strong> The digestive track of mice and humans has always been an integral part of the pathogenesis of the Trypanosomes but is constantly overlooked. This realization opens up completely new strategies for the development of trypanosomes vaccines, allowing approaches that parenteral delivery forms would not permit. The target of the study was to compare the haematological changes and immunological responses of trypanosomiasis model systems (mice and rats) inoculated orally and intraperitoneally and to observe the afterward effect of a controlled drug [Isometamidium chloride (ISM)] in the restoration of these initial parameters. <strong>Methods:</strong> To achieve this, a total of 40 rodents (20 rats and 20 mice) were purchased, then grouped into two [sixteen younger (1 - 5 weeks) and older (7 - 15 weeks) groups each]. They were further sub-grouped into five each. Body weights, Parasitaemia and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were taken before, after inoculation and after treatment with ISM at 4 mg/kg. <strong>Results:</strong> Based on presumptive clinical diagnosis, all rodents inoculated intraperitoneally showed clinical signs of fluctuations in weight, PCV and parasitaemia levels before, after inoculations and after treatment compared to those inoculated orally with a significant difference (P < 0.05) observed. Both young and older rodents also responded differently to the inoculants and to the different methods of inoculation. But more deaths were recorded among the mice when compared to the rats. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although these non-transgenic models would not have offered a completely new methods to vaccine development, their differences in response to various methods of inoculations is an indication of an exciting research processes and could offer desired results, particularly where transgenic rodents are employed.
文摘The threat to wildlife population is attributed to various anthropogenic activities. The main objective of this study was to identify the influence of fragment size on the population density of rodents in the study area. Fourteen (14) out of forty (40) fragments existing in the area were randomly sampled. The parameters used for the study were number, size of fragments and the corresponding population distribution of rodents in the study area. Fifty hunters in the area were also interviewed. The fragments were stratified into first, second and third order fragments on the basis of their sizes and randomly selected for the study. Indirect method of wildlife census was carried out through the observation of droppings, trail or tract, burrows, eating habits and noise. Fragment growth rate was 18 to 40 (87.5%) in 7 years. Anthropogenic perturbations in the form of cultivation of permanent cropland, settlement expansion, bush burning, timber exploitation and new settlements in areas previously thinly settled or not accessible to outsiders have resulted in disjointed ecosystems. The population density of rodents correlated with fragment size was highly significant ((P < 0.05) r = 0.9). It was then concluded that fragment size greatly influenced the population and diversity of rodent species. It was recommended that the remaining large fragments in the study area should be protected by law from further fragmentation.
文摘Many rodent species are currently under conservation threat. However, population monitoring and status assessment are extremely challenging because of small body size, low abundance and elusive behavior of rodents. Furthermore, invasive methods of capture and tissue collection commonly used to address such studies can induce an unacceptable amount of stress to sensitive species. As a result, noninvasive techniques have become more widely used, but relatively few studies have applied noninvasive techniques to rodents. Here we present two noninvasive alternatives for the collection of DNA from Franklin’s ground squirrels (Poliocitellus franklinii). We compared the quantity, purity and degradation of DNA extracted from plucked hair and fecal pellets to tail snip tissues. We recovered more DNA from tail snips than either plucked hair or fecal pellets. Both hair and fecal pellets recovered DNA with purity ratios similar to tail snips. As expected, DNA recovered from fecal pellets exhibited a high degree of degradation compared to hair and tail tissues. Careful planning of field and laboratory protocols is therefore necessary to compensate for challenges associated with noninvasive tissue types. While there is no tissue that can universally be applied to all research projects, both hair and feces are viable alternatives to traditional invasive procedures and can be applied to threatened and endangered rodent species.
基金supported by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32090023)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC2601602)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023JJ41038).
文摘Toll-like receptors(TLRs),the key sensor molecules in vertebrates,trigger the innate immunity and prime the adaptive immune system.The TLR family of rodents,the largest order of mammals,typically contains 13 TLR genes.However,a clear picture of the evolution of the rodent TLR family has not yet emerged and the TLR evolutionary patterns are unclear in rodent clades.Here,we analyzed the natural variation and the evolutionary processes acting on the TLR family in rodents at both the interspecific and population levels.Our results showed that rodent TLRs were dominated by purifying selection,but a series of positively selected sites(PSSs)primarily located in the ligand-binding domain was also identified.The numbers of PSSs differed among TLRs,and nonviralsensing TLRs had more PSSs than those in viral-sensing TLRs.Gene-conversion events were found between TLR1 and TLR6 in most rodent species.Population genetic analyses showed that TLR2,TLR8,and TLR12 were under positive selection in Rattus norvegicus and R.tanezumi,whereas positive selection also acted on TLR5 and TLR9 in the former species,as well as TLR1 and TLR7 in the latter species.Moreover,we found that the proportion of polymorphisms with potentially functional change was much lower in viral-sensing TLRs than in nonviral-sensing TLRs in both of these rat species.Our findings revealed the first thorough insight into the evolution of the rodent TLR genetic variability and provided important novel insights into the evolutionary history of TLRs over long and short timescales.
基金The work was partly funded by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture due to a parliamen-tary resolution within the federal program“Organic farm-ing and other forms of sustainable agriculture”(grant#2815NA113).
文摘Fertility control is often heralded as a humane and effective technique for management of overabundant wildlife,including rodents.The intention is to reduce the use of lethal and inhumane methods,increase farm productivity and food security as well as reduce disease transmission,particularly of zoonoses.We developed a framework to guide researchers and stakeholders planning to assess the effectiveness of a potential contraceptive agent for a particular species.Our guidelines describe the overarching research questions which must be sequentially addressed to ensure adequate data are collected so that a contraceptive can be registered for use in broad-scale rodent management.The framework indicates that studies should be undertaken iteratively and,at times,in parallel,with initial research being conducted on(1)laboratory-based captive assessments of contraceptive effects in individuals;(2)simulation of contraceptive delivery using bait markers and/or surgical sterilization of different proportions of afield-based or enclosure population to determine how population dynamics are affected;(3)development of mathematical models which predict the outcomes of different fertility control scenarios;and(4)implementation of large-scale,replicated trials to validate contraceptive efficacy under various management-scalefield situations.In some circumstances,fertility control may be most effective when integrated with other methods(e.g.some culling).Assessment of non-target effects,direct and indirect,and the environmental fate of the contraceptive must also be determined.Developing fertility control for a species is a resource-intensive commitment but will likely be less costly than the ongoing environmental and economic impacts by rodents and rodenticides in many contexts.
基金We are grateful to the grant supported by Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-STS-ZDTP-2021-002).
文摘Rodent pests not only cause severe agricultural loss but also spread zoonotic pathogens to human beings.Antico-agulant rodenticides are widely used to decrease the population densities of rodents but often lead to the spillover of ectoparasites becausefleas and ticks may gather on surviving rodents.Therefore,it is necessary to killfleas and ticks before culling rodents to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission.In this study,we used a mixture of ivermectin(an antiparasitic drug)and bromadiolone(an anticoagulant rodenticide)to control both rodent andflea/tick abundances.We found that in a laboratory test,0.01%ivermectin bait was not lethal for greater long-tailed hamsters after 7 days of treatment,while 0.1%ivermectin bait was lethal for approximately 33%of treated rodents.In afield test,bait containing 0.001%,0.005%,0.01%,and 0.05%ivermectin decreased the number offleas per vole of Brandt’s voles to 0.42,0.22,0.12,and 0.2,respectively,compared with 0.77 in the control group,indicating that 0.01%ivermectin bait performed best in removingfleas.In another laboratory test,bait containing a 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone mixture caused the death of all voles within 6–14 days after the intake of the bait.In thefield test,the bait containing 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone reduced the average number offleas per vole to 0.35,which was significantly lower than the 0.77 of the control group.Our results indicate that a 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone mixture could be used to control both rodents andfleas to minimize the spillover risk of disease transmission when using traditional rodenticides.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071542,31772471).
文摘One classic system of pulsed resource and animal population is mast seeding and population dynamics of seedeating rodents in forests.However,we still lack an understanding of the global patterns regarding the contributions of seed falls to rodent outbreaks or population dynamics.We analyzed a global dataset of coupled long-term time series of seed abundances and rodent populations from published literature,including 66 and 89 time series(156 rodent-seed pairs from 37 studies)for rodent and seed abundances,respectively.We found only half of the examined rodent populations showed statistically significant coincidence between rodent outbreak and mastseeding years.Over all the coupled time series,seed abundance was found to positively correlate with rodent abundance with a one-year lag,and the relative importance of seed abundance was much lower than that of density dependence in affecting rodent population growth rates.We also found the relative importance of seed abundance decreased,but that of rodent density dependence increased with the latitude of study.For the first time,our work provides a global pattern on the associations between seed falls and rodent population dynamics mostly in midand high-latitude forests,and highlights the necessity of more long-term studies on this subject in more forest ecosystems.
基金supported by USDA-NRICGP 98-35203-6337 to FWB.and RCB,NRSA DHHS/NIH 1-F32-HDO 8501 O1A1 to GAJ,USDA-NRI 2006-35203-17199 to GAJ and Kayla J.BaylessUSDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Research Initiative Competitive Fellowship Grant no.2012-67011-19892 to James W.Frank and GAJ+1 种基金Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no.2016-67015-24955 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture to GAJ and FWBNational Institutes of Health Grant 1R21HD071468-01 to GAJ and KJB。
文摘Integrins are a highly complex family of receptors that, when expressed on the surface of cells, can mediate reciprocal cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix(ECM) interactions leading to assembly of integrin adhesion complexes(IACs) that initiate many signaling functions both at the membrane and deeper within the cytoplasm to coordinate processes including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and metabolism. All metazoan organisms possess integrins, and it is generally agreed that integrins were associated with the evolution of multicellularity, being essential for the association of cells with their neighbors and surroundings, during embryonic development and many aspects of cellular and molecular biology. Integrins have important roles in many aspects of embryonic development, normal physiology, and disease processes with a multitude of functions discovered and elucidated for integrins that directly influence many areas of biology and medicine, including mammalian pregnancy, in particular implantation of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, subsequent placentation and conceptus(embryo/fetus and associated placental membranes) development. This review provides a succinct overview of integrin structure, ligand binding, and signaling followed with a concise overview of embryonic development, implantation, and early placentation in pigs, sheep, humans, and mice as an example for rodents. A brief timeline of the initial localization of integrin subunits to the uterine luminal epithelium(LE) and conceptus trophoblast is then presented, followed by sequential summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs, sheep, humans, and rodents. As appropriate for this journal, summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs and sheep are in depth, whereas summaries for humans and rodents are brief. Because similar models to those illustrated in Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are present throughout the scientific literature, the illustrations in this manuscript are drafted as Viking imagery for entertainment purposes.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(30930016)the State Basic Research Program(2007CB109102)the open fund from the Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology,Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Acad-emy of Sciences.
文摘Local extinction or population decline of large frugivorous vertebrates as primary seed dispersers,caused by hu-man disturbance and habitat change,might lead to dispersal limitation of many large-seeded fruit trees.However,it is not known whether or not scatter-hoarding rodents as secondary seed dispersers can help maintain natural regeneration(e.g.seed dispersal)of these frugivore-dispersed trees in the face of the functional reduction or loss of primary seed dispersers.In the present study,we investigated how scatter-hoarding rodents affect the fate of tagged seeds of a large-seeded fruit tree(Scleropyrum wallichianum Arnott,1838,Santalaceae)from seed fall to seedling establishment in a heavily defaunated tropical forest in the Xishuangbanna region of Yunnan Province,in south-west China,in 2007 and 2008.Our results show that:(i)rodents removed nearly all S.wallichianum seeds in both years;(ii)a large proportion(2007,75%;2008,67.5%)of the tagged seeds were cached individually in the surface soil or under leaf litters;(iii)dispersal distance of primary caches was further in 2007(19.6±14.6 m)than that in 2008(14.1±11.6 m),and distance increased as rodents recovered and moved seeds from primary caches into subsequent caching sites;and(iv)part of the cached seeds(2007,3.2%;2008,2%)survived to the seedling stage each year.Our study suggests that by taking roles of both primary and secondary seed dispersers,scatter-hoarding rodents can play a significant role in maintaining seedling establishment of S.wallichianum,and are able to at least partly compensate for the loss of large frugivorous vertebrates in seed dispersal.
文摘Some rodents gather and store seeds.How many seeds they gather and how they treat those seeds is largely determined by seed traits such as mass,nutrient content,hardness of the seed coat,presence of secondary compounds,and germination schedule.Through their consumption and dispersal of seeds,rodents act as agents of natural selection on seed traits,and those traits influence how rodents forage.Many seeds that are scatter-hoarded by rodents are pilfered,or stolen,by other rodents,and seed traits also likely influence pilfering rates and seed fates of pilfered seeds.To clarify coevolutionary relationships between rodents and the plants that they disperse,one needs to understand the role of seed traits in rodent foraging decisions.We compared how the seeds of 4 species of plants that are dispersed by scatter-hoarding animals and that differ in value(singleleaf piñon pine,Pinus monophylla;desert peach,Prunus andersonii;antelope bitterbrush,Purshia tridentata;Utah juniper,Juniperus osteosperma)were pilfered and recached by rodents.One hundred artificial caches of the 4 seed species(25 per species)were prepared,and removal by rodents was monitored.Rodents pilfered high-value seeds more rapidly than the other seeds.Desert peach seeds,which contain toxic secondary compounds,were more frequently recached.Relatively low value seeds like Utah juniper and antelope bitterbrush were pil-fered more slowly and were sometimes left at cache sites,and seeds of the latter species were transported shorter distances to new cache sites.The background density of seeds also appeared to influence the relative value of seeds.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971441,31770565)。
文摘Double mutualism,that is,pollination and seed dispersal of the same plant species mediated by the same animal partners,is important but remains elusive in nature.Recently,rodent species were found as key pollinators(i.e.explosive openers)for some Mucuna species in(sub)tropical Asia,but no evidence has shown whether and how these rodents could also act as legitimate seed dispersers via scatter-hoarding for those producing large seeds.Here,my aim was to test the hypothesis that scatter-hoarding rodents could act as double mutualists for both pollination and seed dispersal of the same Mucuna species,that is,Mucuna sempervirens(Fabaceae).Based on camera-trapping survey at 2 locations with or without squirrel presence in the Dujiangyan subtropical forests,Southwest China,7 mammals and birds were identified as explosive openers for M.sempervirensflowers,but Leopoldamys edwardsi(rats)and Paguma larvata(civets)were the main pollinators at the squirrel-absent site,while Callosciurus erythraeus(squirrels)were the main pollinators at the squirrel-present site.By tracking the fate of individually-tagged seeds over 5 years at each site,I provide thefirst evidence for seed-eating rodents as legitimate seed dispersers via scatter-hoarding of seeds in this world-wide plant genus,although dispersal services were slightly reduced at squirrel-absent site.More importantly,the dual roles of scatter-hoarding rodents as key pollinators and seed dispersers for the same Mucuna species have shown a clear relationship of double mutualism,and their key services may be essential for population conservation of these Mucuna species in human-disturbed landscapes.
基金This study was funded by the State Key Research Development Program of China(2016YFC1201902,2016YFC1200301)the Natural Science Foundation of China(81621005,81773492,81760607,81360413)the Program of Cultivation of Technologically Innovative Talents of Yunnan(2014HB093).
文摘Background:Pasteurella multocida is an important and old zoonotic pathogen worldwide which has an impressive host spectrum including numerous domestic and wild animals as well as birds,causing specific diseases or outbreak with great economic impact.It has never been reported that P.multocida can cause an epidemic in wild rodents.In June 5–17,2016,more than 1000 rodent deaths of an unknown cause quickly spread in the PuEr City,Yunnan province,southwestern China.Methods:The rodents in affected areas and outside of the epidemic areas were collected and screened for possible known pathogens including Yersinia pestis,rabies virus and hantavirus as well as other bacteria.The possible bacterial pathogens were isolated both by culture medium and by mouse inoculation in parallel.The isolates were identified by the Vitek GNI card and PCR assays for 16S rRNA genes.The pathogen strains were selected for whole genome sequencing analysis.Results:A total of 123 rodents were collected from 25 sample sites at affected area,among of which,all 119 dead rodents were negative for the pathogen under consideration except P.multocida,and all four live rodents were negative for P.multocida.In addition,480 rodents collected from other 23 counties outside of the epidemic area in Yunnan were negative for with P.multocida.A total of 14 strains of P.multocida(six directly isolated from the field rodents and eight from the experimental mice that were injected with the organ substrates from the dead rodents)belonged to serogroup A and serogroup F represented by 9 N and 20 N were identified in these epidemic areas.Whole genome sequencing revealed that the serogroup F strain shared 99%similarity to P.multocida Pm70 from chicken,but contained a 50 k bp insertion sequence.The serogroup A strain shared 95%similarity to P.multocida FDAARGOS_385 from a human patient,but contained four large structural differences.Histological abnormalities were identified in the livers,lungs,hearts and brains of the inoculated mice.Conclusions:The simultaneous occurrence of both serotypes of P.multocida may have caused this sudden onset of mortality across the local rodent population in Yunnan Province,China.Further attention should be paid to this old bacterium in the world.
文摘Herein, I summarize some basic components of rodent social biology. The material in this paper is summarized andcondensed from a recent book “Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective” edited by J. O.Wolff and P. W. Sherman (2007). I describe the four basic spacing patterns and illustrate how female territoriality isa function of offspring defense and male mating tactics are a function of female defensibility. The vulnerability ofyoung to infanticide shapes female spacing and mating behavior. Food does not appear to be a defensible resourcefor rodents, except for those species that larder hoard nonperishable items such as seeds. Philopatry and theformation of kin groups result in genetic sub-structuring of the population, which in turn affects effectivepopulation size and genetic diversity. Dispersal is male biased and typically involves emigration from the maternalsite to avoid female relatives and to seek unrelated mates. Scent marking is a major form of communication and isused in reproductive competition and to assess prospective mates, but it is also eavesdropped by predators to locateprey. Females do not appear to alter the sex ratio of litters in response to maternal condition but among arvicolinerodents daughters appear to be favored in spring and sons in autumn. Rodents are relatively monomorphic;however, females tend to be larger than males in the smallest species and smaller in the larger species. Predationrisk results from an interaction among foraging time and vulnerability and in turn affects behavioral and life historycharacteristics.
基金the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation through the CORIGAP project(Grant no.81016734).
文摘Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia.The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented.In temperate cereal systems,seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source for rodents and weed cover along crop margins provides important refuge for rodents.In 2012 and 2013,a replicated study(n=4)in Bago,Myanmar compared 4 treatments(rodents and weeds;no rodents and weeds;rodents and no weeds;no rodents and no weeds)each of 0.25 ha in transplanted rice.Weeds were managed with hand weeding in the wet season,and hand weeding and herbicides in the dry season.Plastic fences were installed to exclude rodents.We examined the weed cover and relative abundance of weed species,rodent damage,rodent population dynamics and rice yield loss caused by rodents and weeds.The dominant rodent species was Bandicota bengalensis.In the dry season,Cyperus difformis was dominant at the tillering stage and Echinochloa crus-galli was the dominant weed species at the booting stage.In the wet season E.crus-galli was a dominant weed throughout the season.Damage by rodents was higher in the dry season.There were larger economic benefits for best weed management and effective rodent control in the dry season(258 US$/ha)than in the wet season(30 US$/ha).Concurrent control of weeds in and around rice fields combined with coordinated community trapping of rodents during the early tillering stage and ripening stage of rice are recommended management options.
文摘Wild rodents were collected using live snap traps in pistachio gardens of Kerman Province, Southeast Iran from 2007 to 2009, then some physiological parameters of them were measured. The samples were identified as follow: Nesokia indica, Meriones persicus, Meriones lybicus and Tatera indica. Blood samples were obtained from the heart, then the blood parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, HDL, red and white blood cell number) in wild species of rodents and laboratory rat were compared. The results showed that there were no significant differences in serum glucose, triglyceride, HDL and total protein levels among different experimental groups. The concentration of cholesterol in T. indica was more than that in N. indica (P < 0.01). The total numbers of red blood cells also showed significant difference between wild garden rodent species and laboratory rat (P < 0.01), while the numbers of white blood cells showed no significant difference.
基金This work was supported by the projects IMPACTBOAR(394/2011)and PLAGANADO AGL2014-54739-9R.B.was funded by a contract of the Atracción de Talento Investigador Programme(Gobierno de Extremadura TA13032).
文摘The function and conservation of many forest ecosystems depend on the distribution and diversity of the community of rodents that consume and disperse seeds.The habitat preferences and interactions are especially relevant in alpine systems where such granivorous rodents reach the southernmost limit of their distribution and are especially sensitive to global warming.We analyzed the community of granivorous rodents in the Pyrenees,one of the southernmost mountain ranges of Europe.Rodent species were identified by DNA with particular attention to the Apodemus species,which are prominent seed-dispersing rodents in Europe.We confirmed for the first time the presence of the yellow-necked mouse,Apodemus flavicollis,in central Pyrenees,a typical Eurosiberian species that reaches its southernmost distribution limit in this area.We also found the wood mouse,Apodemus sylvaticus,a related species more tolerant to Mediterranean environments.Both rodents were spatially segregated by altitude.A.sylvaticus was rare at high altitudes,which might cause the genetic differentiation between populations of the different valleys reported here.We also found other seed consumers like dormice,Elyomis quercinus,and voles,Myodes glareolus,with marked habitat preferences.We suggest that population isolation among valleys may increase the genetic diversity of rodents,like A.sylvaticus.We also highlight the potential threat that global warming may represent for species linked to high-altitude refuges at the southern edge of its distribution,like Apodemus flavicollis.Finally,we discuss how this threat may have a dimension in the conservation of alpine forests dispersed by these rodent populations.
