BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer has a low 5-year survival rate and high mortality.Humanβ-defensin-1(hBD-1)may play an integral function in the innate immune system,contributing to the recognition and destruction of canc...BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer has a low 5-year survival rate and high mortality.Humanβ-defensin-1(hBD-1)may play an integral function in the innate immune system,contributing to the recognition and destruction of cancer cells.Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are involved in the process of cell differentiation and growth.AIM To investigate the effect of hBD-1 on the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway and autophagy in human colon cancer SW620 cells.METHODS CCK8 assay was utilized for the detection of cell proliferation and determination of the optimal drug concentration.Colony formation assay was employed to assess the effect of hBD-1 on SW620 cell proliferation.Bioinformatics was used to screen potentially biologically significant lncRNAs related to the mTOR pathway.Additionally,p-mTOR(Ser2448),Beclin1,and LC3II/I expression levels in SW620 cells were assessed through Western blot analysis.RESULTS hBD-1 inhibited the proliferative ability of SW620 cells,as evidenced by the reduction in the colony formation capacity of SW620 cells upon exposure to hBD-1.hBD-1 decreased the expression of p-mTOR(Ser2448)protein and increased the expression of Beclin1 and LC3II/I protein.Furthermore,bioinformatics analysis identified seven lncRNAs(2 upregulated and 5 downregulated)related to the mTOR pathway.The lncRNA TCONS_00014506 was ultimately selected.Following the inhibition of the lncRNA TCONS_00014506,exposure to hBD-1 inhibited p-mTOR(Ser2448)and promoted Beclin1 and LC3II/I protein expression.CONCLUSION hBD-1 inhibits the mTOR pathway and promotes autophagy by upregulating the expression of the lncRNA TCONS_00014506 in SW620 cells.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder,and fe rroptosis plays a significant role in the pathological mechanism underlying Parkinson’s disease.Rapamycin,an autophagy inducer,has been shown to have neurop...Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder,and fe rroptosis plays a significant role in the pathological mechanism underlying Parkinson’s disease.Rapamycin,an autophagy inducer,has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in Parkinson’s disease.However,the link between rapamycin and ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease is not entirely clear.In this study,rapamycin was administe red to a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson’s disease mouse model and a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced Parkinson’s disease PC12 cell model.The results showed that rapamycin improved the behavioral symptoms of Parkinson’s disease model mice,reduced the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta,and reduced the expression of ferroptosis-related indicators(glutathione peroxidase 4,recombinant solute carrier family 7,member 11,glutathione,malondialdehyde,and reactive oxygen species).In the Parkinson’s disease cell model,rapamycin improved cell viability and reduced ferro ptosis.The neuroprotective effect of rapamycin was attenuated by a ferroptosis inducer(methyl(1S,3R)-2-(2-chloroacetyl)-1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-1,3,4,9-tetrahyyridoindole-3-carboxylate)and an autophagy inhibitor(3-methyladenine).Inhibiting ferro ptosis by activating autophagy may be an important mechanism by which rapamycin exerts its neuroprotective effects.Therefo re,the regulation of ferroptosis and autophagy may provide a therapeutic target for drug treatments in Parkinson’s disease.展开更多
Background:Liver transplantation(LT)is an effective treatment option for end-stage liver disease.Mammalian target of rapamycin(m TOR)inhibitors,such as rapamycin,are widely used post LT.Data sources:In this review,we ...Background:Liver transplantation(LT)is an effective treatment option for end-stage liver disease.Mammalian target of rapamycin(m TOR)inhibitors,such as rapamycin,are widely used post LT.Data sources:In this review,we focused on the anti-cancer activities and metabolic side effects of rapamycin after LT.The literature available on Pub Med for the period of January 1999-September 2022 was reviewed.The key words were rapamycin,sirolimus,liver transplantation,hepatocellular carcinoma,diabetes,and lipid metabolism disorder.Results:Rapamycin has shown excellent effects and is safer than other immunosuppressive regimens.It has exhibited excellent anti-cancer activity and has the potential in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence post LT.Rapamycin is closely related to two long-term complications after LT,diabetes and lipid metabolism disorders.Conclusions:Rapamycin prevents HCC recurrence post LT in some patients,but it also induces metabolic disorders.Reasonable use of rapamycin benefits the liver recipients.展开更多
Recent studies have shown that a 9-hour fast in mice reduces the amount of time spent immobile in the forced swimming test.Howeve r,whether 9-hour fasting has therapeutic effects in female mice with depressive symptom...Recent studies have shown that a 9-hour fast in mice reduces the amount of time spent immobile in the forced swimming test.Howeve r,whether 9-hour fasting has therapeutic effects in female mice with depressive symptoms has not been established.Therefore,in this study,we simulated perimenopausal depression via an ovariectomy in mice,and subjected them to a single 9-hour fasting 7 days later.We found that the ovariectomy increased the time spent immobile in the forced swimming test,inhibited expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway in the hippocampus and prefro ntal cortex,and decreased the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampus.The 9-hour acute fasting alleviated the above-mentioned phenomena.Furthermore,all of the antidepressant-like effects of 9-hour fasting were reve rsed by an inhibitor of the mammalian to rget of rapamycin complex 1.Electrophysiology data showed a remarkable increase in long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 of the ovariectomized mice subjected to fasting compared with the findings in the ovariectomized mice not subjected to fasting.These findings show that the antidepressant-like effects of 9-hour fasting may be related to the activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian hippocampus.Thus,fasting may be a potential treatment for depression.展开更多
BACKGROUND The use of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents(BP-DES)has been proven to minimize restenosis and stent thrombosis.The current post-marketing monitoring was observed at the 5-year clinical outcomes of ...BACKGROUND The use of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents(BP-DES)has been proven to minimize restenosis and stent thrombosis.The current post-marketing monitoring was observed at the 5-year clinical outcomes of individuals who had been treated with FlexyRap®DES in the real world.AIM To assess the safety and effectiveness of FlexyRap®DES at the 5-year follow-up in real-world settings.METHODS Findings from a retrospective,multi-center,observational,post-market clinical follow-up study of patients treated with FlexyRap®DES for de novo coronary artery disease(CAD)were reported.During the 12-mo follow-up,the primary endpoint was target lesion failure,which was defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, target vessel myocardial infarction(TV-MI), and clinically driven target lesion revascularization.RESULTS The data of 500 patients received with FlexyRap®DES was obtained at the completion of the surveillance timeline of 5-year.After the implantation of FlexyRap®DES,the device success rate was 100%.Adverse events that led to major bleeding,permanent disability,or death were not experienced in the patients.The major adverse cardiac event rate at 12-mo,3-year,and 5-year follow-up was 1(0.2%),0(0%),and 1(0.2%)respectively with 0(0%)cardiovascular death,2(0.4%)TV-MI,and 0(0%)TLR compositely.Furthermore,late stent thrombosis was found in 2(0.4%)patients at the follow-up of 12-mo,very late stent thrombosis was observed in 2 patients(0.4%)at 3-year follow-up.CONCLUSION FlexyRap®DES was proved to be safe and efficacious in real-world patients with de novo CAD,indicating a lowered rate of cardiac events and stent thrombosis at 5-year follow-up.展开更多
Objective:To study the effect of different concentrations of rapamycin on the proliferation of acute leukemia CD4^(+)T-Jurkat cells,and to explore its mechanism from the aspect of autophagy.Methods:The effect of diffe...Objective:To study the effect of different concentrations of rapamycin on the proliferation of acute leukemia CD4^(+)T-Jurkat cells,and to explore its mechanism from the aspect of autophagy.Methods:The effect of different concentrations of rapamycin on cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay;Apoptosis rate and cell cycle arrest were detected by flow cytometry;The changes of autophagic lysosomes were observed by acridine orange staining;Transcriptome sequencing data were used to analyze the differential expression of autophagy-related genes;The transcription and protein expression levels of autophagy-related genes were detected by RT-qPCR and Western Blot;The chromatin accessibility of the promoter region of autophagy gene was analyzed by FAIRE-qPCR.Results:Compared with the control group,rapamycin inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.The cell cycle was arrested in G0/G1 phase,but it could not effectively induce apoptosis.Observed by acridine orange staining,the number of autophagic lysosomes increased after administration.RNA-seq data showed that rapamycin could significantly affect the transcription level of autophagy-related genes.After Jurkat cells were treated with different concentrations of rapamycin for 48 h,10 nM and 20 nM rapamycin could up-regulate the expression of ULK1,ATG13,ATG16L2,PI3K3R1,Raptor genes and down-regulate the expression of MAPK1 gene.At 50 nM,the expression levels of each gene were down-regulated.The chromatin accessibility of the autophagy gene promoter region also changed,which was basically consistent with the trend of gene expression.Conclusion:Rapamycin can inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat cells,block cell cycle and induce autophagy.Low concentrations of rapamycin promoted the expression of autophagy-related genes,while high concentrations inhibited their expression.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignant tumors.Osteopontin(OPN)is thought to be closely related to the occurrence,metastasis and prognosis of many types of tumors.AIM To investigate the effect...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignant tumors.Osteopontin(OPN)is thought to be closely related to the occurrence,metastasis and prognosis of many types of tumors.AIM To investigate the effects of OPN on the proliferation,invasion and migration of GC cells and its possible mechanism.METHODS The mRNA and protein expression of OPN in the GC cells were analyzed by realtime quantitative-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting,and observe the effect of varying degree expression OPN on the proliferation and other behaviors of GC.Next,the effects of OPN knockdown on GC cells migration and invasion were examined.The short hairpin RNA(shRNA)and negative control shRNA targeting OPN-shRNA were transfected into the cells according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Non transfected cells were classified as control in the identical transfecting process.24 h after RNA transfection cell proliferation activity was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-diphenytetrazoliumromide assay,and cell invasiveness and migration were detected by Trans well assay.Meanwhile,the expression of protein kinase B(AKT),matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the human GC cell lines was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.RESULTS The results of this study revealed that OPN mRNA and protein expression levels were highly expressed in SGC-7901 cells.OPN knockdown by specific shRNA noticeably reduced the capabilities of proliferation,invasion and migration of SGC-7901 cells.Moreover,in the experiments of investigating the underlying mechanism,results showed that OPN knockdown could down-regulated the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF,it also decreased the phosphorylation of AKT.Meanwhile,the protein expression levels of MMP-2,VEGF and phosphorylated AKT was noticeable lower than that in control group in the GC cells after they were added to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)inhibitor(LY294002).CONCLUSION These results suggested that OPN though PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signal pathway to upregulate MMP-2 and VEGF expression,which contribute SGC-7901 cells to proliferation,invasion and migration.Thus,our results demonstrate that OPN may serve as a novel prognostic biomarkers as well as a potential therapeutic targets for GC.展开更多
Rapamycin treatment has been shown to increase autophagy activity and activate Akt phosphorylation, suppressing apoptosis in several models of ischemia reperfusion injury. However, little has been studied on the neuro...Rapamycin treatment has been shown to increase autophagy activity and activate Akt phosphorylation, suppressing apoptosis in several models of ischemia reperfusion injury. However, little has been studied on the neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury by activating Akt phosphorylation. We hypothesized that both effects of rapamycin, the increased autophagy activity and Akt signaling, would contribute to its neuroprotective properties. In this study, a compressive spinal cord injury model of rat was created by an aneurysm clip with a 30 g closing force. Rat models were intraperitoneally injected with rapamycin 1 mg/kg, followed by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine 2.5 mg/kg and Akt inhibitor IV 1 μg/kg. Western blot assay, immunofluorescence staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay were used to observe the expression of neuronal autophagy molecule Beclin 1, apoptosis-related molecules Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, casp ase-3 and Akt signaling. Our results demonstrated that rapamycin inhibited the expression of mTOR in injured spinal cord tissue and up-regulated the expression of Beclin 1 and phosphorylated-Akt. Rapamycin prevented the decrease of bcl-2 expression in injured spinal cord tissue, reduced Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 expression levels and reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in injured spinal cord tissue 24 hours after spinal cord injury. 3-Methyladenine and Akt inhibitor IV intervention suppressed the expression of Beclin-1 and phosphorylated-Akt in injured spinal cord tissue and reduced the protective effect of rapamycin on apoptotic neurons. The above results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of rapamycin on spinal cord injury rats can be achieved by activating autophagy and the Akt signaling pathway.展开更多
Mammalian target of rapamycin, also known as me-chanistic target of rapamycin(m TOR) is a protein kinase that belongs to the PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway, which is involved in several fundamental cellular function...Mammalian target of rapamycin, also known as me-chanistic target of rapamycin(m TOR) is a protein kinase that belongs to the PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway, which is involved in several fundamental cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, and survival. This protein and its associated pathway have been implicated in cancer development and the regulation of immune responses, including the rejection response generated following allograft transplantation. Inhibitors of m TOR(m TORi) such as rapamycin and its derivative everolimus are potent immunosuppressive drugs that both maintain similar rates of efficacy and could optimize the renal function and diminish the side effects compared with calcineurin inhibitors. These drugs are used in solid-organ transplantationtoinduceimmunosuppression while also promoting the expansion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells that could favor a scenery of immu-nological tolerance. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which inhibitors of m TOR induce sup-pression by regulation of these pathways at different levels of the immune response. In addition, we par-ticularly emphasize about the main methods that are used to assess the potency of immunosuppressive drugs, highlighting the studies carried out about immunosuppressive potency of inhibitors of m TOR.展开更多
The mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)acts in two structurally and functionally distinct protein complexes,mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)and mTOR complex 2(mTORC2).Upon deregulation,activated mTOR signaling is associated wit...The mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)acts in two structurally and functionally distinct protein complexes,mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)and mTOR complex 2(mTORC2).Upon deregulation,activated mTOR signaling is associated with multiple processes involved in tumor growth and metastasis.Compared with mTORC1,much less is known about mTORC2 in cancer,mainly because of the unavailability of a selective inhibitor.However,existing data suggest that mTORC2 with its two distinct subunits Rictor and mSin1 might play a more important role than assumed so far.It is one of the key effectors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and stimulates cell growth,cell survival,metabolism,and cytoskeletal organization.It is not only implicated in tumor progression,metastasis,and the tumor microenvironment but also in resistance to therapy.Rictor,the central subunit of mTORC2,was found to be upregulated in different kinds of cancers and is associated with advanced tumor stages and a bad prognosis.Moreover,AKT,the main downstream regulator of mTORC2/Rictor,is one of the most highly activated proteins in cancer.Primary and secondary liver cancer are major problems for current cancer therapy due to the lack of specific medical treatment,emphasizing the need for further therapeutic options.This review,therefore,summarizes the role of mTORC2/Rictor in cancer,with special focus on primary liver cancer but also on liver metastases.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs),with blurred etiology,show a rising trend and are of global concern.Of various factors involved in IBD pathogenesis and development,inflammation has been shown to play a major role.Re...Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs),with blurred etiology,show a rising trend and are of global concern.Of various factors involved in IBD pathogenesis and development,inflammation has been shown to play a major role.Recognition of the molecular and cellular pathways that induce IBD is an emerging subject to develop targeted therapies.Mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)is one the most common receptors of many inflammatory pathways,including that of IBD.To this end,we intend to overview the mTOR inhibitors for their possible efficacy in present and future approaches to treatment of IBD.展开更多
· AIM: To determine the effects of rapamycin on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis(EAU) and investigate of role of rapamycin on T cell subsets in the disease.·METHODS: EAU was induced in rats using peptid...· AIM: To determine the effects of rapamycin on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis(EAU) and investigate of role of rapamycin on T cell subsets in the disease.·METHODS: EAU was induced in rats using peptides1169 to 1191 of the interphotoreceptor binding protein(IRBP). Rapamycin(0.2 mg/kg/d) was administrated by intraperitoneal injection for a consecutive 7d after immunization. Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, TGF-β1, and IL-6produced by lymphocyteswere measured by ELISA, while Th17 cells and CD4 +CD25 + regulatory T cells(Tregs)from rat spleen were detected by flow cytometry.·RESULTS: Intraperitoneal treatment immediately after immunization dramatically ameliorated the clinical course of EAU. Clinical responses were associated with reduced retinal inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue destruction. Rapamycin induced suppression of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10 release from T lymphocytes of EAU rats, in vitro.Rapamycin also significantly increased TGF-β1production but had no effect on IL-6 productionof T lymphocytes from EAU rats in vitro. Furthermore,rapamycin decreased the ratio of Th17 cells/CD4 +T cells and upregulated Tregs in EAU, as detected by flow cytometry.·CONCLUSION: Rapamycin effectively interferes with T cell mediated autoimmune uveitis by inhibiting antigen-specific T cell functions and enhancing Tregs in EAU.Rapamycin is a promising new alternative as an adjunct corticosteroid-sparing agent for treating uveitis.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82360329Inner Mongolia Medical University General Project,No.YKD2023MS047Inner Mongolia Health Commission Science and Technology Plan Project,No.202201275.
文摘BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer has a low 5-year survival rate and high mortality.Humanβ-defensin-1(hBD-1)may play an integral function in the innate immune system,contributing to the recognition and destruction of cancer cells.Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are involved in the process of cell differentiation and growth.AIM To investigate the effect of hBD-1 on the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway and autophagy in human colon cancer SW620 cells.METHODS CCK8 assay was utilized for the detection of cell proliferation and determination of the optimal drug concentration.Colony formation assay was employed to assess the effect of hBD-1 on SW620 cell proliferation.Bioinformatics was used to screen potentially biologically significant lncRNAs related to the mTOR pathway.Additionally,p-mTOR(Ser2448),Beclin1,and LC3II/I expression levels in SW620 cells were assessed through Western blot analysis.RESULTS hBD-1 inhibited the proliferative ability of SW620 cells,as evidenced by the reduction in the colony formation capacity of SW620 cells upon exposure to hBD-1.hBD-1 decreased the expression of p-mTOR(Ser2448)protein and increased the expression of Beclin1 and LC3II/I protein.Furthermore,bioinformatics analysis identified seven lncRNAs(2 upregulated and 5 downregulated)related to the mTOR pathway.The lncRNA TCONS_00014506 was ultimately selected.Following the inhibition of the lncRNA TCONS_00014506,exposure to hBD-1 inhibited p-mTOR(Ser2448)and promoted Beclin1 and LC3II/I protein expression.CONCLUSION hBD-1 inhibits the mTOR pathway and promotes autophagy by upregulating the expression of the lncRNA TCONS_00014506 in SW620 cells.
文摘Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder,and fe rroptosis plays a significant role in the pathological mechanism underlying Parkinson’s disease.Rapamycin,an autophagy inducer,has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in Parkinson’s disease.However,the link between rapamycin and ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease is not entirely clear.In this study,rapamycin was administe red to a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson’s disease mouse model and a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced Parkinson’s disease PC12 cell model.The results showed that rapamycin improved the behavioral symptoms of Parkinson’s disease model mice,reduced the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta,and reduced the expression of ferroptosis-related indicators(glutathione peroxidase 4,recombinant solute carrier family 7,member 11,glutathione,malondialdehyde,and reactive oxygen species).In the Parkinson’s disease cell model,rapamycin improved cell viability and reduced ferro ptosis.The neuroprotective effect of rapamycin was attenuated by a ferroptosis inducer(methyl(1S,3R)-2-(2-chloroacetyl)-1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-1,3,4,9-tetrahyyridoindole-3-carboxylate)and an autophagy inhibitor(3-methyladenine).Inhibiting ferro ptosis by activating autophagy may be an important mechanism by which rapamycin exerts its neuroprotective effects.Therefo re,the regulation of ferroptosis and autophagy may provide a therapeutic target for drug treatments in Parkinson’s disease.
基金supported by grants from the Key Program,National Natural Science Foundation of China(81930016)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1100500)+2 种基金the Major Research Plan of the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(92159202)Key Research&Devel-opment Plan of Zhejiang Province(2019C03050)The Construction Fund of Key Medical Disciplines of Hangzhou(OO20200093)。
文摘Background:Liver transplantation(LT)is an effective treatment option for end-stage liver disease.Mammalian target of rapamycin(m TOR)inhibitors,such as rapamycin,are widely used post LT.Data sources:In this review,we focused on the anti-cancer activities and metabolic side effects of rapamycin after LT.The literature available on Pub Med for the period of January 1999-September 2022 was reviewed.The key words were rapamycin,sirolimus,liver transplantation,hepatocellular carcinoma,diabetes,and lipid metabolism disorder.Results:Rapamycin has shown excellent effects and is safer than other immunosuppressive regimens.It has exhibited excellent anti-cancer activity and has the potential in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence post LT.Rapamycin is closely related to two long-term complications after LT,diabetes and lipid metabolism disorders.Conclusions:Rapamycin prevents HCC recurrence post LT in some patients,but it also induces metabolic disorders.Reasonable use of rapamycin benefits the liver recipients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81871070Jilin Province Medical and Health Talents,No.2020SCZT021Changchun City Science and Technology Development Plan Key Project,No.21ZGY16 (all to BJL)。
文摘Recent studies have shown that a 9-hour fast in mice reduces the amount of time spent immobile in the forced swimming test.Howeve r,whether 9-hour fasting has therapeutic effects in female mice with depressive symptoms has not been established.Therefore,in this study,we simulated perimenopausal depression via an ovariectomy in mice,and subjected them to a single 9-hour fasting 7 days later.We found that the ovariectomy increased the time spent immobile in the forced swimming test,inhibited expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway in the hippocampus and prefro ntal cortex,and decreased the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampus.The 9-hour acute fasting alleviated the above-mentioned phenomena.Furthermore,all of the antidepressant-like effects of 9-hour fasting were reve rsed by an inhibitor of the mammalian to rget of rapamycin complex 1.Electrophysiology data showed a remarkable increase in long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 of the ovariectomized mice subjected to fasting compared with the findings in the ovariectomized mice not subjected to fasting.These findings show that the antidepressant-like effects of 9-hour fasting may be related to the activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian hippocampus.Thus,fasting may be a potential treatment for depression.
文摘BACKGROUND The use of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents(BP-DES)has been proven to minimize restenosis and stent thrombosis.The current post-marketing monitoring was observed at the 5-year clinical outcomes of individuals who had been treated with FlexyRap®DES in the real world.AIM To assess the safety and effectiveness of FlexyRap®DES at the 5-year follow-up in real-world settings.METHODS Findings from a retrospective,multi-center,observational,post-market clinical follow-up study of patients treated with FlexyRap®DES for de novo coronary artery disease(CAD)were reported.During the 12-mo follow-up,the primary endpoint was target lesion failure,which was defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, target vessel myocardial infarction(TV-MI), and clinically driven target lesion revascularization.RESULTS The data of 500 patients received with FlexyRap®DES was obtained at the completion of the surveillance timeline of 5-year.After the implantation of FlexyRap®DES,the device success rate was 100%.Adverse events that led to major bleeding,permanent disability,or death were not experienced in the patients.The major adverse cardiac event rate at 12-mo,3-year,and 5-year follow-up was 1(0.2%),0(0%),and 1(0.2%)respectively with 0(0%)cardiovascular death,2(0.4%)TV-MI,and 0(0%)TLR compositely.Furthermore,late stent thrombosis was found in 2(0.4%)patients at the follow-up of 12-mo,very late stent thrombosis was observed in 2 patients(0.4%)at 3-year follow-up.CONCLUSION FlexyRap®DES was proved to be safe and efficacious in real-world patients with de novo CAD,indicating a lowered rate of cardiac events and stent thrombosis at 5-year follow-up.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31660318)Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(No.820RC638)The Innovative research projects for graduates of Hainan Medical University(No.HYYS2020-10)。
文摘Objective:To study the effect of different concentrations of rapamycin on the proliferation of acute leukemia CD4^(+)T-Jurkat cells,and to explore its mechanism from the aspect of autophagy.Methods:The effect of different concentrations of rapamycin on cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay;Apoptosis rate and cell cycle arrest were detected by flow cytometry;The changes of autophagic lysosomes were observed by acridine orange staining;Transcriptome sequencing data were used to analyze the differential expression of autophagy-related genes;The transcription and protein expression levels of autophagy-related genes were detected by RT-qPCR and Western Blot;The chromatin accessibility of the promoter region of autophagy gene was analyzed by FAIRE-qPCR.Results:Compared with the control group,rapamycin inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.The cell cycle was arrested in G0/G1 phase,but it could not effectively induce apoptosis.Observed by acridine orange staining,the number of autophagic lysosomes increased after administration.RNA-seq data showed that rapamycin could significantly affect the transcription level of autophagy-related genes.After Jurkat cells were treated with different concentrations of rapamycin for 48 h,10 nM and 20 nM rapamycin could up-regulate the expression of ULK1,ATG13,ATG16L2,PI3K3R1,Raptor genes and down-regulate the expression of MAPK1 gene.At 50 nM,the expression levels of each gene were down-regulated.The chromatin accessibility of the autophagy gene promoter region also changed,which was basically consistent with the trend of gene expression.Conclusion:Rapamycin can inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat cells,block cell cycle and induce autophagy.Low concentrations of rapamycin promoted the expression of autophagy-related genes,while high concentrations inhibited their expression.
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignant tumors.Osteopontin(OPN)is thought to be closely related to the occurrence,metastasis and prognosis of many types of tumors.AIM To investigate the effects of OPN on the proliferation,invasion and migration of GC cells and its possible mechanism.METHODS The mRNA and protein expression of OPN in the GC cells were analyzed by realtime quantitative-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting,and observe the effect of varying degree expression OPN on the proliferation and other behaviors of GC.Next,the effects of OPN knockdown on GC cells migration and invasion were examined.The short hairpin RNA(shRNA)and negative control shRNA targeting OPN-shRNA were transfected into the cells according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Non transfected cells were classified as control in the identical transfecting process.24 h after RNA transfection cell proliferation activity was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-diphenytetrazoliumromide assay,and cell invasiveness and migration were detected by Trans well assay.Meanwhile,the expression of protein kinase B(AKT),matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the human GC cell lines was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.RESULTS The results of this study revealed that OPN mRNA and protein expression levels were highly expressed in SGC-7901 cells.OPN knockdown by specific shRNA noticeably reduced the capabilities of proliferation,invasion and migration of SGC-7901 cells.Moreover,in the experiments of investigating the underlying mechanism,results showed that OPN knockdown could down-regulated the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF,it also decreased the phosphorylation of AKT.Meanwhile,the protein expression levels of MMP-2,VEGF and phosphorylated AKT was noticeable lower than that in control group in the GC cells after they were added to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)inhibitor(LY294002).CONCLUSION These results suggested that OPN though PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signal pathway to upregulate MMP-2 and VEGF expression,which contribute SGC-7901 cells to proliferation,invasion and migration.Thus,our results demonstrate that OPN may serve as a novel prognostic biomarkers as well as a potential therapeutic targets for GC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81401004(to XGL)Medical and Health Technology Development Program of Zhejiang Province of China,No.2015-KY1001-036(to XGL)
文摘Rapamycin treatment has been shown to increase autophagy activity and activate Akt phosphorylation, suppressing apoptosis in several models of ischemia reperfusion injury. However, little has been studied on the neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury by activating Akt phosphorylation. We hypothesized that both effects of rapamycin, the increased autophagy activity and Akt signaling, would contribute to its neuroprotective properties. In this study, a compressive spinal cord injury model of rat was created by an aneurysm clip with a 30 g closing force. Rat models were intraperitoneally injected with rapamycin 1 mg/kg, followed by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine 2.5 mg/kg and Akt inhibitor IV 1 μg/kg. Western blot assay, immunofluorescence staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay were used to observe the expression of neuronal autophagy molecule Beclin 1, apoptosis-related molecules Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, casp ase-3 and Akt signaling. Our results demonstrated that rapamycin inhibited the expression of mTOR in injured spinal cord tissue and up-regulated the expression of Beclin 1 and phosphorylated-Akt. Rapamycin prevented the decrease of bcl-2 expression in injured spinal cord tissue, reduced Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 expression levels and reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in injured spinal cord tissue 24 hours after spinal cord injury. 3-Methyladenine and Akt inhibitor IV intervention suppressed the expression of Beclin-1 and phosphorylated-Akt in injured spinal cord tissue and reduced the protective effect of rapamycin on apoptotic neurons. The above results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of rapamycin on spinal cord injury rats can be achieved by activating autophagy and the Akt signaling pathway.
基金Supported by Novartis Espana and by grant to Pons JA as Principal Investigator from Instituto Salud Carlos III,No.PI12/02042
文摘Mammalian target of rapamycin, also known as me-chanistic target of rapamycin(m TOR) is a protein kinase that belongs to the PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway, which is involved in several fundamental cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, and survival. This protein and its associated pathway have been implicated in cancer development and the regulation of immune responses, including the rejection response generated following allograft transplantation. Inhibitors of m TOR(m TORi) such as rapamycin and its derivative everolimus are potent immunosuppressive drugs that both maintain similar rates of efficacy and could optimize the renal function and diminish the side effects compared with calcineurin inhibitors. These drugs are used in solid-organ transplantationtoinduceimmunosuppression while also promoting the expansion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells that could favor a scenery of immu-nological tolerance. In this review, we describe the mechanisms by which inhibitors of m TOR induce sup-pression by regulation of these pathways at different levels of the immune response. In addition, we par-ticularly emphasize about the main methods that are used to assess the potency of immunosuppressive drugs, highlighting the studies carried out about immunosuppressive potency of inhibitors of m TOR.
文摘The mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)acts in two structurally and functionally distinct protein complexes,mTOR complex 1(mTORC1)and mTOR complex 2(mTORC2).Upon deregulation,activated mTOR signaling is associated with multiple processes involved in tumor growth and metastasis.Compared with mTORC1,much less is known about mTORC2 in cancer,mainly because of the unavailability of a selective inhibitor.However,existing data suggest that mTORC2 with its two distinct subunits Rictor and mSin1 might play a more important role than assumed so far.It is one of the key effectors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and stimulates cell growth,cell survival,metabolism,and cytoskeletal organization.It is not only implicated in tumor progression,metastasis,and the tumor microenvironment but also in resistance to therapy.Rictor,the central subunit of mTORC2,was found to be upregulated in different kinds of cancers and is associated with advanced tumor stages and a bad prognosis.Moreover,AKT,the main downstream regulator of mTORC2/Rictor,is one of the most highly activated proteins in cancer.Primary and secondary liver cancer are major problems for current cancer therapy due to the lack of specific medical treatment,emphasizing the need for further therapeutic options.This review,therefore,summarizes the role of mTORC2/Rictor in cancer,with special focus on primary liver cancer but also on liver metastases.
文摘Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs),with blurred etiology,show a rising trend and are of global concern.Of various factors involved in IBD pathogenesis and development,inflammation has been shown to play a major role.Recognition of the molecular and cellular pathways that induce IBD is an emerging subject to develop targeted therapies.Mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)is one the most common receptors of many inflammatory pathways,including that of IBD.To this end,we intend to overview the mTOR inhibitors for their possible efficacy in present and future approaches to treatment of IBD.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81371005)
文摘· AIM: To determine the effects of rapamycin on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis(EAU) and investigate of role of rapamycin on T cell subsets in the disease.·METHODS: EAU was induced in rats using peptides1169 to 1191 of the interphotoreceptor binding protein(IRBP). Rapamycin(0.2 mg/kg/d) was administrated by intraperitoneal injection for a consecutive 7d after immunization. Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, TGF-β1, and IL-6produced by lymphocyteswere measured by ELISA, while Th17 cells and CD4 +CD25 + regulatory T cells(Tregs)from rat spleen were detected by flow cytometry.·RESULTS: Intraperitoneal treatment immediately after immunization dramatically ameliorated the clinical course of EAU. Clinical responses were associated with reduced retinal inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue destruction. Rapamycin induced suppression of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10 release from T lymphocytes of EAU rats, in vitro.Rapamycin also significantly increased TGF-β1production but had no effect on IL-6 productionof T lymphocytes from EAU rats in vitro. Furthermore,rapamycin decreased the ratio of Th17 cells/CD4 +T cells and upregulated Tregs in EAU, as detected by flow cytometry.·CONCLUSION: Rapamycin effectively interferes with T cell mediated autoimmune uveitis by inhibiting antigen-specific T cell functions and enhancing Tregs in EAU.Rapamycin is a promising new alternative as an adjunct corticosteroid-sparing agent for treating uveitis.
