Olfactory receptors are crucial for detecting odors and play a vital role in our sense of smell,influencing behaviors from food choices to emotional memories.These receptors also contribute to our perception of flavor...Olfactory receptors are crucial for detecting odors and play a vital role in our sense of smell,influencing behaviors from food choices to emotional memories.These receptors also contribute to our perception of flavor and have potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.The ability of the olfactory system to regenerate its sensory neurons provides a unique model to study neural regeneration,a phenomenon largely absent in the central nervous system.Insights gained from how olfactory neurons continuously replace themselves and reestablish functional connections can provide strategies to promote similar regenerative processes in the central nervous system,where damage often results in permanent deficits.Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning olfactory neuron regeneration could pave the way for developing therapeutic approaches to treat spinal co rd injuries and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.Olfa ctory receptors are found in almost any cell of eve ry orga n/tissue of the mammalian body.This ectopic expression provides insights into the chemical structures that can activate olfactory receptors.In addition to odors,olfactory receptors in ectopic expression may respond to endogenous compounds and molecules produced by mucosal colonizing microbiota.The analysis of the function of olfactory receptors in ectopic expression provides valuable information on the signaling pathway engaged upon receptor activation and the receptor's role in proliferation and cell differentiation mechanisms.This review explo res the ectopic expression of olfa ctory receptors and the role they may play in neural regeneration within the central nervous system,with particular attention to compounds that can activate these receptors to initiate regenerative processes.Evidence suggests that olfactory receptors could serve as potential therapeutic targets for enhancing neural repair and recovery following central nervous system injuries.展开更多
Objective: To explore the possible IgG1 binding receptors by protein-protein docking experiments. Methods: The protein-protein cognate interactions such as IgG with Fc Receptors (FcRs) potentiate signaling cascades to...Objective: To explore the possible IgG1 binding receptors by protein-protein docking experiments. Methods: The protein-protein cognate interactions such as IgG with Fc Receptors (FcRs) potentiate signaling cascades to ameliorate antigen uptake, processing and presentation are studied by protein-protein docking experiments. Results: However, the propensity of IgG interactions with other cognate receptors largely remains obscure. In this direction, possibilities of IgG1 binding with various five receptors were explored. In this study, we report previously unidentified associations between IgG1 and other receptors. Herein, we show that IgG1 binds to the granulocyte-macrophage receptor, β common receptor and complementaryreceptor(complementary receptor I and complementary receptor II) to form a complex structure. We show the binding ability and important protein-protein interactions of IgG1 with four receptors in comparison to Fc Receptor, and also find out the conserved amino acids and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions amongst them. Conclusions: Comparative interaction studies of IgG1 binding to various receptors revealed close similarities of IgG1 binding to its native receptor Fc. In conclusion, our study has shown the comparable binding efficiency of four receptors to IgG1 apart from the conventional Fc receptor.展开更多
Immunoglobulin (Ig) M production can be induced by the interaction of thymus-independent type-2 (TI-2) antigen (Ag) with B cell Ag receptors (BCRs) without the involvement of conventional T cells;for IgG production th...Immunoglobulin (Ig) M production can be induced by the interaction of thymus-independent type-2 (TI-2) antigen (Ag) with B cell Ag receptors (BCRs) without the involvement of conventional T cells;for IgG production through the same process, however, a second signal is required. Previous studies have reported that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells may be responsible for the second signal involved in IgG production. In the present study, we addressed whether human iNKT cells could participate in the production of Ig against TI-2 Ag in vitro. Two major distinct subsets of human iNKT cells, CD4<sup>+</sup> CD8β<sup>-</sup> (CD4) and CD4<sup>-</sup> CD8β<sup>-</sup> [double negative (DN)] cells, were generated from peripheral blood monocytes from a healthy volunteer. BCR engagement, triggered by anti-IgM antibody stimulation, examined here as a model of BCR engagement triggered by TI-2 Ag, induced abundant IgM production by B cells. Both CD4 and DN iNKT cells reduced IgM production and conversely enhanced IgG production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, IgG production by CD19<sup>+</sup>CD27<sup>-</sup> (naïve) and CD19<sup>+</sup>CD27<sup>+</sup> (memory) B cells was predominantly promoted by DNiNKT cells rather than CD4 iNKT cells;nevertheless, IgM production by both B cell subsets was similarly reduced by either subset of iNKT cells. These results suggest that the DN iNKT subsets may preferentially promote Ig class switching by B cells upon stimulation with TI-2 Ag.展开更多
目的探讨单核细胞单层实验(monocyte monolayer assay,MMA)是否能够用于IgG抗-M相关胎儿新生儿溶血病(hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn,HDFN)的预测。方法选取8例含有IgG抗-M的孕妇并采集血浆标本,其中有胎儿水肿等严重临床症...目的探讨单核细胞单层实验(monocyte monolayer assay,MMA)是否能够用于IgG抗-M相关胎儿新生儿溶血病(hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn,HDFN)的预测。方法选取8例含有IgG抗-M的孕妇并采集血浆标本,其中有胎儿水肿等严重临床症状及无明显临床症状的各4例;8份血浆用二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol,DTT)灭活,与M抗原阳性红细胞孵育致敏后,将致敏红细胞与单核细胞混合进行吞噬试验,同时设立阳性及阴性对照,并计算吞噬率;采用t检验对2组吞噬率进行比较。结果4例发生严重抗-M相关HDFN的孕妇的MMA吞噬率分别为15.37%、13.05%、9.17%和24.50%,均值为15.52%;检出IgG抗-M但未发生HDFN的孕妇,其MMA吞噬率分别为8.74%、11.07%、5.12%和6.23%,均值为7.79%,2组吞噬率无差异(P>0.05)。2组吞噬率分别与阴性对照比较均无差异(P>0.05),但均明显低于阳性对照(P<0.05)。结论IgG抗-M介导单核细胞吞噬的能力较低,提示抗-M导致胎儿水肿的机制可能并非红细胞被吞噬破坏而发生的溶血,因此体外单核细胞单层实验可能不适用于IgG抗-M相关HDFN的预测。对于检出IgG抗-M的孕妇,现仍需通过定期监测胎儿大脑中动脉血流,来判断胎儿宫内贫血情况。展开更多
IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is an inflammatory disease that leads to bile duct stricture,characterized by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into the bile duct wall,thickening of the bile d...IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is an inflammatory disease that leads to bile duct stricture,characterized by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into the bile duct wall,thickening of the bile duct wall,and narrowing of the lumen.The differential diagnosis of IgG4-SC mainly includes primary sclerosing cholangitis,cholangiocarcinoma,and pancreatic cancer.IgG4-SC is often associated with autoimmune pancreatitis and can be accurately diagnosed based on clinical diagnostic criteria.However,isolated IgG4-SC is difficult to distinguish from biliary tumors.Given the significant differences in biological behavior,treatment,and prognosis between these diseases,accurately identifying isolated IgG4-SC has very important clinical significance.展开更多
文摘Olfactory receptors are crucial for detecting odors and play a vital role in our sense of smell,influencing behaviors from food choices to emotional memories.These receptors also contribute to our perception of flavor and have potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.The ability of the olfactory system to regenerate its sensory neurons provides a unique model to study neural regeneration,a phenomenon largely absent in the central nervous system.Insights gained from how olfactory neurons continuously replace themselves and reestablish functional connections can provide strategies to promote similar regenerative processes in the central nervous system,where damage often results in permanent deficits.Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning olfactory neuron regeneration could pave the way for developing therapeutic approaches to treat spinal co rd injuries and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.Olfa ctory receptors are found in almost any cell of eve ry orga n/tissue of the mammalian body.This ectopic expression provides insights into the chemical structures that can activate olfactory receptors.In addition to odors,olfactory receptors in ectopic expression may respond to endogenous compounds and molecules produced by mucosal colonizing microbiota.The analysis of the function of olfactory receptors in ectopic expression provides valuable information on the signaling pathway engaged upon receptor activation and the receptor's role in proliferation and cell differentiation mechanisms.This review explo res the ectopic expression of olfa ctory receptors and the role they may play in neural regeneration within the central nervous system,with particular attention to compounds that can activate these receptors to initiate regenerative processes.Evidence suggests that olfactory receptors could serve as potential therapeutic targets for enhancing neural repair and recovery following central nervous system injuries.
文摘Objective: To explore the possible IgG1 binding receptors by protein-protein docking experiments. Methods: The protein-protein cognate interactions such as IgG with Fc Receptors (FcRs) potentiate signaling cascades to ameliorate antigen uptake, processing and presentation are studied by protein-protein docking experiments. Results: However, the propensity of IgG interactions with other cognate receptors largely remains obscure. In this direction, possibilities of IgG1 binding with various five receptors were explored. In this study, we report previously unidentified associations between IgG1 and other receptors. Herein, we show that IgG1 binds to the granulocyte-macrophage receptor, β common receptor and complementaryreceptor(complementary receptor I and complementary receptor II) to form a complex structure. We show the binding ability and important protein-protein interactions of IgG1 with four receptors in comparison to Fc Receptor, and also find out the conserved amino acids and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions amongst them. Conclusions: Comparative interaction studies of IgG1 binding to various receptors revealed close similarities of IgG1 binding to its native receptor Fc. In conclusion, our study has shown the comparable binding efficiency of four receptors to IgG1 apart from the conventional Fc receptor.
文摘Immunoglobulin (Ig) M production can be induced by the interaction of thymus-independent type-2 (TI-2) antigen (Ag) with B cell Ag receptors (BCRs) without the involvement of conventional T cells;for IgG production through the same process, however, a second signal is required. Previous studies have reported that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells may be responsible for the second signal involved in IgG production. In the present study, we addressed whether human iNKT cells could participate in the production of Ig against TI-2 Ag in vitro. Two major distinct subsets of human iNKT cells, CD4<sup>+</sup> CD8β<sup>-</sup> (CD4) and CD4<sup>-</sup> CD8β<sup>-</sup> [double negative (DN)] cells, were generated from peripheral blood monocytes from a healthy volunteer. BCR engagement, triggered by anti-IgM antibody stimulation, examined here as a model of BCR engagement triggered by TI-2 Ag, induced abundant IgM production by B cells. Both CD4 and DN iNKT cells reduced IgM production and conversely enhanced IgG production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, IgG production by CD19<sup>+</sup>CD27<sup>-</sup> (naïve) and CD19<sup>+</sup>CD27<sup>+</sup> (memory) B cells was predominantly promoted by DNiNKT cells rather than CD4 iNKT cells;nevertheless, IgM production by both B cell subsets was similarly reduced by either subset of iNKT cells. These results suggest that the DN iNKT subsets may preferentially promote Ig class switching by B cells upon stimulation with TI-2 Ag.
文摘目的探讨单核细胞单层实验(monocyte monolayer assay,MMA)是否能够用于IgG抗-M相关胎儿新生儿溶血病(hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn,HDFN)的预测。方法选取8例含有IgG抗-M的孕妇并采集血浆标本,其中有胎儿水肿等严重临床症状及无明显临床症状的各4例;8份血浆用二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol,DTT)灭活,与M抗原阳性红细胞孵育致敏后,将致敏红细胞与单核细胞混合进行吞噬试验,同时设立阳性及阴性对照,并计算吞噬率;采用t检验对2组吞噬率进行比较。结果4例发生严重抗-M相关HDFN的孕妇的MMA吞噬率分别为15.37%、13.05%、9.17%和24.50%,均值为15.52%;检出IgG抗-M但未发生HDFN的孕妇,其MMA吞噬率分别为8.74%、11.07%、5.12%和6.23%,均值为7.79%,2组吞噬率无差异(P>0.05)。2组吞噬率分别与阴性对照比较均无差异(P>0.05),但均明显低于阳性对照(P<0.05)。结论IgG抗-M介导单核细胞吞噬的能力较低,提示抗-M导致胎儿水肿的机制可能并非红细胞被吞噬破坏而发生的溶血,因此体外单核细胞单层实验可能不适用于IgG抗-M相关HDFN的预测。对于检出IgG抗-M的孕妇,现仍需通过定期监测胎儿大脑中动脉血流,来判断胎儿宫内贫血情况。
基金Supported by The Science and Technology Research Foundation of Guizhou Province,and Zunyi City,No.QKHJC-ZK(2022)YB642,No.ZSKH·HZ(2022)344,and No.gzwjkj2021-071The WBE Liver Fibrosis Foundation,No.CFHPC2025028The Beijing Gandan Phase Mutual Public Welfare Fund for Artificial Liver Project,No.iGandanF-1082024-Rgg018.
文摘IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is an inflammatory disease that leads to bile duct stricture,characterized by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into the bile duct wall,thickening of the bile duct wall,and narrowing of the lumen.The differential diagnosis of IgG4-SC mainly includes primary sclerosing cholangitis,cholangiocarcinoma,and pancreatic cancer.IgG4-SC is often associated with autoimmune pancreatitis and can be accurately diagnosed based on clinical diagnostic criteria.However,isolated IgG4-SC is difficult to distinguish from biliary tumors.Given the significant differences in biological behavior,treatment,and prognosis between these diseases,accurately identifying isolated IgG4-SC has very important clinical significance.
