Since each rock joint is unique by nature,the utilization of replicas in direct shear testing is required to carry out experimental parameter studies.However,information about the ability of the replicas to simulate t...Since each rock joint is unique by nature,the utilization of replicas in direct shear testing is required to carry out experimental parameter studies.However,information about the ability of the replicas to simulate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking.With the aim to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear test data from replicas,a novel component in the testing procedure is introduced by presenting two parameters for geometric quality assurance.The parameters are derived from surface comparisons of three-dimensional(3D)scanning data of the rock joint and its replicas.The first parameter,smf,captures morphological deviations between the replica and the rock joint surfaces.smf is derived as the standard deviation of the deviations between the coordinate points of the replica and the rock joint.Four sources of errors introduced in the replica manufacturing process employed in this study could be identified.These errors could be minimized,yielding replicas with smf0.06 mm.The second parameter is a vector,VHp100,which describes deviations with respect to the shear direction.It is the projection of the 100 mm long normal vector of the best-fit plane of the replica joint surface to the corresponding plane of the rock joint.VHp100was found to be less than or equal to 0.36 mm in this study.Application of these two geometric quality assurance parameters demonstrates that it is possible to manufacture replicas with high geometric similarity to the rock joint.In a subsequent paper(part 2),smf and VHp100 are incorporated in a novel quality assurance method,in which the parameters shall be evaluated prior to direct shear testing.Replicas having parameter values below established thresholds shall have a known and narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint.展开更多
This exploratory study examined the short-term reliability of cortical auditory evoked responses recorded from patients undergoing whole-head scalp elec-troencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess their candidacy fo...This exploratory study examined the short-term reliability of cortical auditory evoked responses recorded from patients undergoing whole-head scalp elec-troencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess their candidacy for surgical treatment of intractable focal seizures. Participants were 26 patients with either left-sided (N = 13) or right-sided focal epilepsy admitted to the hospital for continuous scalp EEG monitoring for possible epilepsy surgery planning. Cortical auditory evoked responses were recorded over multiple days from scalp EEG electrodes using tones presented binaurally in a passive oddball paradigm. Test-retest intervals were 1 - 6 days (mean 2 days). Test-retest reproducibility of the auditory N1 response was assessed by paired t-test (latency) and cross-correlation analysis (amplitude and latency). Within-patient comparisons of test-retest auditory N1 peak latencies revealed no significant differences. The cross-correlation coefficient indicated high test-retest reproducibility of the N1 waveform (rcc = 0.88). Seizure lateralization was not associated with asymmetries in N1 latencies or amplitudes. An N1 amplitude asymmetry (right > left) in patients with focal seizures originating from the left hemisphere was initially observed, but disappeared when patients with prior resections were excluded, suggesting that reduced left hemisphere tissue volume may account for the smaller N1 amplitudes. Test-retest reliability of cortical auditory evoked responses was unexpectedly high in patients with focal epilepsy regardless of seizure lateralization or localization. These findings challenge the view that neural responses are intrinsically unstable (unreliable) in patients with seizures.展开更多
Scientific research frequently involves the use of computational tools and methods.Providing thorough documentation,open-source code,and data–the creation of reproducible computational research(RCR)–helps others und...Scientific research frequently involves the use of computational tools and methods.Providing thorough documentation,open-source code,and data–the creation of reproducible computational research(RCR)–helps others understand a researcher’s work.In this study,we investigate the state of reproducible computational research,broadly,and from within the field of prognostics and health management(PHM).In a text mining survey of more than 300 articles,we show that fewer than 1%of PHM researchers make their code and data available to others.To promote the RCR further,our work also highlights several personal benefits for those engaged in the practice.Finally,we introduce an open-source software tool,called PyPHM,to assist PHM researchers in accessing and preprocessing common industrial datasets.展开更多
The paper deduced a calculation formula by the classic control theory on the Reproducibility Error of parts processing in the technology system,the flexible clamp system, with the clamping device on the gas power,and ...The paper deduced a calculation formula by the classic control theory on the Reproducibility Error of parts processing in the technology system,the flexible clamp system, with the clamping device on the gas power,and analyzed its influencing factor with examples,the Reproducibility Error law:\ The larger the diameter of the cylinder,the smaller the error; the slower the tool speed,(k values smaller),the smaller the error.展开更多
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance enterography(MRE) is increasingly attractive as a noninvasive and radiation-free tool for assessing Crohn’s disease(CD). Diffusionweighted imaging(DWI) is recommended as an optional MRE ...BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance enterography(MRE) is increasingly attractive as a noninvasive and radiation-free tool for assessing Crohn’s disease(CD). Diffusionweighted imaging(DWI) is recommended as an optional MRE sequence for CD by the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology, and has shown a superb potential as a quantitative modality for bowel inflammation evaluation. However, the measurement reproducibility of quantitative DWI analysis in MRE has not been ascertained so far. To facilitate the application of quantitative diffusion-weighted MRE in the clinical routine, systematic investigations of the intra and interobserver reproducibility of DWI quantitative parameters should be performed.AIM To evaluate the intra and interobserver reproducibility of quantitative analysis for diffusion-weighted MRE(DW-MRE) in ileal CD.METHODS Forty-four subjects(21 with CD and 23 control subjects) who underwent ileocolonoscopy and DW-MRE(b = 800 s/mm2) within one week were included.Two radiologists independently measured apparent diffusion coefficients(ADC)of the terminal ileum and signal intensity ratio(SR) of the terminal ileum to ipsilateral psoas muscle on DWI images(b = 800 s/mm2). Between-and withinreader agreements were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC),coefficients of variation(CoV), and 95% limits of agreement of Bland-Altman plots(BA-LA LoA). Diagnostic performances of ADC and SR for identifying inflamed terminal ileum from the normal were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis.RESULTS There were no significant differences in ADC or SR values between the two sessions or between the two radiologists either in the CD or control group(paired t-test, P > 0.05). The intra and interobserver reproducibility of ADC(ICC: 0.952-0.984;CoV: 3.73-6.28%;BA-LA LoA: ±11.27% to ±15.88%) and SR(ICC: 0.969-0.989;CoV: 3.51%-4.64%;BA-LA LoA: ±10.62% to ±15.45%) was excellent for CD.Agreement of ADC measurements was slightly less in control subjects(ICC:0.641-0.736;CoV: 10.47%-11.43%;BA-LA LoA: ± 26.59% to ± 30.83%). SR of normal terminal ileum demonstrated high intra and interobserver reproducibility(ICC: 0.944-0.974;CoV: 3.73%-6.28%;BA-LA LoA: ± 18.58% to ± 24.43%). ADC and SR of two readers had outstanding diagnostic efficiencies(area under the ROC curve: 0.923-0.988).CONCLUSION Quantitative parameters derived from DW-MRE have good to excellent intra and interobserver agreements with high diagnostic accuracy, and can serve as robust and efficient quantitative biomarkers for CD evaluation.展开更多
Objectives This study was design to develop a semi-quantitative Chinese Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and to conduct a validation study for the questionnaire. Methods Based on the survey experience in recent year...Objectives This study was design to develop a semi-quantitative Chinese Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and to conduct a validation study for the questionnaire. Methods Based on the survey experience in recent years, a new Chinese food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 149 items in 17 food categories was developed. A validation study on this new FFQ was conducted in Jiangsu and Beijing of China between 1999 and 2001. The period of study covered 1 year and the FFQ was validated by comparing with data obtained by a six repeated 24-hour recalls for 3 consecutive days, or a totally 18-day 24- hour recall throughout the year. A total of 271 healthy adult subjects were enrolled in the study. Food and nutrient intakes measured by the 18-day dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were computed in the National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, China CDC using the existing nutrition database. The average daily intake of foods and nutrients over the 18-day recall was used to compare with FFQ1 and FFQ2, which was conducted at the beginning and the end of the year, respectively. All statistical analyses were carried out using SAS software version 6.12.展开更多
There is considerable disparity in the published apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) values across different anatomies. Institutions are increasingly assessing repeatability and reproducibility of the derived ADC to d...There is considerable disparity in the published apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) values across different anatomies. Institutions are increasingly assessing repeatability and reproducibility of the derived ADC to determine its variation,which could potentially be used as an indicator in determining tumour aggressiveness or assessing tumour response. In this manuscript,a review of selected articles published to date in healthy extracranial body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is presented,detailing reported ADC values and discussing their variation across different studies. In total 115 studies were selected including 28 for liver parenchyma,15 for kidney(renal parenchyma),14 for spleen,13 for pancreatic body,6 for gallbladder,13 for prostate,13 for uterus(endometrium,myometrium,cervix) and 13 for fibroglandular breast tissue. Median ADC values in selected studies were found to be 1.28 × 10-3 mm2/s in liver,1.94 × 10-3 mm2/s in kidney,1.60 × 10-3 mm2/s in pancreatic body,0.85 × 10-3 mm2/s in spleen,2.73 × 10-3 mm2/s in gallbladder,1.64 × 10-3 mm2/s and 1.31 × 10-3 mm2/s in prostate peripheral zone and central gland respectively(combined median value of 1.54×10-3 mm2/s),1.44 × 10-3 mm2/s in endometrium,1.53 × 10-3 mm2/s in myometrium,1.71 × 10-3 mm2/s in cervix and 1.92 × 10-3 mm2/s in breast. In addition,six phantom studies and thirteen in vivo studies were summarized to compare repeatability and reproducibility of the measured ADC. All selected phantom studies demonstrated lower intra-scanner and inter-scanner variation compared to in vivo studies. Based on the findings of this manuscript,it is recommended that protocols need to be optimised for the body part studied and that system-induced variability must be established using a standardized phantom in any clinical study. Reproducibility of the measured ADC must also be assessed in a volunteer population,as variations are far more significant in vivo compared with phantom studies.展开更多
AIM: To assess the reproducibility of Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography(HD-OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) for analysis of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) thickness in glaucom...AIM: To assess the reproducibility of Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography(HD-OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) for analysis of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) thickness in glaucomatous eyesMETHODS: Forty-five eyes(one eye from each glaucomatous patient) were imaged with Cirrus HD-OCT.Each eye was imaged three times by two separate operators. Intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),coefficient of variation(CV), and test-retest variability were evaluated for both intraobserver and interobsever measurementsRESULTS: In intraobserver measurements, the average RNFL thickness ICC was 0.983. CV and test-retest variability were 2.3% and 4.4 μm respectively. In quadrants ICC ranged from 0.886 to 0.956, the lowest associated with nasal quadrant and CV ranged from 3.6%to 7.7%. In interobsever measurements, the average RNFL thickness ICC was 0.979. CV and test-retest variability were 2.4% and 4.5 μm respectively. In quadrants ICC ranged from 0.886 to 0.957, the lowest associated with nasal quadrant and CV ranged from 3.8%to 8.6%.CONCLUSION: The reproducibility of Cirrus OCT for RNFL thickness is sufficiently good to be useful clinically as a measure of glaucoma progression.展开更多
·AIM:To assess the reproducibility of macular perfusion parameters in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)patients measured by different examiners and two different sweep modes of optical coherence tomogr...·AIM:To assess the reproducibility of macular perfusion parameters in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)patients measured by different examiners and two different sweep modes of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).·METHODS:Ninety-eight(98 eyes)patients with NPDR were included in this study.All participates were performed three times using Cirrus OCTA with Angiography 3×3 mm^(2)and 6×6 mm^(2)sweep mode by two examiners.The macular foveal avascular zone(FAZ)and vessel density(VD)in the superficial retinal layer(SRL)were measured.The reproducibility of the measurements was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC)and coefficient of variation(CoV).·RESULTS:The intra-mode ICCs of Angiography 3×3 mm^(2)and 6×6 mm^(2)sweep mode were 0.957 to 0.959 and 0.964 to 0.977,respectively;and the inter-mode ICCs were 0.962 to 0.970.The intra-examiner ICCs of macular perfusion parameters were>0.950;and the inter-examiner ICCs were0.928 to 0.969.All CoVs were<1.0%.·CONCLUSION:Cirrus OCTA can measure macular perfusion parameters in NPDR patients with excellent reproducibility.The measurements of FAZ and VD in the SRL determined by Angiography 3×3 mm^(2)and 6×6 mm^(2)sweep mode are highly consistent and both sweep modes are suitable for macular perfusion parameters measurement.展开更多
The gut microbiota is composed of approximately 10^(10)-10^(14) cells, including fungi,bacteria, archaea, protozoa, viruses, and bacteriophages; their genes and their various metabolites were found throughout the gast...The gut microbiota is composed of approximately 10^(10)-10^(14) cells, including fungi,bacteria, archaea, protozoa, viruses, and bacteriophages; their genes and their various metabolites were found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. It has co-evolved with each species to assist with day to day bodily functions, such as digestion,metabolism of xenobiotics, development of mucosal immunity and immunomodulation, and protection against invading pathogens. Because of the significant beneficial impact that gut microbiota may have, there is interest in learning more about it and translating these findings into clinical therapies. Results from recent studies characterizing the gut microbiota of various species have demonstrated the range of influences that may affect gut microbiota diversity, including animal strain, obesity, types of enrichment used, bedding and housing methods, treatment with antimicrobials,vendor source, specific animal housing, diet, and intercurrent disease. Relatively little is known about the functional consequences of alterations of the gut microbiota and exactly how changes in richness and diversity of the microbiota translate into changes in health and susceptibility to disease. Furthermore, questions have been raised as to whether germ-free or even ultraclean, barrier-raised mice are relevant models of human disease, given their significantly reduced gut microbiota diversity and complexity compared with conventionally housed mice. In addition, evidence suggests that the specific anatomical location selected for assessing the gut microbiota has a highly significant effect on study outcomes, in that bacterial phyla change significantly along the gastrointestinal tract. This paper will explore animal model reproducibility in light of this information about the gut microbiota.展开更多
Our aim was to evaluate the reproducibility of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale when assessed by physical therapists in the routine setting of a Rehabilitation Hospital. We included a consecutive series...Our aim was to evaluate the reproducibility of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale when assessed by physical therapists in the routine setting of a Rehabilitation Hospital. We included a consecutive series of patients with spinal cord or cerebral lesions. Each of the 50 selected patients was evaluated by two of the 5 experienced physical therapists participating in the study. The degree of inter-rater and intrarater agreement was measured by a weighted k statistic, k for perfect agreement, and k for the agreement with tolerance. The weighted k index for inter-rater agreement on the FIM score was in the almost perfect range (k 0.87;95% CI = 0.79 - 0.95), but a 20-point tolerance was necessary to reach a k value of 0.81 (95% CI = 0.66 - 0.95). Agreement was substantial or almost perfect for most subscales, but the k index with 1-point tolerance reached the almost perfect rating for comprehension only. For intra-rater agreement, weighted k index was in the almost perfect range for the FIM score and for all subscales;kappa index reached the almost perfect range with a 4-point tolerance for FIM score and with 1-point of tolerance for all subscales except interpersonal relations. FIM is useful to monitor patient improvement during rehabilitation treatment, mostly when assessed by the same physical therapist.展开更多
Compressive force sensors or pressure sensors are indispensable to tactile sensors in humanoid robots. It is investigated that low-cost electro-conducting rubber sheets are applied to the force sensor, of which the bi...Compressive force sensors or pressure sensors are indispensable to tactile sensors in humanoid robots. It is investigated that low-cost electro-conducting rubber sheets are applied to the force sensor, of which the biggest problem is its poor reproducibility. It was found that the aluminum deposition by a vacuum evaporation method shows excellent characteristics but suffers deterioration by a radiation heating effect. The aluminum electrode was deposited by a sputtering method, known to have an advantage of a low-temperature method, and the reproducibility of the output was improved.展开更多
After a brief introduction regarding the different approaches to superhard coatings we shall concentrate on the problem of the reproducibility of the deposition of superhard and thermally very stable nanocomposites ac...After a brief introduction regarding the different approaches to superhard coatings we shall concentrate on the problem of the reproducibility of the deposition of superhard and thermally very stable nanocomposites according to the design principle published by Veprek and Reiprich in 1995. It will be shown that either the choice of inappropriate deposition conditions, in contradiction to our design principle, or impurities in the coatings are the reason for the lack of reproducibility of our earlier results by many other workers. We shall also briefly summarize the recent industrial applications.展开更多
Irreproducibility of research causes a major concern in academia.This concern affects all study designs regardless of scientific fields.Without testing the reproducibility and replicability it is almost impossible to ...Irreproducibility of research causes a major concern in academia.This concern affects all study designs regardless of scientific fields.Without testing the reproducibility and replicability it is almost impossible to repeat the research and to gain the same or similar results.In addition,irreproducibility limits the translation of research findings into practice where the same results are expected.To find the solutions,the Interacademy Partnership for Health gathered academics from established networks of science,medicine and engineering around a table to introduce seven strategies that can enhance the reproducibility:pre-registration,open methods,open data,collaboration,automation,reporting guidelines,and post-publication reviews.The current editorial discusses the generalisability and practicality of these strategies to systematic reviews and claims that systematic reviews have even a greater potential than other research designs to lead the movement toward the reproducibility of research.Moreover,I discuss the potential of reproducibility,on the other hand,to upgrade the systematic review from review to research.Furthermore,there are references to the successful and ongoing practices from collaborative efforts around the world to encourage the systematic reviewers,the journal editors and publishers,the organizations linked to evidence synthesis,and the funders and policy makers to facilitate this movement and to gain the public trust in research.展开更多
Background: After the failure of medical treatment, the surgery of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is planned according to endoscopic and paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) findings. Objective: The aim of this pros...Background: After the failure of medical treatment, the surgery of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is planned according to endoscopic and paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) findings. Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate whether this study method might be eligible in studies aiming at radiation dose reduction. Sinus CT scans were chosen as a model because of the high variation of the radiological anatomy of surgically important sinonasal structures. We hypothesized that 3 mm-slice-thick reconstruction CT had poor reproducibility. Methods: 59 CRS patients underwent routine multi-detector sinus CT (CT<sub>MD</sub>). CT<sub>3mm</sub> was reconstructed from CT<sub>MD</sub> data-sets. Lund-Mackay (LM) scores and 43 other structural parameters were analyzed blinded. Agreement was studied between CT<sub>MD</sub> and CT<sub>3mm</sub> (intra-observer reproducibility), and between three observers (inter-observer reproducibility) by using Cohen’s kappa. Results: The inter-observer agreement was moderate (kappa 0.4 - 0.6, p < 0.01) in the majority of structures of CT<sub>3mm</sub> scans. The intra-observer reproducibility of CT<sub>3mm</sub> scans was very good in most structures, however, it was poor in important structures such as frontal and spheno-ethmoid recess, lamina papyracae, and location of optic nerve or anterior ethmoidal artery. The grade of surgeon’s confidence of CT<sub>3mm</sub> in comparison to CT<sub>MD</sub> was lower (kappa 0.2 - 0.4, P < 0.05). Conclusion: This methodology might have some use in studies aiming at radiation dose reduction. As was expected, 3 mm-slice-thick reconstruction CT had poor reproducibility and surgeon’s confidence. More recent methods such as cone beam computed tomography scans have nowadays more relevant dose reduction potential.展开更多
Background:To evaluate the precision of corneal higher-order aberrations measurements after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)using the Sirius Scheimpfug-Placido topographer(CSO,Italy).Methods:Seventy-fve eyes...Background:To evaluate the precision of corneal higher-order aberrations measurements after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)using the Sirius Scheimpfug-Placido topographer(CSO,Italy).Methods:Seventy-fve eyes from 75 postoperative subjects were included in this prospective study.Three consecutive corneal aberrometric measurements were obtained with the Scheimpfug-Placido topographer by two experienced operators to assess intra-and inter-observer reproducibility.The within-subject standard deviation(Sw),test-retest repeatability(TRT)and the intraclass correlation coefcient(ICC)were calculated.Results:For intraobserver repeatability of anterior and total corneal aberrations,all ICCs were more than 0.922,except for trefoil(0.722 to 0.768).The ICCs of total root mean square(RMS),coma Z(3,±1),and spherical aberration Z(4,0)were over 0.810 while higher-order RMS,trefoil Z(3,±3),and astigmatism II Z(4,±2)were below 0.634 for posterior corneal surface aberrations.All Sw values for all types of aberrations were equal to or below 0.07μm.Regarding interobserver reproducibility,all TRT values were no more than 0.12μm,0.05μm,and 0.11μm for anterior,posterior,and total corneal aberrations,respectively.The ICC values ranged from 0.875 to 0.989,from 0.686 to 0.976 and over 0.834 for anterior,posterior,and total corneal aberrations,respectively.Conclusions:The repeatability of measurements of anterior and total corneal aberrations with the Sirius system in corneas after SMILE surgery was high,except for trefoil.There was some variability in posterior corneal aberrometric measurements.High reproducibility of corneal aberrometric measurements was observed between measurements of both examiners,except for trefoil,with poor to moderate reproducibility.展开更多
Sagittal knee laxity is often quantified using arthrometers. Adding rotational laxity and compliance measurementsis relatively new and could bring new information for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury diagnosis....Sagittal knee laxity is often quantified using arthrometers. Adding rotational laxity and compliance measurementsis relatively new and could bring new information for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury diagnosis. TheDYNEELAX® is a new knee arthrometer able to evaluate simultaneously tibial translation and rotation. Thepurpose is to assess the sensitivity, reproducibility and repeatability of the DYNEELAX® with a prototype leg toprovide accurate instructions before using it in clinical practice. Sensitivity is studied by varying 7 parameters(positioning and sensors), and reproducibility by repeating measurement series with a group of two experiencedoperators and a group of two non-experienced operators. Repeatability is assessed throughout the study. Theresults showed that DYNEELAX® is poorly sensitive to the angle and the position of the displacement sensor, andthe angle of the rotation sensor. It is a bit sensitive to positioning of patella and ankle supports. It is very sensitiveto the tightening of the patella and ankle supports. It exists a significant difference only between groups (p <0.001), but there is no significant difference between the two experienced operators (p > 0.215), or between thetwo non-experienced operators (p > 0.229). Variation coefficients for intra-series are on average inferior to 5% fortranslation and rotation tests. Then, the DYNEELAX® presented encouraging results with a good accuracy and agood reliability but operators must be careful about positioning.展开更多
Secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) zircon U-Pb dating has been widely used to confine the absolute ages of the magmatic or metamorphic events and to distinguish multiple events.Here,a data set consisting of the zir...Secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) zircon U-Pb dating has been widely used to confine the absolute ages of the magmatic or metamorphic events and to distinguish multiple events.Here,a data set consisting of the zircon standards dating data(~15 000 Ple?ovice and ~8 000 Qinghu items) accumulated for more than 8 years using the CAMECA IMS 1280 HR of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IGGCAS) is compiled to evaluate the long-term external reproducibility.With Ple?ovice zircon as the calibration standard and Qinghu zircon as an unknown sample,the analytical uncertainties for single-spot(n = 7 723) and session analyses(n = 691,with more than 7 single spot analyses in one session) are 2.6% and 0.9%(2 RSD,relative standard deviation),respectively.It means that single-spot U-Pb dating for a standard-level zircon sample could vary 5.2% at 95% confidence level,while the average value(n > 7) for each session may vary 1.8%.Thus,these values should be considered as the minimum uncertainty when comparing single spot and individual session analysis results for multiple dating works on a certain geological event.展开更多
In surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS),it is highly desirable to obtain Raman signals with high sensitivity and reproducibility from noble metal nanoparticle substrates,which remains a great challenge due to the i...In surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS),it is highly desirable to obtain Raman signals with high sensitivity and reproducibility from noble metal nanoparticle substrates,which remains a great challenge due to the inhomogeneity of the plasmonic coupling that is sensitive to the interparticle nanogaps.In this work,we report that the interparticle plasmonic coupling could be circumvented by first synthesizing Au/metal or nonmetal oxide heterostructured nanoparticles and then depositing them uniformly onto the substrates,leading to high reproducibility of the Raman signals.Strong plasmonic coupling has been found at the Au/oxide interface,which enables high sensitivity of the SERS analysis that accompanies the excellent signal reproducibility.Among different oxides investigated(SiO2,TiO2 and Fe2O3),the Au/Fe2O3 heterostructured nanoparticles demonstrate the highest Raman enhancement effect.We believe our strategy opens a promising route to fabricate SERS substrates that are capable of sensitively and quantitatively detecting molecules of interest in a much reliable manner.展开更多
文摘Since each rock joint is unique by nature,the utilization of replicas in direct shear testing is required to carry out experimental parameter studies.However,information about the ability of the replicas to simulate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking.With the aim to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear test data from replicas,a novel component in the testing procedure is introduced by presenting two parameters for geometric quality assurance.The parameters are derived from surface comparisons of three-dimensional(3D)scanning data of the rock joint and its replicas.The first parameter,smf,captures morphological deviations between the replica and the rock joint surfaces.smf is derived as the standard deviation of the deviations between the coordinate points of the replica and the rock joint.Four sources of errors introduced in the replica manufacturing process employed in this study could be identified.These errors could be minimized,yielding replicas with smf0.06 mm.The second parameter is a vector,VHp100,which describes deviations with respect to the shear direction.It is the projection of the 100 mm long normal vector of the best-fit plane of the replica joint surface to the corresponding plane of the rock joint.VHp100was found to be less than or equal to 0.36 mm in this study.Application of these two geometric quality assurance parameters demonstrates that it is possible to manufacture replicas with high geometric similarity to the rock joint.In a subsequent paper(part 2),smf and VHp100 are incorporated in a novel quality assurance method,in which the parameters shall be evaluated prior to direct shear testing.Replicas having parameter values below established thresholds shall have a known and narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint.
文摘This exploratory study examined the short-term reliability of cortical auditory evoked responses recorded from patients undergoing whole-head scalp elec-troencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess their candidacy for surgical treatment of intractable focal seizures. Participants were 26 patients with either left-sided (N = 13) or right-sided focal epilepsy admitted to the hospital for continuous scalp EEG monitoring for possible epilepsy surgery planning. Cortical auditory evoked responses were recorded over multiple days from scalp EEG electrodes using tones presented binaurally in a passive oddball paradigm. Test-retest intervals were 1 - 6 days (mean 2 days). Test-retest reproducibility of the auditory N1 response was assessed by paired t-test (latency) and cross-correlation analysis (amplitude and latency). Within-patient comparisons of test-retest auditory N1 peak latencies revealed no significant differences. The cross-correlation coefficient indicated high test-retest reproducibility of the N1 waveform (rcc = 0.88). Seizure lateralization was not associated with asymmetries in N1 latencies or amplitudes. An N1 amplitude asymmetry (right > left) in patients with focal seizures originating from the left hemisphere was initially observed, but disappeared when patients with prior resections were excluded, suggesting that reduced left hemisphere tissue volume may account for the smaller N1 amplitudes. Test-retest reliability of cortical auditory evoked responses was unexpectedly high in patients with focal epilepsy regardless of seizure lateralization or localization. These findings challenge the view that neural responses are intrinsically unstable (unreliable) in patients with seizures.
文摘Scientific research frequently involves the use of computational tools and methods.Providing thorough documentation,open-source code,and data–the creation of reproducible computational research(RCR)–helps others understand a researcher’s work.In this study,we investigate the state of reproducible computational research,broadly,and from within the field of prognostics and health management(PHM).In a text mining survey of more than 300 articles,we show that fewer than 1%of PHM researchers make their code and data available to others.To promote the RCR further,our work also highlights several personal benefits for those engaged in the practice.Finally,we introduce an open-source software tool,called PyPHM,to assist PHM researchers in accessing and preprocessing common industrial datasets.
基金Tianjin Nature Science Date(08JCYBJC 11700) "CAD System of Fixture on New Fixture Design Theory of Accuracy Design"
文摘The paper deduced a calculation formula by the classic control theory on the Reproducibility Error of parts processing in the technology system,the flexible clamp system, with the clamping device on the gas power,and analyzed its influencing factor with examples,the Reproducibility Error law:\ The larger the diameter of the cylinder,the smaller the error; the slower the tool speed,(k values smaller),the smaller the error.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81571642,No.81701657,and No.81771801the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.2017KFYXJJ126
文摘BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance enterography(MRE) is increasingly attractive as a noninvasive and radiation-free tool for assessing Crohn’s disease(CD). Diffusionweighted imaging(DWI) is recommended as an optional MRE sequence for CD by the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology, and has shown a superb potential as a quantitative modality for bowel inflammation evaluation. However, the measurement reproducibility of quantitative DWI analysis in MRE has not been ascertained so far. To facilitate the application of quantitative diffusion-weighted MRE in the clinical routine, systematic investigations of the intra and interobserver reproducibility of DWI quantitative parameters should be performed.AIM To evaluate the intra and interobserver reproducibility of quantitative analysis for diffusion-weighted MRE(DW-MRE) in ileal CD.METHODS Forty-four subjects(21 with CD and 23 control subjects) who underwent ileocolonoscopy and DW-MRE(b = 800 s/mm2) within one week were included.Two radiologists independently measured apparent diffusion coefficients(ADC)of the terminal ileum and signal intensity ratio(SR) of the terminal ileum to ipsilateral psoas muscle on DWI images(b = 800 s/mm2). Between-and withinreader agreements were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC),coefficients of variation(CoV), and 95% limits of agreement of Bland-Altman plots(BA-LA LoA). Diagnostic performances of ADC and SR for identifying inflamed terminal ileum from the normal were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis.RESULTS There were no significant differences in ADC or SR values between the two sessions or between the two radiologists either in the CD or control group(paired t-test, P > 0.05). The intra and interobserver reproducibility of ADC(ICC: 0.952-0.984;CoV: 3.73-6.28%;BA-LA LoA: ±11.27% to ±15.88%) and SR(ICC: 0.969-0.989;CoV: 3.51%-4.64%;BA-LA LoA: ±10.62% to ±15.45%) was excellent for CD.Agreement of ADC measurements was slightly less in control subjects(ICC:0.641-0.736;CoV: 10.47%-11.43%;BA-LA LoA: ± 26.59% to ± 30.83%). SR of normal terminal ileum demonstrated high intra and interobserver reproducibility(ICC: 0.944-0.974;CoV: 3.73%-6.28%;BA-LA LoA: ± 18.58% to ± 24.43%). ADC and SR of two readers had outstanding diagnostic efficiencies(area under the ROC curve: 0.923-0.988).CONCLUSION Quantitative parameters derived from DW-MRE have good to excellent intra and interobserver agreements with high diagnostic accuracy, and can serve as robust and efficient quantitative biomarkers for CD evaluation.
基金the funding from the National Institute for Cancer Research,NIH,USA,and the National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
文摘Objectives This study was design to develop a semi-quantitative Chinese Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and to conduct a validation study for the questionnaire. Methods Based on the survey experience in recent years, a new Chinese food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 149 items in 17 food categories was developed. A validation study on this new FFQ was conducted in Jiangsu and Beijing of China between 1999 and 2001. The period of study covered 1 year and the FFQ was validated by comparing with data obtained by a six repeated 24-hour recalls for 3 consecutive days, or a totally 18-day 24- hour recall throughout the year. A total of 271 healthy adult subjects were enrolled in the study. Food and nutrient intakes measured by the 18-day dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were computed in the National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, China CDC using the existing nutrition database. The average daily intake of foods and nutrients over the 18-day recall was used to compare with FFQ1 and FFQ2, which was conducted at the beginning and the end of the year, respectively. All statistical analyses were carried out using SAS software version 6.12.
文摘There is considerable disparity in the published apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) values across different anatomies. Institutions are increasingly assessing repeatability and reproducibility of the derived ADC to determine its variation,which could potentially be used as an indicator in determining tumour aggressiveness or assessing tumour response. In this manuscript,a review of selected articles published to date in healthy extracranial body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is presented,detailing reported ADC values and discussing their variation across different studies. In total 115 studies were selected including 28 for liver parenchyma,15 for kidney(renal parenchyma),14 for spleen,13 for pancreatic body,6 for gallbladder,13 for prostate,13 for uterus(endometrium,myometrium,cervix) and 13 for fibroglandular breast tissue. Median ADC values in selected studies were found to be 1.28 × 10-3 mm2/s in liver,1.94 × 10-3 mm2/s in kidney,1.60 × 10-3 mm2/s in pancreatic body,0.85 × 10-3 mm2/s in spleen,2.73 × 10-3 mm2/s in gallbladder,1.64 × 10-3 mm2/s and 1.31 × 10-3 mm2/s in prostate peripheral zone and central gland respectively(combined median value of 1.54×10-3 mm2/s),1.44 × 10-3 mm2/s in endometrium,1.53 × 10-3 mm2/s in myometrium,1.71 × 10-3 mm2/s in cervix and 1.92 × 10-3 mm2/s in breast. In addition,six phantom studies and thirteen in vivo studies were summarized to compare repeatability and reproducibility of the measured ADC. All selected phantom studies demonstrated lower intra-scanner and inter-scanner variation compared to in vivo studies. Based on the findings of this manuscript,it is recommended that protocols need to be optimised for the body part studied and that system-induced variability must be established using a standardized phantom in any clinical study. Reproducibility of the measured ADC must also be assessed in a volunteer population,as variations are far more significant in vivo compared with phantom studies.
基金Supported by the Vice-Chancellor for Research of Guilan University of Medical Sciences
文摘AIM: To assess the reproducibility of Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography(HD-OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) for analysis of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) thickness in glaucomatous eyesMETHODS: Forty-five eyes(one eye from each glaucomatous patient) were imaged with Cirrus HD-OCT.Each eye was imaged three times by two separate operators. Intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),coefficient of variation(CV), and test-retest variability were evaluated for both intraobserver and interobsever measurementsRESULTS: In intraobserver measurements, the average RNFL thickness ICC was 0.983. CV and test-retest variability were 2.3% and 4.4 μm respectively. In quadrants ICC ranged from 0.886 to 0.956, the lowest associated with nasal quadrant and CV ranged from 3.6%to 7.7%. In interobsever measurements, the average RNFL thickness ICC was 0.979. CV and test-retest variability were 2.4% and 4.5 μm respectively. In quadrants ICC ranged from 0.886 to 0.957, the lowest associated with nasal quadrant and CV ranged from 3.8%to 8.6%.CONCLUSION: The reproducibility of Cirrus OCT for RNFL thickness is sufficiently good to be useful clinically as a measure of glaucoma progression.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82070920)Major Clinical Research Projects of the Three-Year Action Plan for Promoting Clinicial Skills and Clinical Innovation in Municipal Hospitals(No.SHDC2020CR1043B-010)。
文摘·AIM:To assess the reproducibility of macular perfusion parameters in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)patients measured by different examiners and two different sweep modes of optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).·METHODS:Ninety-eight(98 eyes)patients with NPDR were included in this study.All participates were performed three times using Cirrus OCTA with Angiography 3×3 mm^(2)and 6×6 mm^(2)sweep mode by two examiners.The macular foveal avascular zone(FAZ)and vessel density(VD)in the superficial retinal layer(SRL)were measured.The reproducibility of the measurements was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC)and coefficient of variation(CoV).·RESULTS:The intra-mode ICCs of Angiography 3×3 mm^(2)and 6×6 mm^(2)sweep mode were 0.957 to 0.959 and 0.964 to 0.977,respectively;and the inter-mode ICCs were 0.962 to 0.970.The intra-examiner ICCs of macular perfusion parameters were>0.950;and the inter-examiner ICCs were0.928 to 0.969.All CoVs were<1.0%.·CONCLUSION:Cirrus OCTA can measure macular perfusion parameters in NPDR patients with excellent reproducibility.The measurements of FAZ and VD in the SRL determined by Angiography 3×3 mm^(2)and 6×6 mm^(2)sweep mode are highly consistent and both sweep modes are suitable for macular perfusion parameters measurement.
文摘The gut microbiota is composed of approximately 10^(10)-10^(14) cells, including fungi,bacteria, archaea, protozoa, viruses, and bacteriophages; their genes and their various metabolites were found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. It has co-evolved with each species to assist with day to day bodily functions, such as digestion,metabolism of xenobiotics, development of mucosal immunity and immunomodulation, and protection against invading pathogens. Because of the significant beneficial impact that gut microbiota may have, there is interest in learning more about it and translating these findings into clinical therapies. Results from recent studies characterizing the gut microbiota of various species have demonstrated the range of influences that may affect gut microbiota diversity, including animal strain, obesity, types of enrichment used, bedding and housing methods, treatment with antimicrobials,vendor source, specific animal housing, diet, and intercurrent disease. Relatively little is known about the functional consequences of alterations of the gut microbiota and exactly how changes in richness and diversity of the microbiota translate into changes in health and susceptibility to disease. Furthermore, questions have been raised as to whether germ-free or even ultraclean, barrier-raised mice are relevant models of human disease, given their significantly reduced gut microbiota diversity and complexity compared with conventionally housed mice. In addition, evidence suggests that the specific anatomical location selected for assessing the gut microbiota has a highly significant effect on study outcomes, in that bacterial phyla change significantly along the gastrointestinal tract. This paper will explore animal model reproducibility in light of this information about the gut microbiota.
文摘Our aim was to evaluate the reproducibility of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale when assessed by physical therapists in the routine setting of a Rehabilitation Hospital. We included a consecutive series of patients with spinal cord or cerebral lesions. Each of the 50 selected patients was evaluated by two of the 5 experienced physical therapists participating in the study. The degree of inter-rater and intrarater agreement was measured by a weighted k statistic, k for perfect agreement, and k for the agreement with tolerance. The weighted k index for inter-rater agreement on the FIM score was in the almost perfect range (k 0.87;95% CI = 0.79 - 0.95), but a 20-point tolerance was necessary to reach a k value of 0.81 (95% CI = 0.66 - 0.95). Agreement was substantial or almost perfect for most subscales, but the k index with 1-point tolerance reached the almost perfect rating for comprehension only. For intra-rater agreement, weighted k index was in the almost perfect range for the FIM score and for all subscales;kappa index reached the almost perfect range with a 4-point tolerance for FIM score and with 1-point of tolerance for all subscales except interpersonal relations. FIM is useful to monitor patient improvement during rehabilitation treatment, mostly when assessed by the same physical therapist.
文摘Compressive force sensors or pressure sensors are indispensable to tactile sensors in humanoid robots. It is investigated that low-cost electro-conducting rubber sheets are applied to the force sensor, of which the biggest problem is its poor reproducibility. It was found that the aluminum deposition by a vacuum evaporation method shows excellent characteristics but suffers deterioration by a radiation heating effect. The aluminum electrode was deposited by a sputtering method, known to have an advantage of a low-temperature method, and the reproducibility of the output was improved.
文摘After a brief introduction regarding the different approaches to superhard coatings we shall concentrate on the problem of the reproducibility of the deposition of superhard and thermally very stable nanocomposites according to the design principle published by Veprek and Reiprich in 1995. It will be shown that either the choice of inappropriate deposition conditions, in contradiction to our design principle, or impurities in the coatings are the reason for the lack of reproducibility of our earlier results by many other workers. We shall also briefly summarize the recent industrial applications.
文摘Irreproducibility of research causes a major concern in academia.This concern affects all study designs regardless of scientific fields.Without testing the reproducibility and replicability it is almost impossible to repeat the research and to gain the same or similar results.In addition,irreproducibility limits the translation of research findings into practice where the same results are expected.To find the solutions,the Interacademy Partnership for Health gathered academics from established networks of science,medicine and engineering around a table to introduce seven strategies that can enhance the reproducibility:pre-registration,open methods,open data,collaboration,automation,reporting guidelines,and post-publication reviews.The current editorial discusses the generalisability and practicality of these strategies to systematic reviews and claims that systematic reviews have even a greater potential than other research designs to lead the movement toward the reproducibility of research.Moreover,I discuss the potential of reproducibility,on the other hand,to upgrade the systematic review from review to research.Furthermore,there are references to the successful and ongoing practices from collaborative efforts around the world to encourage the systematic reviewers,the journal editors and publishers,the organizations linked to evidence synthesis,and the funders and policy makers to facilitate this movement and to gain the public trust in research.
文摘Background: After the failure of medical treatment, the surgery of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is planned according to endoscopic and paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) findings. Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate whether this study method might be eligible in studies aiming at radiation dose reduction. Sinus CT scans were chosen as a model because of the high variation of the radiological anatomy of surgically important sinonasal structures. We hypothesized that 3 mm-slice-thick reconstruction CT had poor reproducibility. Methods: 59 CRS patients underwent routine multi-detector sinus CT (CT<sub>MD</sub>). CT<sub>3mm</sub> was reconstructed from CT<sub>MD</sub> data-sets. Lund-Mackay (LM) scores and 43 other structural parameters were analyzed blinded. Agreement was studied between CT<sub>MD</sub> and CT<sub>3mm</sub> (intra-observer reproducibility), and between three observers (inter-observer reproducibility) by using Cohen’s kappa. Results: The inter-observer agreement was moderate (kappa 0.4 - 0.6, p < 0.01) in the majority of structures of CT<sub>3mm</sub> scans. The intra-observer reproducibility of CT<sub>3mm</sub> scans was very good in most structures, however, it was poor in important structures such as frontal and spheno-ethmoid recess, lamina papyracae, and location of optic nerve or anterior ethmoidal artery. The grade of surgeon’s confidence of CT<sub>3mm</sub> in comparison to CT<sub>MD</sub> was lower (kappa 0.2 - 0.4, P < 0.05). Conclusion: This methodology might have some use in studies aiming at radiation dose reduction. As was expected, 3 mm-slice-thick reconstruction CT had poor reproducibility and surgeon’s confidence. More recent methods such as cone beam computed tomography scans have nowadays more relevant dose reduction potential.
基金the Medical and Health Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province(2019KY111)Foundation of Wenzhou City Science&Technology Bureau(Y2020037)+1 种基金EYE&ENT Hospital of Fudan University High-level Talents Program(2021318)Clinical Research Plan of SHDC(SHDC2020CR1043B)。
文摘Background:To evaluate the precision of corneal higher-order aberrations measurements after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)using the Sirius Scheimpfug-Placido topographer(CSO,Italy).Methods:Seventy-fve eyes from 75 postoperative subjects were included in this prospective study.Three consecutive corneal aberrometric measurements were obtained with the Scheimpfug-Placido topographer by two experienced operators to assess intra-and inter-observer reproducibility.The within-subject standard deviation(Sw),test-retest repeatability(TRT)and the intraclass correlation coefcient(ICC)were calculated.Results:For intraobserver repeatability of anterior and total corneal aberrations,all ICCs were more than 0.922,except for trefoil(0.722 to 0.768).The ICCs of total root mean square(RMS),coma Z(3,±1),and spherical aberration Z(4,0)were over 0.810 while higher-order RMS,trefoil Z(3,±3),and astigmatism II Z(4,±2)were below 0.634 for posterior corneal surface aberrations.All Sw values for all types of aberrations were equal to or below 0.07μm.Regarding interobserver reproducibility,all TRT values were no more than 0.12μm,0.05μm,and 0.11μm for anterior,posterior,and total corneal aberrations,respectively.The ICC values ranged from 0.875 to 0.989,from 0.686 to 0.976 and over 0.834 for anterior,posterior,and total corneal aberrations,respectively.Conclusions:The repeatability of measurements of anterior and total corneal aberrations with the Sirius system in corneas after SMILE surgery was high,except for trefoil.There was some variability in posterior corneal aberrometric measurements.High reproducibility of corneal aberrometric measurements was observed between measurements of both examiners,except for trefoil,with poor to moderate reproducibility.
基金The ethics committee of our institution approved our study protocol and amendments(n°22.04729.000226).
文摘Sagittal knee laxity is often quantified using arthrometers. Adding rotational laxity and compliance measurementsis relatively new and could bring new information for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury diagnosis. TheDYNEELAX® is a new knee arthrometer able to evaluate simultaneously tibial translation and rotation. Thepurpose is to assess the sensitivity, reproducibility and repeatability of the DYNEELAX® with a prototype leg toprovide accurate instructions before using it in clinical practice. Sensitivity is studied by varying 7 parameters(positioning and sensors), and reproducibility by repeating measurement series with a group of two experiencedoperators and a group of two non-experienced operators. Repeatability is assessed throughout the study. Theresults showed that DYNEELAX® is poorly sensitive to the angle and the position of the displacement sensor, andthe angle of the rotation sensor. It is a bit sensitive to positioning of patella and ankle supports. It is very sensitiveto the tightening of the patella and ankle supports. It exists a significant difference only between groups (p <0.001), but there is no significant difference between the two experienced operators (p > 0.215), or between thetwo non-experienced operators (p > 0.229). Variation coefficients for intra-series are on average inferior to 5% fortranslation and rotation tests. Then, the DYNEELAX® presented encouraging results with a good accuracy and agood reliability but operators must be careful about positioning.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0702600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41773044,41773047)。
文摘Secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) zircon U-Pb dating has been widely used to confine the absolute ages of the magmatic or metamorphic events and to distinguish multiple events.Here,a data set consisting of the zircon standards dating data(~15 000 Ple?ovice and ~8 000 Qinghu items) accumulated for more than 8 years using the CAMECA IMS 1280 HR of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IGGCAS) is compiled to evaluate the long-term external reproducibility.With Ple?ovice zircon as the calibration standard and Qinghu zircon as an unknown sample,the analytical uncertainties for single-spot(n = 7 723) and session analyses(n = 691,with more than 7 single spot analyses in one session) are 2.6% and 0.9%(2 RSD,relative standard deviation),respectively.It means that single-spot U-Pb dating for a standard-level zircon sample could vary 5.2% at 95% confidence level,while the average value(n > 7) for each session may vary 1.8%.Thus,these values should be considered as the minimum uncertainty when comparing single spot and individual session analysis results for multiple dating works on a certain geological event.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21671156 and 21301138)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Tang Scholar Program from Cyrus Tang Foundation。
文摘In surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS),it is highly desirable to obtain Raman signals with high sensitivity and reproducibility from noble metal nanoparticle substrates,which remains a great challenge due to the inhomogeneity of the plasmonic coupling that is sensitive to the interparticle nanogaps.In this work,we report that the interparticle plasmonic coupling could be circumvented by first synthesizing Au/metal or nonmetal oxide heterostructured nanoparticles and then depositing them uniformly onto the substrates,leading to high reproducibility of the Raman signals.Strong plasmonic coupling has been found at the Au/oxide interface,which enables high sensitivity of the SERS analysis that accompanies the excellent signal reproducibility.Among different oxides investigated(SiO2,TiO2 and Fe2O3),the Au/Fe2O3 heterostructured nanoparticles demonstrate the highest Raman enhancement effect.We believe our strategy opens a promising route to fabricate SERS substrates that are capable of sensitively and quantitatively detecting molecules of interest in a much reliable manner.
