Istanbul as a city, throughout history, has become an attractive land for various social groups to settle. As a result, different periods in city life have witnessed the arrival of setllers forming their own settlemen...Istanbul as a city, throughout history, has become an attractive land for various social groups to settle. As a result, different periods in city life have witnessed the arrival of setllers forming their own settlements, thus leading to a so called ＂mosaic of settlements＂ within the city. Social factors have played a big role in the formation and development of settlements in Istanbul. The cultural variety arising from the different social structures has led to different architectural features in the city. The different social structures have also had affects on site selection, on the quarter- district tissue, and also on the residential architecture. It is therefore, the general purpose of this article to explore the different features of quarters reflecting the interaction between the architectural formation and the cultural values of society. In the Historical Peninsula in Istanbul, one can easily observe the impact of cultural characteristics of the communities on their housing settlements. Together with environmental features such as climate, local building materials, building technologies, the cultural values of the social groups all have played a role in determining the architectural environment and the formation of housing settlements. Among all others, Balat, which still exists, is the oldest housing settlement of the Jewish Community in lstanbul, dating back to the Byzantine period. It reflects the full characteristics of a Jewish quarter structure in the best possible manner. The synagogue, religious worship building, and the houses which both form and shape a typical Jewish quarter are subject to investigation and analysis in this paper. Besides, the layouts of Jewish quarters in this settlement, the architectural character of houses and religious buildings are documented with ＂drawings＂, ＂photographs＂, ＂maps＂ and ＂sketches＂.展开更多
Semi-open spaces-largely incorporated in vernacular dwellings in Cyprus during the 19th and 20th centuries-formed diachronically significant socio-cultural, functional and environmental features of the vernacular arch...Semi-open spaces-largely incorporated in vernacular dwellings in Cyprus during the 19th and 20th centuries-formed diachronically significant socio-cultural, functional and environmental features of the vernacular architecture of the area. The climate of the Eastern Mediterranean region, i.e., hot summers and mild winters, encouraged the use of open weather protected spaces, thus leading to the widespread incorporation of such spaces in the vernacular architecture of the region. This paper focuses on the interconnections between architectural forms and human comfort, convenience or pleasure in relation to the semiopen spaces found in the vernacular architecture of Cyprus-an island in the Eastern Mediterranean region. For the purpose of this research, characteristic traditional settlements found in the coastal, lowland and mountainous areas-which represent three different climatic regions and topographies of the island-were selected for an in-depth investigation. The findings confirm a high frequency of semi-open spaces, as well as the existence of a remarkable richness of typologies. Although semi-open spaces constitute a fundamental part of the structure of these vernacular dwellings in all climatic regions examined, they dominate in the lowland regions due to the particularly hot climate, as well as the specific activities of the inhabitants of these areas. The prevailing architectural forms and constructions of these spaces in each climatic region under investigation was found to be closely adapted to the local resources, terrain and climate, while also being related to the social, household and agricultural needs of the inhabitants, thus underlining their sustainable and locus-specific conception. Research findings can contribute towards critically re-thinking semi-open spaces and their inherent value in rehabilitation projects, as well as in contemporary residential architecture.展开更多
Changes in spaces for cooking and eating are fundamental to modern architecture. Proposals and studies conducted in America from the 19th century and in Europe mainly from the 1920s have caused architectural debates o...Changes in spaces for cooking and eating are fundamental to modern architecture. Proposals and studies conducted in America from the 19th century and in Europe mainly from the 1920s have caused architectural debates on the nature of the kitchen space, i.e., to achieve either spaces that are organized and efficient or spaces for working and living. Modern architecture has transformed the kitchen and determined its appearance throughout the 20th century. The intensity of this transformation has depended on social, technical, and architectural contexts.In this study, we focus on how modern architectural approaches influenced dwellings in Barcelona, Spain between the 1920s and the 1950s. The study demonstrates that changes did not occur regularly and were limited to the incorporation of certain services or technological improvements. During this period, cooking and eating spaces were not considered in depth and were treated as areas of secondary importance within dwellings. Changes only became significant from the 1950s onward, when economic improvements, technological innovations, the housing problem, and the gradual arrival of Western cultural references changed the values of these spaces.展开更多
文摘Istanbul as a city, throughout history, has become an attractive land for various social groups to settle. As a result, different periods in city life have witnessed the arrival of setllers forming their own settlements, thus leading to a so called ＂mosaic of settlements＂ within the city. Social factors have played a big role in the formation and development of settlements in Istanbul. The cultural variety arising from the different social structures has led to different architectural features in the city. The different social structures have also had affects on site selection, on the quarter- district tissue, and also on the residential architecture. It is therefore, the general purpose of this article to explore the different features of quarters reflecting the interaction between the architectural formation and the cultural values of society. In the Historical Peninsula in Istanbul, one can easily observe the impact of cultural characteristics of the communities on their housing settlements. Together with environmental features such as climate, local building materials, building technologies, the cultural values of the social groups all have played a role in determining the architectural environment and the formation of housing settlements. Among all others, Balat, which still exists, is the oldest housing settlement of the Jewish Community in lstanbul, dating back to the Byzantine period. It reflects the full characteristics of a Jewish quarter structure in the best possible manner. The synagogue, religious worship building, and the houses which both form and shape a typical Jewish quarter are subject to investigation and analysis in this paper. Besides, the layouts of Jewish quarters in this settlement, the architectural character of houses and religious buildings are documented with ＂drawings＂, ＂photographs＂, ＂maps＂ and ＂sketches＂.
基金This research is based on the findings of two research programmes with the acronyms BioCultural and BioVernacular funded by the University of Cyprus,2013-15 and by the Republic of Cyprus and the European Regional Development Fund,2012-14,respectively.
文摘Semi-open spaces-largely incorporated in vernacular dwellings in Cyprus during the 19th and 20th centuries-formed diachronically significant socio-cultural, functional and environmental features of the vernacular architecture of the area. The climate of the Eastern Mediterranean region, i.e., hot summers and mild winters, encouraged the use of open weather protected spaces, thus leading to the widespread incorporation of such spaces in the vernacular architecture of the region. This paper focuses on the interconnections between architectural forms and human comfort, convenience or pleasure in relation to the semiopen spaces found in the vernacular architecture of Cyprus-an island in the Eastern Mediterranean region. For the purpose of this research, characteristic traditional settlements found in the coastal, lowland and mountainous areas-which represent three different climatic regions and topographies of the island-were selected for an in-depth investigation. The findings confirm a high frequency of semi-open spaces, as well as the existence of a remarkable richness of typologies. Although semi-open spaces constitute a fundamental part of the structure of these vernacular dwellings in all climatic regions examined, they dominate in the lowland regions due to the particularly hot climate, as well as the specific activities of the inhabitants of these areas. The prevailing architectural forms and constructions of these spaces in each climatic region under investigation was found to be closely adapted to the local resources, terrain and climate, while also being related to the social, household and agricultural needs of the inhabitants, thus underlining their sustainable and locus-specific conception. Research findings can contribute towards critically re-thinking semi-open spaces and their inherent value in rehabilitation projects, as well as in contemporary residential architecture.
文摘Changes in spaces for cooking and eating are fundamental to modern architecture. Proposals and studies conducted in America from the 19th century and in Europe mainly from the 1920s have caused architectural debates on the nature of the kitchen space, i.e., to achieve either spaces that are organized and efficient or spaces for working and living. Modern architecture has transformed the kitchen and determined its appearance throughout the 20th century. The intensity of this transformation has depended on social, technical, and architectural contexts.In this study, we focus on how modern architectural approaches influenced dwellings in Barcelona, Spain between the 1920s and the 1950s. The study demonstrates that changes did not occur regularly and were limited to the incorporation of certain services or technological improvements. During this period, cooking and eating spaces were not considered in depth and were treated as areas of secondary importance within dwellings. Changes only became significant from the 1950s onward, when economic improvements, technological innovations, the housing problem, and the gradual arrival of Western cultural references changed the values of these spaces.
