Objective Newly identified human rhinovirus C （HRV-C） and human bocavirus （HBoV） cannot propagate in vitro in traditional cell culture models; thus obtaining knowledge about these viruses and developing related va...Objective Newly identified human rhinovirus C （HRV-C） and human bocavirus （HBoV） cannot propagate in vitro in traditional cell culture models; thus obtaining knowledge about these viruses and developing related vaccines are difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a novel platform for the propagation of these types of viruses.Methods A platform for culturing human airway epithelia in a three-dimensional （3D） pattern using Matrigel as scaffold was developed. The features of 3D culture were identified by immunochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy. Nucleic acid levels of HRV-C and HBoV in 3D cells at designated time points were quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction {PCR）. Levels of cytokines, whose secretion was induced by the viruses, were measured by ELISA.Results Properties of bronchial-like tissues, such as the expression of biomarkers CK5, ZO-2, and PCK, and the development of cilium-like protuberances indicative of the human respiration tract, were observed in 3D-cultured human airway epithelial （HAE） cultures, but not in monolayer-cultured cells. Nucleic acid levels of HRV-C and HBoV and levels of virus-induced cytokines were also measured using the 3D culture system.Conclusion Our data provide a preliminary indication that the 3D culture model of primary epithelia using a Matrigel scaffold in vitro can be used to propagate HRV-C and HBoV.展开更多
We report a case of virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) treated with parenteral vitamin C in a patient testing positive for enterovirus/rhinovirus on viral screening. This report outlines the first...We report a case of virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) treated with parenteral vitamin C in a patient testing positive for enterovirus/rhinovirus on viral screening. This report outlines the first use of high dose intravenous vitamin C as an interventional therapy for ARDS, resulting from enterovirus/rhinovirus respiratory infection. From very significant preclinical research performed at Virginia Commonwealth Universitywith vitamin C and with the very positive results of a previously performed phase Ⅰ safety trial infusing high dose vitamin C intravenously into patients with severe sepsis, we reasoned that infusing identical dosing to a patient with ARDS from viral infection would be therapeutic. We report here the case of a 20-year-old, previously healthy, female who contracted respiratory enterovirus/rhinovirus infection that led to acute lung injury and rapidly to ARDS. She contracted the infection in central Italy while on an 8-d spring break from college. During a return flight to the United States, she developed increasing dyspnea and hypoxemia that rapidly developed into acute lung injury that led to ARDS. When support with mechanical ventilation failed, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) was initiated. Twelve hours following ECMO initiation, high dose intravenous vitamin C was begun. The patient's recovery was rapid. ECMO and mechanical ventilation were discontinued by day-7 and the patient recovered with no long-term ARDS sequelae. Infusing high dose intravenous vitamin C into this patient with virus-induced ARDS was associated with rapid resolution of lung injury with no evidence of post-ARDS fibroproliferative sequelae. Intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for ARDS may open a new era of therapy for ARDS from many causes.展开更多
AIM: To test whether the replication of human rhinovirus(HRV) is regulated by micro RNAs in human bronchial epithelial cells.METHODS: For the present study, the human cell line BEAS-2B(derived from normal human bronch...AIM: To test whether the replication of human rhinovirus(HRV) is regulated by micro RNAs in human bronchial epithelial cells.METHODS: For the present study, the human cell line BEAS-2B(derived from normal human bronchial epithelial cells) was adopted. DICER knock-down, by si RNA transfection in BEAS-2B cells, was performed in order to inhibit micro RNA maturation globally. Alternatively, antisense oligonucleotides(anti-mi Rs) were transfectedto inhibit the activity of specific micro RNAs. Cells were infected with HRV-1B. Viral replication was assessed by measuring the genomic viral RNA by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-q PCR). Association between micro RNA-induced-silencing-complex and viral RNA was detected by Ago2 co-immunoprecipitation followed by RT-q PCR. Targetscan v.6 was used to predict micro RNA target sites on several HRV strains.RESULTS: Here, we show that micro RNAs affect replication of HRV-1B. DICER knock-down significantly reduced the expression of mature micro RNAs in a bronchial epithelial cell line(BEAS-2B) and in turn, increased the synthesis of HRV-1B RNA. Additionally, HRV-1B RNA co-immunoprecipitated with argonaute 2 protein, an important effector for micro RNA activity suggesting that micro RNAs bind to viral RNA during infection. In order to identify specific micro RNAs involved in this interaction, we employed bioinformatics analysis, and selected a group of micro RNAs that have been reported to be under-expressed in asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells and were predicted to target different strains of rhinoviruses(HRV-1B,-16,-14,-27). Our results suggest that, out of this group of micro RNAs, mi R-128 and mi R-155 contribute to the innate defense against HRV-1B: transfection of specific anti-mi Rs increased viral replication, as anticipated in-silico.CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results suggest that pathological changes in micro RNA expression, as already reported for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have the potential to affect Rhinovirus replication and therefore may play a role in virusinduced exacerbations.展开更多
The genetic variants of orosomucoid-like protein 3(ORMDL3)gene are associated with highly significant increases in the number of human rhinovirus(HRV)-induced wheezing episodes in children.Recent investigations have b...The genetic variants of orosomucoid-like protein 3(ORMDL3)gene are associated with highly significant increases in the number of human rhinovirus(HRV)-induced wheezing episodes in children.Recent investigations have been focused on the mechanisms of ORMDL3 in rhinovirus infection for asthma and asthma exacerbations.ORMDL3 not only regulates major human rhinovirus receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression,but also plays pivotal roles in viral infection through metabolisms of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate,endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress,ER-Golgi interface and glycolysis.Research on the roles of ORMDL3 in HRV infection will lead us to identify new biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in childhood asthma and viral induced asthma exacerbations.展开更多
Human rhinovirus (HRV) must be viewed as a significant etiological agent of acute low respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) in infants and young children. The present study has been carried out to investigate the preva...Human rhinovirus (HRV) must be viewed as a significant etiological agent of acute low respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) in infants and young children. The present study has been carried out to investigate the prevalence of recently identified respiratory viruses and determine the phylogenetic composition of HRV strains. In total, 923 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) collected from hospitalized patients with ALRIs between January and December 2010 (453 females and 470 males) at five referral hospitals in Seoul were tested for respiratory viruses. Viruses were detected by RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) in 501 (54.3%) of the 923 positive samples obtained. Overall, HRV was detected in 7.9%, ADV in 10.2%, IFV in 21.9%, RSV in 3.6%, hMPV in 2.7%, HCoV in 2.5%, HEV in 1.6%, HBoV in 1.6%, and PIV in 2.4% of the samples. HRV infections occurred throughout the year, with peaks in January, May, July, and November of 2010. Phylogenetic analyses using the VP4/VP2 cording region showed that among the 27 isolates with HRV, 14 (52%) were infected with species A, 2 (7%) were infected with species B, and 11 (41%) were infected with the strains from HRV-C. HRV-C sequences are genetically distinct, sharing only 32% to 33% of their amino acids with HRV-A and HRV-B, while retaining 46% to 100% identity with each other. HRV-A, B, and C were co-circulating in children hospitalized with ALRIs in Korea in 2010. These findings indicated that HRV-C was the important causative agent of HRV associated with ALRIs.展开更多
Common colds incur significant costs in terms of sick leave and personal discomfort for affected individuals. This study investigated the performance of ColdZyme? Mouth Spray (ColdZyme), a protective barrier against c...Common colds incur significant costs in terms of sick leave and personal discomfort for affected individuals. This study investigated the performance of ColdZyme? Mouth Spray (ColdZyme), a protective barrier against common cold, in rhinovirus-inoculated healthy volunteers. This randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted on 46 healthy volunteers inoculated with rhinovirus 16 via the nose. Subjects self-administered ColdZyme or placebo 6 times daily for 11 days. Symptoms were recorded daily in a diary. Rhinovirus 16 in nasal and oropharyngeal samples at days 0, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 10 were quantified by RT-qPCR. The primary outcome measure was the reduction in viral load in oropharyngeal samples. Rhinovirus 16 was only detected in 35 out of 46 inoculated subjects. Exploratory analysis measuring the total viral load (i.e., area under the curve (AUC)) for days 3 - 10 in successfully inoculated subjects found that ColdZyme treatment resulted in a lower total viral load in the oropharynx (p = 0.023). In subjects who experienced symptomatic common cold, irrespectively, if virus were detected, treatment with ColdZyme resulted in a reduction in the number of days with common cold symptoms from 6.5 to 3.0 days (p = 0.014) in comparison to placebo. ColdZyme reduced virus infection in the oropharynx and reduced the number of days with common cold symptoms and highlights the possible importance of the oropharynx in common cold infections. Suitable outcome measures for a feasible study on ColdZyme are total viral load in the oropharynx in subjects having detectable virus present in nasal or oropharyngeal samples.展开更多
Background A series of public health preventive measures has been widely implemented in Beijing to control the corona-virus disease-19(COVID-19)pandemic since January 2020.An evaluation of the effects of these prevent...Background A series of public health preventive measures has been widely implemented in Beijing to control the corona-virus disease-19(COVID-19)pandemic since January 2020.An evaluation of the effects of these preventive measures on the spread of other respiratory viruses is necessary.Methods Respiratory specimens collected from children with acute respiratory infections were tested by NxTAGTN,respiratory pathogen panel assays during January 2017 and December 2020.Specimens characterized as rhinoviruses(RVs)were sequenced to identify the RV species and types.Then,the epidemiology results of respiratory pathogens in 2020 were compared with those from 2017 to 2019 using SPSS statistics 22.0.Results The positive rates of adenovirus(ADV),influenza virus(flu),RVs,and respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)dropped abruptly by 86.31%,94.679c,94.59%,and 92.17%,respectively,from February to May 2020,compared with the average level in the same period during 2017-2019.Positive rates of RVs then steeply increased from June 2020(13.77%),to an apex(37.25%)in August 2020,significantly higher than the average rates(22.51%)in August 2017-2019(7^=0.005).The increase,especially in group>3 years,was accompanied by the reopening of schools and kindergartens after the 23rd and 24th week of 2020 in Beijing.Conclusions Whereas the abrupt drop in viral pathogen positive rates from February to May 2020 revealed the remarkable effects of the COVID-19 preventive measures,the sharp increase in positive rates of RVs from the 23rd week of 2020 might be explained by the reopening of schools and kindergartens in Beijing.展开更多
Dear Editor,Cumulative evidence supports the role of early-life viral infections,especially respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)and human rhinovirus(HRV),as major antecedents of childhood asthma(Lemanske,2002;Jackson et a...Dear Editor,Cumulative evidence supports the role of early-life viral infections,especially respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)and human rhinovirus(HRV),as major antecedents of childhood asthma(Lemanske,2002;Jackson et al.,2008).In this study,the x TAG respiratory viral panel FAST(RVP FAST)assay,a multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-based method(Arens et al.,2010;BaladaLlasat et al.,2011;Gharabaghi et al.,2011;Selvaraju,2012),was used to investigate the association of infec-展开更多
Background： Human rhinoviruses （HRVs） are divided into three genetic species： HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The association of different HRV species with asthma in children in China has not yet been evaluated. This pre...Background： Human rhinoviruses （HRVs） are divided into three genetic species： HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The association of different HRV species with asthma in children in China has not yet been evaluated. This preliminary study aimed to assess the associations between different HRV species, particularly HRV-C, and asthma in young children in China. Methods： A total of 702 nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 155 children with asthma （asthma group）, 461 children with acute respiratory infection （ARI） without asthma （nonasthma ARI group）, and 86 children from the control group. Semi-nested polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was used to detect HRVs, and PCR products were sequenced for species identification. Epidemiological characteristics of HRV-positive cases were analyzed. Results： HRVs were the most common pathogen （ 15.4%; 108/702） in the patients in this study. The prevalence of HRV was significantly different （F = 20.633, P = 0.000） between tile asthma （25.8%） and nonasthma ARI groups （11.1%）. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that in the 108 cases positive for HRVs, 41 were identified as HRV-A, 8 as HRV-B, and 56 as HRV-C, Comparing the asthma with the nonasthlna ARI group, Spearman＇s rank correlation analysis revealed an association between HRV-A （P 〈 0.05） and C （P 〈 0.01） and asthma, confirmed by regression analysis, with odds ratios of 2.2 （HRV-A） and 4.2 （HRV-C）. Conclusions： Our data revealed a high prevalence of HRVs in children in China, regardless of clinical status. HRV-C was the dominant species and may be one of the key factors in the association of HRVs with asthma.展开更多
Background Some research groups have hypothesized that human rhinoviruses （HRVs） delayed the circulation of the 2009 pandemic influenza A（H1N1） virus （A（H1N1）pdm09） at the beginning of Autumn 2009 in France.Th...Background Some research groups have hypothesized that human rhinoviruses （HRVs） delayed the circulation of the 2009 pandemic influenza A（H1N1） virus （A（H1N1）pdm09） at the beginning of Autumn 2009 in France.This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between HRV and A（H1N1）pdm09 in pediatric patients with influenza-like illness in Beijing,China.Methods A systematic analysis to detect A（H1N1）pdm09 and seasonal influenza A virus （FLU A） was performed on 4 349 clinical samples from pediatric patients with influenza-like illness during the period June 1,2009 to February 28,2010,while a one-step real-time RT-PCR （rRT-PCR） assay was used to detect HRV in 1 146 clinical specimens selected from those 4 349 specimens.Results During the survey period,only one wave of A（H1N1）pdm09 was observed.The percentage of positive cases for A（H1N1）pdm09 increased sharply in September with a peak in November 2009 and then declined in February 2010.Data on the monthly distribution of HRVs indicated that more HRV-positive samples were detected in September （2.2％） and October （3.3％）,revealing that the peak of HRV infection in 2009 was similar to that of other years.Among the 1 146 specimens examined for HRVs,21 （1.8％） were HRV-positive,which was significantly lower than that reported previously in Beijing （15.4％ to 19.2％） （P ＜0.01）.Overall,6 samples were positive for both A（H1N1）pdm09 and HRV,which represented a positive relative frequency of 1.60％ and 2.08％ HRV,considering the A（H1N1）pdm09-positive and-negative specimens,respectively.The odds ratio was 0.87 （95％ CI 0.32; 2.44,P=0.80）.Conclusions HRVs and A （H1N1）pdm09 co-circulated in this Chinese population during September and October 2009,and the HRV epidemic in 2009 did not affect A（H1N1）pdm09 infection rates in Beijing,China as suggested by other studies.However,the presence of A（H1N1）pdm09 might explain the unexpected reduction in the percentage of HRV positive cases during the period studied.展开更多
The common cold is most often a result of human rhinovirus （HRV） infection. Common cold symptoms including rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction frequently occur during HRV infection of the upper respiratory tract. Conve...The common cold is most often a result of human rhinovirus （HRV） infection. Common cold symptoms including rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction frequently occur during HRV infection of the upper respiratory tract. Conversely, HRV may also infect the epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract. Symptom severity associated with HRV infection ranges from mild to potentially serious depending on a person＇s susceptibility and preexisting condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An over active host immune response is believed to be the primary contributor to HRV pathogenesis. Enhanced activity of various host cell cytokines and granulocytes mediate specific cellular pathways inducing many of the symptoms associated with HRV infection. There are over 100 serotypes of HRV which can be further categorized based on the specific characteristics of each type. The two main categories of HRV consist of the major and minor groups. The unique host cell receptor is the distinguishing factor between these two groups. Yet, these viruses may also differ in mechanism of infection and replication. Due to the high frequency of hospital and clinical visits and the corresponding economic burden, novel therapies are of interest. Several different treatment options varying from herbal remedies to anti-viral drugs have been studied. However, the vast number of HRV serotypes complicates the progress of developing a universal treatment for attenuating HRV infection.展开更多
Rhinovirus(RV)are best known as a common cold virus,but infections with these viruses are also major causes of lower respiratory morbidity in younger children and in children and adults with asthma.Cofactors related t...Rhinovirus(RV)are best known as a common cold virus,but infections with these viruses are also major causes of lower respiratory morbidity in younger children and in children and adults with asthma.Cofactors related to the virus,the host and the environment modify the risk of more severe illness.There are three RV species,and the A and C viruses are most often associated with wheezing illnesses.Host factors that influence the risk of virus-induced wheeze include age,genetics,allergy and asthma and lung function.In addition,the airway microbiome influences the probability of RV wheeze,and RV wheezing illnesses are associated with changes microbial community composition that include increased detection of respiratory pathogens.Interestingly,the host and environmental cofactors that promote wheezing in infancy and in children and adults with asthma are similar.Identification of modifiable host and environmental risk factors for RV wheeze suggests that there are several therapeutic opportunities for prevention and treatment.展开更多
Respiratory virus infection was the most common viral infection in clinical practice with the greatest impact,including the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),posing a huge threat to the world...Respiratory virus infection was the most common viral infection in clinical practice with the greatest impact,including the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),posing a huge threat to the world's public health and human life safety.Commonly used antiviral drugs have obvious side effects and a narrow scope of application.Respiratory viruses are susceptible to infection,mutation,and prevalence,which also pose challenges to traditional antiviral drugs and vaccine development.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has a long history of treating infectious diseases,with many herbs and compounds.Its multi-component,multi-target and multi-path characteristics have made it have great advantages and potential in the development of new anti-respiratory virus drugs.This review summarized TCM for the prevention and treatment of common respiratory viruses,and provided new strategies for the research and development of new TCM antiviral drugs and for responding to infectious respiratory virus diseases.展开更多
Rhinovirus(RV)is a common pathogen that causes respiratory tract infection and can cause outbreaks in hos-pitals and welfare institutions.A cluster of respiratory diseases occurred in a primary school in Shenyang City...Rhinovirus(RV)is a common pathogen that causes respiratory tract infection and can cause outbreaks in hos-pitals and welfare institutions.A cluster of respiratory diseases occurred in a primary school in Shenyang City,Liaoning Province,China,in 2022.In this outbreak,a total of 31 students had symptoms similar to those of upper respiratory tract infection,mainly cough and sore throat.Among them,27 throat swabs were collected and identified for respiratory pathogens by TaqMan low-density array(TLDA),quantitative real-time poly-merase chain reaction(PCR),reverse transcription-nested PCR and whole-genome sequencing.Out of the 27 specimens,24 tested positive for RV,and 21 RV viral protein 1 sequences were obtained,of which 15(71.43%)were identified as RV-A49,while 2 RV-A20 and 4 sequences from 2 specimens were RV-A30 coin-fected with RV-C15.In addition,one whole-genome sequence(WGS)of RV-A49 was obtained,and three unique amino acid mutations were found compared to 23 WGS of RV-A49 from GenBank.In conclusion,this outbreak of upper respiratory tract infection is caused by RV,mainly RV-A49.展开更多
Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate ...Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate and adaptive, induced after infection, and the subsequent interactions of the viruses with the immune system. The defense mechanisms of the host and the countermeasures of the virus significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of the infections. Important human pathogens are poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus. These viruses are the beststudied members of the family, and in this review we want to present the major aspects of the reciprocal effects between the immune system and these viruses.展开更多
Acute viral bronchiolitis is a leading cause of admission to pediatric intensive care units, but research on the care of these critically ill infants has been limited. Pathology of viral bronchiolitis revealed respira...Acute viral bronchiolitis is a leading cause of admission to pediatric intensive care units, but research on the care of these critically ill infants has been limited. Pathology of viral bronchiolitis revealed respiratory obstruction due to intraluminal debris and edema of the airways and vasculature. This and clinical evidence suggest that airway clearance interventions such as hypertonic saline nebulizers and pulmonary toilet devices may be of benefit, particularly in situations of atelectasis associated with bronchiolitis. Research to distinguish an underlying asthma predisposition in wheezing infants with viral bronchiolitis may one day lead to guidance on when to trial bronchodilator therapy. Considering the paucity of critical care research in pediatric viral bronchiolitis, intensive care practitioners must substantially rely on individualization of therapies based on bedside clinical assessments. However, with the introduction of new diagnostic and respiratory technologies, our ability to support critically ill infants with acute viral bronchiolitis will continue to advance.展开更多
Respiratory diseases have a large proportion among those various diseases. Among those, the main diseases that we are now dealing with are viruses which have no majority vaccine found: Human Rhinovirus 14 (HRV), Human...Respiratory diseases have a large proportion among those various diseases. Among those, the main diseases that we are now dealing with are viruses which have no majority vaccine found: Human Rhinovirus 14 (HRV), Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and Human Para influenza virus 1(HVJ). Even though the body can cure most of these viruses by itself, there are some incidents which end up with death. Starting an experiment with those reasons, we separated viruses by the basic symptoms and appearances, and by using data mining, we found similarities and differences of various sequences. As a result, having a high frequency, decision tree prove that each sequences are too different from each other, but still decision tree only shows the difference of the sequences. According to apriori algorithm, it could be able to find a remedy which can block amino acid L, Leucine.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Major Project Specialized for Infectious Diseases of the Chinese Health and Family Planning Commission[2014ZX10004002-004-002,2014ZX10004002-004-001]Young Talent Scholar Plan of Higher School in Hebei Province[BJ2017008]
文摘Objective Newly identified human rhinovirus C （HRV-C） and human bocavirus （HBoV） cannot propagate in vitro in traditional cell culture models; thus obtaining knowledge about these viruses and developing related vaccines are difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a novel platform for the propagation of these types of viruses.Methods A platform for culturing human airway epithelia in a three-dimensional （3D） pattern using Matrigel as scaffold was developed. The features of 3D culture were identified by immunochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy. Nucleic acid levels of HRV-C and HBoV in 3D cells at designated time points were quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction {PCR）. Levels of cytokines, whose secretion was induced by the viruses, were measured by ELISA.Results Properties of bronchial-like tissues, such as the expression of biomarkers CK5, ZO-2, and PCK, and the development of cilium-like protuberances indicative of the human respiration tract, were observed in 3D-cultured human airway epithelial （HAE） cultures, but not in monolayer-cultured cells. Nucleic acid levels of HRV-C and HBoV and levels of virus-induced cytokines were also measured using the 3D culture system.Conclusion Our data provide a preliminary indication that the 3D culture model of primary epithelia using a Matrigel scaffold in vitro can be used to propagate HRV-C and HBoV.
基金supported by the Aubrey Sage McF arlane acute lung injury fund, the VCU Johnson Center for Critical Care and Pulmonary Research
文摘We report a case of virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) treated with parenteral vitamin C in a patient testing positive for enterovirus/rhinovirus on viral screening. This report outlines the first use of high dose intravenous vitamin C as an interventional therapy for ARDS, resulting from enterovirus/rhinovirus respiratory infection. From very significant preclinical research performed at Virginia Commonwealth Universitywith vitamin C and with the very positive results of a previously performed phase Ⅰ safety trial infusing high dose vitamin C intravenously into patients with severe sepsis, we reasoned that infusing identical dosing to a patient with ARDS from viral infection would be therapeutic. We report here the case of a 20-year-old, previously healthy, female who contracted respiratory enterovirus/rhinovirus infection that led to acute lung injury and rapidly to ARDS. She contracted the infection in central Italy while on an 8-d spring break from college. During a return flight to the United States, she developed increasing dyspnea and hypoxemia that rapidly developed into acute lung injury that led to ARDS. When support with mechanical ventilation failed, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) was initiated. Twelve hours following ECMO initiation, high dose intravenous vitamin C was begun. The patient's recovery was rapid. ECMO and mechanical ventilation were discontinued by day-7 and the patient recovered with no long-term ARDS sequelae. Infusing high dose intravenous vitamin C into this patient with virus-induced ARDS was associated with rapid resolution of lung injury with no evidence of post-ARDS fibroproliferative sequelae. Intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for ARDS may open a new era of therapy for ARDS from many causes.
基金Supported by MRC,AAIR and the Roger Brooke charitable trust
文摘AIM: To test whether the replication of human rhinovirus(HRV) is regulated by micro RNAs in human bronchial epithelial cells.METHODS: For the present study, the human cell line BEAS-2B(derived from normal human bronchial epithelial cells) was adopted. DICER knock-down, by si RNA transfection in BEAS-2B cells, was performed in order to inhibit micro RNA maturation globally. Alternatively, antisense oligonucleotides(anti-mi Rs) were transfectedto inhibit the activity of specific micro RNAs. Cells were infected with HRV-1B. Viral replication was assessed by measuring the genomic viral RNA by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-q PCR). Association between micro RNA-induced-silencing-complex and viral RNA was detected by Ago2 co-immunoprecipitation followed by RT-q PCR. Targetscan v.6 was used to predict micro RNA target sites on several HRV strains.RESULTS: Here, we show that micro RNAs affect replication of HRV-1B. DICER knock-down significantly reduced the expression of mature micro RNAs in a bronchial epithelial cell line(BEAS-2B) and in turn, increased the synthesis of HRV-1B RNA. Additionally, HRV-1B RNA co-immunoprecipitated with argonaute 2 protein, an important effector for micro RNA activity suggesting that micro RNAs bind to viral RNA during infection. In order to identify specific micro RNAs involved in this interaction, we employed bioinformatics analysis, and selected a group of micro RNAs that have been reported to be under-expressed in asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells and were predicted to target different strains of rhinoviruses(HRV-1B,-16,-14,-27). Our results suggest that, out of this group of micro RNAs, mi R-128 and mi R-155 contribute to the innate defense against HRV-1B: transfection of specific anti-mi Rs increased viral replication, as anticipated in-silico.CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results suggest that pathological changes in micro RNA expression, as already reported for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have the potential to affect Rhinovirus replication and therefore may play a role in virusinduced exacerbations.
文摘The genetic variants of orosomucoid-like protein 3(ORMDL3)gene are associated with highly significant increases in the number of human rhinovirus(HRV)-induced wheezing episodes in children.Recent investigations have been focused on the mechanisms of ORMDL3 in rhinovirus infection for asthma and asthma exacerbations.ORMDL3 not only regulates major human rhinovirus receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression,but also plays pivotal roles in viral infection through metabolisms of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate,endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress,ER-Golgi interface and glycolysis.Research on the roles of ORMDL3 in HRV infection will lead us to identify new biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in childhood asthma and viral induced asthma exacerbations.
文摘Human rhinovirus (HRV) must be viewed as a significant etiological agent of acute low respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) in infants and young children. The present study has been carried out to investigate the prevalence of recently identified respiratory viruses and determine the phylogenetic composition of HRV strains. In total, 923 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) collected from hospitalized patients with ALRIs between January and December 2010 (453 females and 470 males) at five referral hospitals in Seoul were tested for respiratory viruses. Viruses were detected by RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) in 501 (54.3%) of the 923 positive samples obtained. Overall, HRV was detected in 7.9%, ADV in 10.2%, IFV in 21.9%, RSV in 3.6%, hMPV in 2.7%, HCoV in 2.5%, HEV in 1.6%, HBoV in 1.6%, and PIV in 2.4% of the samples. HRV infections occurred throughout the year, with peaks in January, May, July, and November of 2010. Phylogenetic analyses using the VP4/VP2 cording region showed that among the 27 isolates with HRV, 14 (52%) were infected with species A, 2 (7%) were infected with species B, and 11 (41%) were infected with the strains from HRV-C. HRV-C sequences are genetically distinct, sharing only 32% to 33% of their amino acids with HRV-A and HRV-B, while retaining 46% to 100% identity with each other. HRV-A, B, and C were co-circulating in children hospitalized with ALRIs in Korea in 2010. These findings indicated that HRV-C was the important causative agent of HRV associated with ALRIs.
文摘Common colds incur significant costs in terms of sick leave and personal discomfort for affected individuals. This study investigated the performance of ColdZyme? Mouth Spray (ColdZyme), a protective barrier against common cold, in rhinovirus-inoculated healthy volunteers. This randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted on 46 healthy volunteers inoculated with rhinovirus 16 via the nose. Subjects self-administered ColdZyme or placebo 6 times daily for 11 days. Symptoms were recorded daily in a diary. Rhinovirus 16 in nasal and oropharyngeal samples at days 0, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 10 were quantified by RT-qPCR. The primary outcome measure was the reduction in viral load in oropharyngeal samples. Rhinovirus 16 was only detected in 35 out of 46 inoculated subjects. Exploratory analysis measuring the total viral load (i.e., area under the curve (AUC)) for days 3 - 10 in successfully inoculated subjects found that ColdZyme treatment resulted in a lower total viral load in the oropharynx (p = 0.023). In subjects who experienced symptomatic common cold, irrespectively, if virus were detected, treatment with ColdZyme resulted in a reduction in the number of days with common cold symptoms from 6.5 to 3.0 days (p = 0.014) in comparison to placebo. ColdZyme reduced virus infection in the oropharynx and reduced the number of days with common cold symptoms and highlights the possible importance of the oropharynx in common cold infections. Suitable outcome measures for a feasible study on ColdZyme are total viral load in the oropharynx in subjects having detectable virus present in nasal or oropharyngeal samples.
基金This work was supported by grants from The Pediatric Medical Coordinated Development Center of the Beijing Hospitals Authority(No.XTZD20180505)Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Family(No.2060399 PXM2017_026268_00005_00254486).
文摘Background A series of public health preventive measures has been widely implemented in Beijing to control the corona-virus disease-19(COVID-19)pandemic since January 2020.An evaluation of the effects of these preventive measures on the spread of other respiratory viruses is necessary.Methods Respiratory specimens collected from children with acute respiratory infections were tested by NxTAGTN,respiratory pathogen panel assays during January 2017 and December 2020.Specimens characterized as rhinoviruses(RVs)were sequenced to identify the RV species and types.Then,the epidemiology results of respiratory pathogens in 2020 were compared with those from 2017 to 2019 using SPSS statistics 22.0.Results The positive rates of adenovirus(ADV),influenza virus(flu),RVs,and respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)dropped abruptly by 86.31%,94.679c,94.59%,and 92.17%,respectively,from February to May 2020,compared with the average level in the same period during 2017-2019.Positive rates of RVs then steeply increased from June 2020(13.77%),to an apex(37.25%)in August 2020,significantly higher than the average rates(22.51%)in August 2017-2019(7^=0.005).The increase,especially in group>3 years,was accompanied by the reopening of schools and kindergartens after the 23rd and 24th week of 2020 in Beijing.Conclusions Whereas the abrupt drop in viral pathogen positive rates from February to May 2020 revealed the remarkable effects of the COVID-19 preventive measures,the sharp increase in positive rates of RVs from the 23rd week of 2020 might be explained by the reopening of schools and kindergartens in Beijing.
基金supported by Special Funds for Public WelfareProjects (2015SQ00160)the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau "Advanced Personnel Training Program" (No. 2011-3-068)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (No. Z111107056811041)
文摘Dear Editor,Cumulative evidence supports the role of early-life viral infections,especially respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)and human rhinovirus(HRV),as major antecedents of childhood asthma(Lemanske,2002;Jackson et al.,2008).In this study,the x TAG respiratory viral panel FAST(RVP FAST)assay,a multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-based method(Arens et al.,2010;BaladaLlasat et al.,2011;Gharabaghi et al.,2011;Selvaraju,2012),was used to investigate the association of infec-
文摘Background： Human rhinoviruses （HRVs） are divided into three genetic species： HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The association of different HRV species with asthma in children in China has not yet been evaluated. This preliminary study aimed to assess the associations between different HRV species, particularly HRV-C, and asthma in young children in China. Methods： A total of 702 nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 155 children with asthma （asthma group）, 461 children with acute respiratory infection （ARI） without asthma （nonasthma ARI group）, and 86 children from the control group. Semi-nested polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was used to detect HRVs, and PCR products were sequenced for species identification. Epidemiological characteristics of HRV-positive cases were analyzed. Results： HRVs were the most common pathogen （ 15.4%; 108/702） in the patients in this study. The prevalence of HRV was significantly different （F = 20.633, P = 0.000） between tile asthma （25.8%） and nonasthma ARI groups （11.1%）. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that in the 108 cases positive for HRVs, 41 were identified as HRV-A, 8 as HRV-B, and 56 as HRV-C, Comparing the asthma with the nonasthlna ARI group, Spearman＇s rank correlation analysis revealed an association between HRV-A （P 〈 0.05） and C （P 〈 0.01） and asthma, confirmed by regression analysis, with odds ratios of 2.2 （HRV-A） and 4.2 （HRV-C）. Conclusions： Our data revealed a high prevalence of HRVs in children in China, regardless of clinical status. HRV-C was the dominant species and may be one of the key factors in the association of HRVs with asthma.
基金This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30872153） and the Beijing Outstanding Personnel Training Grant from the Beijing Municipal Committee for Science and Technology （No. 2006A63）.Acknowledgements： We would like to thank all the doctors and nurses in the Department of Emergency and the Outpatient Department at the Affiliated Children＇s Hospital of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics for collecting specimens from patients and information from their parents.
文摘Background Some research groups have hypothesized that human rhinoviruses （HRVs） delayed the circulation of the 2009 pandemic influenza A（H1N1） virus （A（H1N1）pdm09） at the beginning of Autumn 2009 in France.This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between HRV and A（H1N1）pdm09 in pediatric patients with influenza-like illness in Beijing,China.Methods A systematic analysis to detect A（H1N1）pdm09 and seasonal influenza A virus （FLU A） was performed on 4 349 clinical samples from pediatric patients with influenza-like illness during the period June 1,2009 to February 28,2010,while a one-step real-time RT-PCR （rRT-PCR） assay was used to detect HRV in 1 146 clinical specimens selected from those 4 349 specimens.Results During the survey period,only one wave of A（H1N1）pdm09 was observed.The percentage of positive cases for A（H1N1）pdm09 increased sharply in September with a peak in November 2009 and then declined in February 2010.Data on the monthly distribution of HRVs indicated that more HRV-positive samples were detected in September （2.2％） and October （3.3％）,revealing that the peak of HRV infection in 2009 was similar to that of other years.Among the 1 146 specimens examined for HRVs,21 （1.8％） were HRV-positive,which was significantly lower than that reported previously in Beijing （15.4％ to 19.2％） （P ＜0.01）.Overall,6 samples were positive for both A（H1N1）pdm09 and HRV,which represented a positive relative frequency of 1.60％ and 2.08％ HRV,considering the A（H1N1）pdm09-positive and-negative specimens,respectively.The odds ratio was 0.87 （95％ CI 0.32; 2.44,P=0.80）.Conclusions HRVs and A （H1N1）pdm09 co-circulated in this Chinese population during September and October 2009,and the HRV epidemic in 2009 did not affect A（H1N1）pdm09 infection rates in Beijing,China as suggested by other studies.However,the presence of A（H1N1）pdm09 might explain the unexpected reduction in the percentage of HRV positive cases during the period studied.
文摘The common cold is most often a result of human rhinovirus （HRV） infection. Common cold symptoms including rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction frequently occur during HRV infection of the upper respiratory tract. Conversely, HRV may also infect the epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract. Symptom severity associated with HRV infection ranges from mild to potentially serious depending on a person＇s susceptibility and preexisting condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An over active host immune response is believed to be the primary contributor to HRV pathogenesis. Enhanced activity of various host cell cytokines and granulocytes mediate specific cellular pathways inducing many of the symptoms associated with HRV infection. There are over 100 serotypes of HRV which can be further categorized based on the specific characteristics of each type. The two main categories of HRV consist of the major and minor groups. The unique host cell receptor is the distinguishing factor between these two groups. Yet, these viruses may also differ in mechanism of infection and replication. Due to the high frequency of hospital and clinical visits and the corresponding economic burden, novel therapies are of interest. Several different treatment options varying from herbal remedies to anti-viral drugs have been studied. However, the vast number of HRV serotypes complicates the progress of developing a universal treatment for attenuating HRV infection.
文摘Rhinovirus(RV)are best known as a common cold virus,but infections with these viruses are also major causes of lower respiratory morbidity in younger children and in children and adults with asthma.Cofactors related to the virus,the host and the environment modify the risk of more severe illness.There are three RV species,and the A and C viruses are most often associated with wheezing illnesses.Host factors that influence the risk of virus-induced wheeze include age,genetics,allergy and asthma and lung function.In addition,the airway microbiome influences the probability of RV wheeze,and RV wheezing illnesses are associated with changes microbial community composition that include increased detection of respiratory pathogens.Interestingly,the host and environmental cofactors that promote wheezing in infancy and in children and adults with asthma are similar.Identification of modifiable host and environmental risk factors for RV wheeze suggests that there are several therapeutic opportunities for prevention and treatment.
文摘Respiratory virus infection was the most common viral infection in clinical practice with the greatest impact,including the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),posing a huge threat to the world's public health and human life safety.Commonly used antiviral drugs have obvious side effects and a narrow scope of application.Respiratory viruses are susceptible to infection,mutation,and prevalence,which also pose challenges to traditional antiviral drugs and vaccine development.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)has a long history of treating infectious diseases,with many herbs and compounds.Its multi-component,multi-target and multi-path characteristics have made it have great advantages and potential in the development of new anti-respiratory virus drugs.This review summarized TCM for the prevention and treatment of common respiratory viruses,and provided new strategies for the research and development of new TCM antiviral drugs and for responding to infectious respiratory virus diseases.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2704904).
文摘Rhinovirus(RV)is a common pathogen that causes respiratory tract infection and can cause outbreaks in hos-pitals and welfare institutions.A cluster of respiratory diseases occurred in a primary school in Shenyang City,Liaoning Province,China,in 2022.In this outbreak,a total of 31 students had symptoms similar to those of upper respiratory tract infection,mainly cough and sore throat.Among them,27 throat swabs were collected and identified for respiratory pathogens by TaqMan low-density array(TLDA),quantitative real-time poly-merase chain reaction(PCR),reverse transcription-nested PCR and whole-genome sequencing.Out of the 27 specimens,24 tested positive for RV,and 21 RV viral protein 1 sequences were obtained,of which 15(71.43%)were identified as RV-A49,while 2 RV-A20 and 4 sequences from 2 specimens were RV-A30 coin-fected with RV-C15.In addition,one whole-genome sequence(WGS)of RV-A49 was obtained,and three unique amino acid mutations were found compared to 23 WGS of RV-A49 from GenBank.In conclusion,this outbreak of upper respiratory tract infection is caused by RV,mainly RV-A49.
基金Supported by The Tonjes-Vagt-Stiftung,Bremen,Germany.
文摘Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate and adaptive, induced after infection, and the subsequent interactions of the viruses with the immune system. The defense mechanisms of the host and the countermeasures of the virus significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of the infections. Important human pathogens are poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus. These viruses are the beststudied members of the family, and in this review we want to present the major aspects of the reciprocal effects between the immune system and these viruses.
文摘Acute viral bronchiolitis is a leading cause of admission to pediatric intensive care units, but research on the care of these critically ill infants has been limited. Pathology of viral bronchiolitis revealed respiratory obstruction due to intraluminal debris and edema of the airways and vasculature. This and clinical evidence suggest that airway clearance interventions such as hypertonic saline nebulizers and pulmonary toilet devices may be of benefit, particularly in situations of atelectasis associated with bronchiolitis. Research to distinguish an underlying asthma predisposition in wheezing infants with viral bronchiolitis may one day lead to guidance on when to trial bronchodilator therapy. Considering the paucity of critical care research in pediatric viral bronchiolitis, intensive care practitioners must substantially rely on individualization of therapies based on bedside clinical assessments. However, with the introduction of new diagnostic and respiratory technologies, our ability to support critically ill infants with acute viral bronchiolitis will continue to advance.
文摘Respiratory diseases have a large proportion among those various diseases. Among those, the main diseases that we are now dealing with are viruses which have no majority vaccine found: Human Rhinovirus 14 (HRV), Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and Human Para influenza virus 1(HVJ). Even though the body can cure most of these viruses by itself, there are some incidents which end up with death. Starting an experiment with those reasons, we separated viruses by the basic symptoms and appearances, and by using data mining, we found similarities and differences of various sequences. As a result, having a high frequency, decision tree prove that each sequences are too different from each other, but still decision tree only shows the difference of the sequences. According to apriori algorithm, it could be able to find a remedy which can block amino acid L, Leucine.
