We take Chongqing as an example to analyze reasons for rural population gradient transfer from such factors as social system,industrial development,urban planning,and living costs.Finally,we present four policies and ...We take Chongqing as an example to analyze reasons for rural population gradient transfer from such factors as social system,industrial development,urban planning,and living costs.Finally,we present four policies and suggestions,including promoting urban construction,increasing investment in rural areas,pushing forward construction of labor market,and bringing safeguarding function into full play.展开更多
<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Helicobacter pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection is a major public health problem globally, with high ...<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Helicobacter pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection is a major public health problem globally, with high prevalence in developing countries associated with poor sanitation, low standard of living, urban-rural disparity and increased gastrointestinal pathologies. This preliminary study determine</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the seroprevalence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">H.</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection among asymptomatic rural population and association of sociodemographic variables on the result outcome. A total of 250 asymptomatic volunteered participants were screened for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">H.</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> antibodies, using rapid immunochromatographic strips. 44.8%</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(112/250) were seropositive, and showed increased prevalence with the age</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">group, <15</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">years (8.0%), 18</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">years</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(23.5%) and 40</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">65</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">years</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(12</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0%) with no significant difference. High prevalence among males,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">88</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(35.2) compared to 24</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(9.6) females</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.228). Significant association was observed with marital status, high prevalence among married participants 63</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(25.0) followed by singles,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">41</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(16.4)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.010). Similarly, significant prevalence </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">observed among participants with non-formal education,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">60</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(24.0) followed by primary education,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">21</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(8.4)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.51).</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">While non-salary earners accounted for 79</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(31.6)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.244). The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">H.</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pylori</span></i><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">seropositivity of 44.8% is relatively low in region with previous reports of high prevalence and predisposing risk factors. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of environmental and occupational risk factors for better epidemiological understanding of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">H. pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection and a template for intervention measures.</span></span>展开更多
Taking the rural left-behind elderly as the research object,this paper made an in-depth analysis of the living needs of the rural"empty-nest elderly".Combined with the current market development situation of...Taking the rural left-behind elderly as the research object,this paper made an in-depth analysis of the living needs of the rural"empty-nest elderly".Combined with the current market development situation of the elderly-friendly bathroom sliding door in China,it proposed the design scheme and industrial development strategy of the suspended bathroom sliding door,to provide a certain reference for the elderly-friendly development of home decoration basic materials for elderly homes in rural areas.展开更多
Oral diseases belong to non-communicable diseases. They are characterized by their importance especially in disadvantaged areas. The objective of this study was to measure the extent and severity of caries among rural...Oral diseases belong to non-communicable diseases. They are characterized by their importance especially in disadvantaged areas. The objective of this study was to measure the extent and severity of caries among rural populations of Widou, an area located in central Ferlo. It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study which involved 300 individuals selected using simple random sampling. The socio-demographic characteristics collected were sex, age, educational level and occupation. The dental status was rated by the prevalence of dental caries and DMF and its components. The data were analyzed with the software Epi info 3.4.5 with 5% of threshold statistical significance. The prevalence of dental caries was 89%. The mean DMF was 5.4 ± 5.6 with a maximum of 26. The mean of component “D” was 3.8 with a maximum of 24. Variables significantly associated with dental caries were sex (p = 0.012) and occupation (p = 0.03). The extent and severity of caries in rural areas of the Ferlo evoke a relatively low support or management and require efforts in prevention, directed on oral hygiene and dietary habits.展开更多
In the past 40 years,cultivated land has faced the continued anthropogenic interference,which has become a significant issue for cultivated land preservation during rapid urbanization.The purpose of this research was ...In the past 40 years,cultivated land has faced the continued anthropogenic interference,which has become a significant issue for cultivated land preservation during rapid urbanization.The purpose of this research was to reveal the spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of cultivated land and the correlation between rural population variation and farmland change in China.Fifty county-level administrative units in Zhejiang Province were selected as the study area wherein spatio-temporal evolution comparative analysis for every 5 years from 2000 to 2015 was conducted.This study used the pool method to estimate the impacts of the rural population variation,average slope,average elevation,rural residential disposable income,primary industry proportion,and road density on farmland utilization efficiency from the spatial perspective,which is represented by landscape metrics including the mean patch size,edge density,area weighted mean shape index,and area weighted mean patch fractal dimension.This study showed that the cultivated land landscape index continued to rise after 2000 and then started decreasing after 2010,indicating a reduction in human interference after 2010.The spatial variation of rural population of all county-level administrative units decreased from 2000 to 2010,and 62%of them began to increase after 2010.The regression analysis results showed that the spatial variation of rural population was significantly and negatively correlated with the cultivated land landscape while the rural residential disposable income,average slope and primary industry proportion were all significantly and positively related to the cultivated land landscape index.The results implied that the loss of the agricultural labor force and the difficulty of sloping farmlands adapting to mechanized farming were unconducive to farmland utilization efficiency improvement,and the increase in nonagricultural activities in rural areas would increase the difficulty of cultivated land preservation.Our analysis suggests that local governments should improve the production efficiency of fragmented land or strengthen the construction control of housing and facilities in rural areas according to their regional urbanization development situation.展开更多
Objective To explore the prescribing patterns of outpatients receiving antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections(URTIs)in rural Western China and to identify the correlation in terms of doctors and patients c...Objective To explore the prescribing patterns of outpatients receiving antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections(URTIs)in rural Western China and to identify the correlation in terms of doctors and patients characteristics.Methods Totally 7 678 prescriptions for URTIs were collected from 680 primary health village clinics of 40 counties across 10 provinces of Western China.Two outcome variables were used in the analysis:the occurrence of prescribing at least one antibiotic drug for an URTI and the occurrence of prescribing two or more antibiotics for an URTI.GEE logistic regression models were used to examine the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of the above two outcome variables.Results The percentage of prescribing at least one antibiotic for URTIs was 48.6% while the percentage of prescribing antibiotic combination(two or more antibiotics)was 4.6%.The two measurements of antibiotic utilization differed remarkably among the 10 provinces.Patients diagnosed with tonsillitis and faucitis had higher odds(OR=8.86 for tonsillitis and OR=4.64 for faucitis)of antibiotic prescription than patients with other diagnosis of URTIs.Patients with tonsillitis and faucitis also had higher odds(OR=3.82 for tonsillitis and OR=2.71 for faucitis)of multiple antibiotic prescription than those with other diagnosis of URTIs.The number of drugs per prescription and injection in prescriptions were also significant predictors of antibiotic and multiple antibiotic utilization for URTIs.Conclusion It is concluded that the percentage of antibiotic prescription for URTIs is higher in rural Western China than in most of other countries with available data and that prescriptions of antibiotics for URTIs are associated with residence regions of patients,URTI diagnosis and background information on drug prescription.展开更多
Since the launched of reform and opening up,the Chinese government has made great efforts and provided a lot of funds to promote poverty alleviation and development in rural areas China has made great achievements in ...Since the launched of reform and opening up,the Chinese government has made great efforts and provided a lot of funds to promote poverty alleviation and development in rural areas China has made great achievements in the cause of poverty alleviation and these have been recognized by the international community The infrastructure in poverty-stricken areas has also been continuously improved,and industrial activities have been encouraged in poverty-stricken areas to help promote self-reliance As a result of the government's actions the poor rural population has been greatly reduced,and rural people's living standards have been greatly improved Since the 18^(th) National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the central government has put forward a strategy of accurate poverty alleviation,implemented poverty alleviation projects in areas where poverty has stubbornly persisted and enhanced its efforts to finally eliminate poverty Under the vigorous leadership of the CPC,China is expected to achieve the goal of eliminating absolute poverty nationwide ahead of展开更多
In many developing countries,low population density may be a major reason for low school participation in rural areas,and the problem is likely to worsen with rapid urbanization.However,few studies have investigated e...In many developing countries,low population density may be a major reason for low school participation in rural areas,and the problem is likely to worsen with rapid urbanization.However,few studies have investigated empirically the role of population density in rural education,especially the moderating effect of population density on the outcomes of education policies.This study aims to fill this gap in the literature.From 1999 through the early 2000s,China launched a set of major nationwide policies aimed at universalizing 9-year compulsory education in rural areas.Using difference-in-differences and triple difference strategies,we show that the policies significantly increased the probability of junior high school enrollment of rural children and,more importantly,these policies were more effective in densely populated regions.These findings confirm the imporance of population density to rural education.展开更多
China has a large rural migrant population,the country’s urbanization rate is low,and the cost of urbanization is high.These factors make the promotion of urbanization in China a long,arduous,and expensive task.By id...China has a large rural migrant population,the country’s urbanization rate is low,and the cost of urbanization is high.These factors make the promotion of urbanization in China a long,arduous,and expensive task.By identifying and defining key elements of China’s urbanization transformation,this paper calculates the degree of China’s current transformation and proposes an approach based on systemic data to facilitate the continued process of transforming rural populations into citizens with full urban residential rights,herein referred to as“citizenization.”This paper finds that only about 40%of rural migrants had transformed into urban residents in 2011,and this share remained stagnant in 2012.Meanwhile,according to the sixth demographic census,the incomplete urbanization rate-calculated based on the difference between the share of the registered non-agriculture population as a percentage of the total population and the share of permanent urban residents-reached 23 percentage points.This thesis argues that it is necessary to advance the transformation process in a steady,stage-by-stage manner,including by carrying out multi-pronged efforts in various fields at various levels,and establishing a diversified cost-sharing mechanism,so as to achieve higher-quality,rational urbanization in China.展开更多
Background:Gastric cancer mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide.This study aimed to assess the most recent national trend of gastric cancer mortality and examine the dispa...Background:Gastric cancer mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide.This study aimed to assess the most recent national trend of gastric cancer mortality and examine the disparity of gastric cancer mortality between rural and urban areas in China.Methods:The crude mortality data of gastric cancer by sex,age group,and area were obtained from China Health Statistical Yearbooks(2003-2015)covering 10%of Chinese population.The age-standardized rates of mortality(ASRM)of gastric cancer in rural and urban areas were estimated using the 2010 Chinese Census population stratified by age,sex,and area.The trend of mortality of gastric cancer was assessed by using Joinpoint analysis.Results:During the 13-year period,the ASRM was reduced from 31.5/100,000 in 2003 to 20.9/100,000 in 2015 in rural areas and from 18.9/100,000 in 2003 to 14.5/100,000 in 2015 in urban areas.In the male population,the annual percent changes of mortality were−2.2%in urban areas(95%confidence interval[CI]−3.8%to−0.6%;P<0.001)and−3.4%in rural areas(95%CI−5.1%to−1.8%;P<0.001).In the female population,the annual percent changes of mortality were−2.7%in urban areas(95%CI−4.2%to−1.2%;P<0.001)and−4.6%in rural areas(95%CI−5.5%to−3.7%;P<0.001).Conclusions:The declining trend of mortality of gastric cancer was presented from 2003 to 2015 in both rural and urban areas in China.The decrease in gastric cancer mortality is greater in rural areas than in urban areas in China.展开更多
This study examines the impact of China’s public health insurance program on the farm employment decisions of the rural population.Using a difference-in-differences(DID)model,this study indicates that the public heal...This study examines the impact of China’s public health insurance program on the farm employment decisions of the rural population.Using a difference-in-differences(DID)model,this study indicates that the public health insurance reform led to reallocation of the rural labor force out of the farm sector by reducing the farm employment and increasing the likelihood of rural residents working in both the farm and nonfarm sectors.This research finds that rural female residents who are of a younger age and in better health were more likely to leave farm employment when covered by public health insurance.Suggestive evidence also finds that such public health insurance reform increased the individual income of the farm population.展开更多
基金Supported by Foundation Project of Chongqing Education College
文摘We take Chongqing as an example to analyze reasons for rural population gradient transfer from such factors as social system,industrial development,urban planning,and living costs.Finally,we present four policies and suggestions,including promoting urban construction,increasing investment in rural areas,pushing forward construction of labor market,and bringing safeguarding function into full play.
文摘<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Helicobacter pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection is a major public health problem globally, with high prevalence in developing countries associated with poor sanitation, low standard of living, urban-rural disparity and increased gastrointestinal pathologies. This preliminary study determine</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the seroprevalence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">H.</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection among asymptomatic rural population and association of sociodemographic variables on the result outcome. A total of 250 asymptomatic volunteered participants were screened for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">H.</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> antibodies, using rapid immunochromatographic strips. 44.8%</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(112/250) were seropositive, and showed increased prevalence with the age</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">group, <15</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">years (8.0%), 18</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">years</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(23.5%) and 40</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">65</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">years</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(12</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0%) with no significant difference. High prevalence among males,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">88</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(35.2) compared to 24</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(9.6) females</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.228). Significant association was observed with marital status, high prevalence among married participants 63</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(25.0) followed by singles,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">41</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(16.4)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.010). Similarly, significant prevalence </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">observed among participants with non-formal education,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">60</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(24.0) followed by primary education,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">21</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(8.4)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.51).</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">While non-salary earners accounted for 79</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(31.6)</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(p</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.244). The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">H.</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pylori</span></i><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">seropositivity of 44.8% is relatively low in region with previous reports of high prevalence and predisposing risk factors. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of environmental and occupational risk factors for better epidemiological understanding of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">H. pylori</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> infection and a template for intervention measures.</span></span>
基金Supported by National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in 2021 (202110414018)
文摘Taking the rural left-behind elderly as the research object,this paper made an in-depth analysis of the living needs of the rural"empty-nest elderly".Combined with the current market development situation of the elderly-friendly bathroom sliding door in China,it proposed the design scheme and industrial development strategy of the suspended bathroom sliding door,to provide a certain reference for the elderly-friendly development of home decoration basic materials for elderly homes in rural areas.
文摘Oral diseases belong to non-communicable diseases. They are characterized by their importance especially in disadvantaged areas. The objective of this study was to measure the extent and severity of caries among rural populations of Widou, an area located in central Ferlo. It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study which involved 300 individuals selected using simple random sampling. The socio-demographic characteristics collected were sex, age, educational level and occupation. The dental status was rated by the prevalence of dental caries and DMF and its components. The data were analyzed with the software Epi info 3.4.5 with 5% of threshold statistical significance. The prevalence of dental caries was 89%. The mean DMF was 5.4 ± 5.6 with a maximum of 26. The mean of component “D” was 3.8 with a maximum of 24. Variables significantly associated with dental caries were sex (p = 0.012) and occupation (p = 0.03). The extent and severity of caries in rural areas of the Ferlo evoke a relatively low support or management and require efforts in prevention, directed on oral hygiene and dietary habits.
基金National Key R&D Program of China,No.2018YFD1100302。
文摘In the past 40 years,cultivated land has faced the continued anthropogenic interference,which has become a significant issue for cultivated land preservation during rapid urbanization.The purpose of this research was to reveal the spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of cultivated land and the correlation between rural population variation and farmland change in China.Fifty county-level administrative units in Zhejiang Province were selected as the study area wherein spatio-temporal evolution comparative analysis for every 5 years from 2000 to 2015 was conducted.This study used the pool method to estimate the impacts of the rural population variation,average slope,average elevation,rural residential disposable income,primary industry proportion,and road density on farmland utilization efficiency from the spatial perspective,which is represented by landscape metrics including the mean patch size,edge density,area weighted mean shape index,and area weighted mean patch fractal dimension.This study showed that the cultivated land landscape index continued to rise after 2000 and then started decreasing after 2010,indicating a reduction in human interference after 2010.The spatial variation of rural population of all county-level administrative units decreased from 2000 to 2010,and 62%of them began to increase after 2010.The regression analysis results showed that the spatial variation of rural population was significantly and negatively correlated with the cultivated land landscape while the rural residential disposable income,average slope and primary industry proportion were all significantly and positively related to the cultivated land landscape index.The results implied that the loss of the agricultural labor force and the difficulty of sloping farmlands adapting to mechanized farming were unconducive to farmland utilization efficiency improvement,and the increase in nonagricultural activities in rural areas would increase the difficulty of cultivated land preservation.Our analysis suggests that local governments should improve the production efficiency of fragmented land or strengthen the construction control of housing and facilities in rural areas according to their regional urbanization development situation.
基金supported by the Chinese Ministry of Health and the United Nations Children's Fund(UNICEF)(No.YH001)
文摘Objective To explore the prescribing patterns of outpatients receiving antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections(URTIs)in rural Western China and to identify the correlation in terms of doctors and patients characteristics.Methods Totally 7 678 prescriptions for URTIs were collected from 680 primary health village clinics of 40 counties across 10 provinces of Western China.Two outcome variables were used in the analysis:the occurrence of prescribing at least one antibiotic drug for an URTI and the occurrence of prescribing two or more antibiotics for an URTI.GEE logistic regression models were used to examine the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of the above two outcome variables.Results The percentage of prescribing at least one antibiotic for URTIs was 48.6% while the percentage of prescribing antibiotic combination(two or more antibiotics)was 4.6%.The two measurements of antibiotic utilization differed remarkably among the 10 provinces.Patients diagnosed with tonsillitis and faucitis had higher odds(OR=8.86 for tonsillitis and OR=4.64 for faucitis)of antibiotic prescription than patients with other diagnosis of URTIs.Patients with tonsillitis and faucitis also had higher odds(OR=3.82 for tonsillitis and OR=2.71 for faucitis)of multiple antibiotic prescription than those with other diagnosis of URTIs.The number of drugs per prescription and injection in prescriptions were also significant predictors of antibiotic and multiple antibiotic utilization for URTIs.Conclusion It is concluded that the percentage of antibiotic prescription for URTIs is higher in rural Western China than in most of other countries with available data and that prescriptions of antibiotics for URTIs are associated with residence regions of patients,URTI diagnosis and background information on drug prescription.
文摘Since the launched of reform and opening up,the Chinese government has made great efforts and provided a lot of funds to promote poverty alleviation and development in rural areas China has made great achievements in the cause of poverty alleviation and these have been recognized by the international community The infrastructure in poverty-stricken areas has also been continuously improved,and industrial activities have been encouraged in poverty-stricken areas to help promote self-reliance As a result of the government's actions the poor rural population has been greatly reduced,and rural people's living standards have been greatly improved Since the 18^(th) National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the central government has put forward a strategy of accurate poverty alleviation,implemented poverty alleviation projects in areas where poverty has stubbornly persisted and enhanced its efforts to finally eliminate poverty Under the vigorous leadership of the CPC,China is expected to achieve the goal of eliminating absolute poverty nationwide ahead of
文摘In many developing countries,low population density may be a major reason for low school participation in rural areas,and the problem is likely to worsen with rapid urbanization.However,few studies have investigated empirically the role of population density in rural education,especially the moderating effect of population density on the outcomes of education policies.This study aims to fill this gap in the literature.From 1999 through the early 2000s,China launched a set of major nationwide policies aimed at universalizing 9-year compulsory education in rural areas.Using difference-in-differences and triple difference strategies,we show that the policies significantly increased the probability of junior high school enrollment of rural children and,more importantly,these policies were more effective in densely populated regions.These findings confirm the imporance of population density to rural education.
基金This paper is a staged achievement of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences’Innovation Program:“Research on Quality Assessment and Ways of Improving Urbanization”.
文摘China has a large rural migrant population,the country’s urbanization rate is low,and the cost of urbanization is high.These factors make the promotion of urbanization in China a long,arduous,and expensive task.By identifying and defining key elements of China’s urbanization transformation,this paper calculates the degree of China’s current transformation and proposes an approach based on systemic data to facilitate the continued process of transforming rural populations into citizens with full urban residential rights,herein referred to as“citizenization.”This paper finds that only about 40%of rural migrants had transformed into urban residents in 2011,and this share remained stagnant in 2012.Meanwhile,according to the sixth demographic census,the incomplete urbanization rate-calculated based on the difference between the share of the registered non-agriculture population as a percentage of the total population and the share of permanent urban residents-reached 23 percentage points.This thesis argues that it is necessary to advance the transformation process in a steady,stage-by-stage manner,including by carrying out multi-pronged efforts in various fields at various levels,and establishing a diversified cost-sharing mechanism,so as to achieve higher-quality,rational urbanization in China.
基金This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 31870983).
文摘Background:Gastric cancer mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide.This study aimed to assess the most recent national trend of gastric cancer mortality and examine the disparity of gastric cancer mortality between rural and urban areas in China.Methods:The crude mortality data of gastric cancer by sex,age group,and area were obtained from China Health Statistical Yearbooks(2003-2015)covering 10%of Chinese population.The age-standardized rates of mortality(ASRM)of gastric cancer in rural and urban areas were estimated using the 2010 Chinese Census population stratified by age,sex,and area.The trend of mortality of gastric cancer was assessed by using Joinpoint analysis.Results:During the 13-year period,the ASRM was reduced from 31.5/100,000 in 2003 to 20.9/100,000 in 2015 in rural areas and from 18.9/100,000 in 2003 to 14.5/100,000 in 2015 in urban areas.In the male population,the annual percent changes of mortality were−2.2%in urban areas(95%confidence interval[CI]−3.8%to−0.6%;P<0.001)and−3.4%in rural areas(95%CI−5.1%to−1.8%;P<0.001).In the female population,the annual percent changes of mortality were−2.7%in urban areas(95%CI−4.2%to−1.2%;P<0.001)and−4.6%in rural areas(95%CI−5.5%to−3.7%;P<0.001).Conclusions:The declining trend of mortality of gastric cancer was presented from 2003 to 2015 in both rural and urban areas in China.The decrease in gastric cancer mortality is greater in rural areas than in urban areas in China.
文摘This study examines the impact of China’s public health insurance program on the farm employment decisions of the rural population.Using a difference-in-differences(DID)model,this study indicates that the public health insurance reform led to reallocation of the rural labor force out of the farm sector by reducing the farm employment and increasing the likelihood of rural residents working in both the farm and nonfarm sectors.This research finds that rural female residents who are of a younger age and in better health were more likely to leave farm employment when covered by public health insurance.Suggestive evidence also finds that such public health insurance reform increased the individual income of the farm population.
