A robust phenomenon termed the Arctic Amplification(AA)refers to the stronger warming taking place over the Arctic compared to the global mean.The AA can be confirmed through observations and reproduced in climate mod...A robust phenomenon termed the Arctic Amplification(AA)refers to the stronger warming taking place over the Arctic compared to the global mean.The AA can be confirmed through observations and reproduced in climate model simulations and shows significant seasonality and inter-model spread.This study focuses on the influence of surface type on the seasonality of AA and its inter-model spread by dividing the Arctic region into four surface types:ice-covered,ice-retreat,ice-free,and land.The magnitude and inter-model spread of Arctic surface warming are calculated from the difference between the abrupt-4×CO_(2)and pre-industrial experiments of 17 CMIP6 models.The change of effective thermal inertia(ETI)in response to the quadrupling of CO_(2) forcing is the leading mechanism for the seasonal energy transfer mechanism,which acts to store heat temporarily in summer and then release it in winter.The ETI change is strongest over the ice-retreat region,which is also responsible for the strongest AA among the four surface types.The lack of ETI change explains the nearly uniform warming pattern across seasons over the ice-free(ocean)region.Compared to other regions,the ice-covered region shows the maximum inter-model spread in JFM,resulting from a stronger inter-model spread in the oceanic heat storage term.However,the weaker upward surface turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes tend to suppress the inter-model spread.The relatively small inter-model spread during summer is caused by the cancellation of the inter-model spread in ice-albedo feedback with that in the oceanic heat storage term.展开更多
Based on NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data during 1980-1994, seasonality and interannual variability of the horizontal wind field are studied. It is shown that: (1) In the lower troposphere,there exist regions with maximum o...Based on NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data during 1980-1994, seasonality and interannual variability of the horizontal wind field are studied. It is shown that: (1) In the lower troposphere,there exist regions with maximum of seasonality in the tropics, the subtropics and high latitudes,which is called the tropicat subtropical and temperate-frigid monsoon region respectively. In theupper troposphere, the subtropical monsoon combines with the tropical monsoon as anonseparably planetary monsoon system. In the stratosphere, there is a belt with very largeseasonality in each hemisphere caused by the inversely seasonal circulation and by the establishment and collapse of the night jet. (2) Seasonal variation of the large-scale monsoon may generallybe attributed to that of the zonal wind, however, seasonal variation of the meridional wind is ofgreat importanee in East Asian monsoon region. (3) In monsoon region, interannual variability ofthe atmospheric general circulation is closely related to seasonal variation of monsoon, while in thetropical Pacific, it may considerably be influenced by the external factors such as sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associnted with El Nino or La Nina event. Moreover, interannual variability undetgoes a pronounced annual cycle.展开更多
Introduction: Most cases of extrauterine pregnancies present in the ruptured state in low-resource settings and patients with haemodynamic instability risk mortality without swift intervention. An idea of when ectopic...Introduction: Most cases of extrauterine pregnancies present in the ruptured state in low-resource settings and patients with haemodynamic instability risk mortality without swift intervention. An idea of when ectopic gestations are likely to present may be useful for logistic planning and facility readiness for case management. The study sought to assess the incidence of extrauterine gestation, mode of management and any link with seasonal and/or sociocultural events within the Cape Coast metropolis of Ghana over a 9-year review period.?Methods: A retrospective review of all cases of extrauterine pregnancies managed at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH) from January 2010 to December 2018 was conducted. Data on patient age, parity, month of presentation, site and laterality of ectopic gestation, number of abortions and deliveries were retrieved from hospital records and analysed. Yearly and monthly aggregated incidence of extrauterine pregnancies were computed.?Result: A total of 480 ectopic pregnancies out of 26,850 total pregnancies were seen over the period, giving an overall occurence of 17.9/1000 pregnancies and almost all were managed surgically. Half of all the cases occurred in the 20?-?29 years age group while the extremes of age recorded the lowest. An average of about 53 cases per year was recorded for the period under review. The peak months of occurrence were October and November. About 83% were ruptured with the ampulla region being the commonest site. Conclusion: The data suggests increased ectopic gestation occurrence in the Cape Coast metropolis about two months after the major traditional festivals and this may have implications for instituting mitigating measures, logistic management and facility preparedness for case management.展开更多
Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia(G.) lamblia infections among the aboriginal community during the wet and dry seasons. Methods: A total of 473 stool samples from the aborigines in Tem...Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia(G.) lamblia infections among the aboriginal community during the wet and dry seasons. Methods: A total of 473 stool samples from the aborigines in Temerloh, Pahang, Malaysia were collected during wet(n=256) and dry seasons(n=217). Smear of all the PVA-preserved stool samples were subjected to Trichrome staining and microscopic examination under 1 000 伊magnification(Nikon eclipse E100) for the detection of G. lamblia. Positivity was recorded based on the presence of G. lamblia in trophozoite and/or cyst forms. Results: The prevalence of giardiasis was 12.10% and 8.29% during the wet and dry season, respectively. Age of less or equal to 15 years old and presence of other family members with G. lamblia infection were found to be the significant risk factors to acquire G. lamblia infections during both seasons. Untreated water supply was the significant risk factor of giardiasis during the dry season. This study highlighted the possibility of anthroponotic transmission of G. lamblia during both seasons and waterborne transmission during the dry season in the aboriginal community. Conclusions: This study suggests that seasonal variation plays an important role in the prevalence and risk factor of G. lamblia infection in the aboriginal community. Therefore, close contact with Giardia-infected family members and water-related activities or usage of untreated water must be avoided to reduce the burden of G. lamblia infection in this community.展开更多
Moisture contribution and transport pathways for Central Asia(CA)are quantitatively examined using the Lagrangian water cycle model based on reanalysis and observational data to explain the precipitation seasonality a...Moisture contribution and transport pathways for Central Asia(CA)are quantitatively examined using the Lagrangian water cycle model based on reanalysis and observational data to explain the precipitation seasonality and the moisture transport variation during 1979-2015.Westerly-related(northwesterly and westerly)transport explains 42%of CA precipitation and dominates in southwest CA,where precipitation is greatest in the cold season.Southeast CA,including part of Northwest China,experiences its maximum precipitation in the warm season and is solely dominated by southerly transport,which explains about 48%of CA precipitation.The remaining 10%of CA precipitation is explained by northerly transport,which steadily impacts north CA and causes a maximum in precipitation in the warm season.Most CA areas are exposed to seasonally varying moisture transport,except for southeast and north CA,which are impacted by southerly and northerly transport year-round.In general,the midlatitude westerlies-driven transport and the Indian monsoon-driven southerly-related transport explain most of the spatial differences in precipitation seasonality over CA.Moreover,the contribution ratio of local evaporation in CA to precipitation exhibits significant interdecadal variability and a meridionally oriented tripole of moisture transport anomalies.Since the early 2000s,CA has experienced a decade of anomalously low local moisture contribution,which seems jointly determined by the weakened moisture contribution from midlatitudes(the Atlantic,Europe,and CA itself)and the enhanced contribution from high latitudes(West Siberia and the Arctic)and tropical areas(South Asia and the Indian Ocean).展开更多
The unbalanced submesoscale motions and their seasonality in the northern Bay of Bengal(BoB)are investigated using outputs of the high resolution regional oceanic modeling system.Submesoscale motions in the forms of f...The unbalanced submesoscale motions and their seasonality in the northern Bay of Bengal(BoB)are investigated using outputs of the high resolution regional oceanic modeling system.Submesoscale motions in the forms of filaments and eddies are present in the upper mixed layer during the whole annual cycle.Submesoscale motions show an obvious seasonality,in which they are active during the winter and spring but weak during the summer and fall.Their seasonality is associated with the mixed layer instability that depends on the mixed layer depth(MLD).During the winter,the MLD provides a much greater reservoir of the available potential energy,which promotes mixed layer instability to develop active submesoscale motions.The variations of MLD are likely modulated by the larger scale motions and the influxes of freshwater.Further investigations imply that the MLD and the stratified barrier layer are combined to determine the vertical structure of the submesoscale motions.The shallow MLD and strong stratification below during the summer and fall seem to prevent the downward extension of submesoscale motions.But in spring when the weak stratification exists,the penetration depth exceeds the base of the barrier layer.展开更多
Trend and stationarity analysis of climatic variables are essential for understanding climate variability and provide useful information about the vulnerability and future changes,especially in arid and semi-arid regi...Trend and stationarity analysis of climatic variables are essential for understanding climate variability and provide useful information about the vulnerability and future changes,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.In this study,various climatic zones of Iran were investigated to assess the relationship between the trend and the stationarity of the climatic variables.The Mann-Kendall test was considered to identify the trend,while the trend free pre-whitening approach was applied for eliminating serial correlation from the time-series.Meanwhile,time series stationarity was tested by Dickey-Fuller and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin tests.The results indicated an increasing trend for mean air temperature series at most of the stations over various climatic zones,however,after eliminating the serial correlation factor,this increasing trend changes to an insignificant decreasing trend at a 95%confidence level.The seasonal mean air temperature trend suggested a significant increase in the majority of the stations.The mean air temperature increased more in northwest towards central parts of Iran that mostly located in arid and semiarid climatic zones.Precipitation trend reveals an insignificant downward trend in most of the series over various climatic zones;furthermore,most of the stations follow a decreasing trend for seasonal precipitation.Furthermore,spatial patterns of trend and seasonality of precipitation and mean air temperature showed that the northwest parts of Iran and margin areas of the Caspian Sea are more vulnerable to the changing climate with respect to the precipitation shortfalls and warming.Stationarity analysis indicated that the stationarity of climatic series influences on their trend;so that,the series which have significant trends are not static.The findings of this investigation can help planners and policy-makers in various fields related to climatic issues,implementing better management and planning strategies to adapt to climate change and variability over Iran.展开更多
Seasonality, in the context of emergency room (ER) admissions, can be described as the periodic incidence of disease, corresponding to seasons, or other pre-established calendar periods. Respiratory diseases, in gener...Seasonality, in the context of emergency room (ER) admissions, can be described as the periodic incidence of disease, corresponding to seasons, or other pre-established calendar periods. Respiratory diseases, in general, show a seasonal pattern with incidence peak at the winter season, however research still presents a considerable amount of inconsistency. Incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is also very well linked to the cold season. Gastrointestinal, genitourinary and neurological diseases are poorly studied in regards their seasonal patterns. This study aimed to assess seasonality of the five categories of diseases–respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and neurological-using data from a community hospital in northwestern PA. We analyzed 14 years (2000-2014) of data from the Meadville Medical Center (MMC) ER admissions. For each ER admission case, we had information about ICD-9 code, sex, insurance, race, age and date, time and year of admission. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 University version software. We found significantly fewer cases of respiratory diseases in spring (OR = 0.757), summer (OR = 0.579), and fall (OR = 0.741), when comparing to the winter season;however, seasonal differences were not found for cardiovascular, genitourinary, and neurological diseases. The implications of these results will primarily be used to improve Meadville’s public health policies for cold seasons, and more specifically, implement programs that prepare the ER to receive and treat respiratory cases more efficiently in the cold season.展开更多
Background:The incidence of acute pancreatitis(AP)is characterized by circannual and geographical variation.The aim of this study was to describe seasonal variation and trends in hospitalizations for AP in the USA wit...Background:The incidence of acute pancreatitis(AP)is characterized by circannual and geographical variation.The aim of this study was to describe seasonal variation and trends in hospitalizations for AP in the USA with respect to AP etiology.Methods:The Nationwide Inpatient Sample data(2000–2016)from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project were used.The study population included all primary hospitalizations for AP.Biliary AP(BAP)and alcohol-induced AP(AAP)were distinguished by diagnostic and procedural ICD codes.Seasonal trend decomposition was performed.Results:There was a linear increase in annual incidence(per 100000 population)of AAP in the USA(from 17.0 in 2000 to 22.9 in 2016),while incidence of BAP,equaled 19.9 in 2000,peaked at 22.1 in 2006 and decreased to 17.4 in 2016.AP incidence demonstrated 18%annual incidence amplitude with summer peak and winter trough,more prominent in AAP.In 2016,within AAP,the highest incidence(per 100000 population)was noted among African-Americans(up to 50.4),followed by males aged 56–70 years(26.5)and Asians of low income(25.5);within BAP,above the average incidence was observed in Hispanic(up to 25.8)and Asian(up to 25.0)population.The most consistent and rapid increase in AP incidence was noted in males aged 56–70 years with an alcoholic etiology(average 6%annual incidence growth).Conclusions:The incidence and annual trends of AP vary significantly among demographic and socioeconomic groups and this knowledge may be useful for the planning of healthcare resources and identification of at-risk populations.展开更多
1 Introduction The most valuable for the task of climate reconstruction are the time series with an annual resolution,which allows to reveal natural periodicity and pass to the search for mechanisms of regional and gl...1 Introduction The most valuable for the task of climate reconstruction are the time series with an annual resolution,which allows to reveal natural periodicity and pass to the search for mechanisms of regional and global climatic changes.Bottom sediments of lakes are one of the best climate archives in addition to tree ring series,ice cores etc.展开更多
Introduction: Peritonitis continues to be the main complication for patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Objective: To determine the frequency of peritonitis according to the disease-causing microorganism and its dis...Introduction: Peritonitis continues to be the main complication for patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Objective: To determine the frequency of peritonitis according to the disease-causing microorganism and its distribution throughout the year, linking to seasonality. Methods: A retrospective study conducted in the Dialysis Unit of the Hospital São Lucas, PUCRS (HSL-PUCRS). Patients undergoing PD between January 1984 and September 2013 were included. Descriptive statistics were used and Fisher’s exact test with Monte Carlo simulation for comparison between the categorical variables. Results: Of 415 evaluated patients, 66% had at least one episode of peritonitis with an incidence rate of 0.68 episode/year. There were 601 peritonitis episodes in total. The most common microorganism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (26.6%, n = 160), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.3%, n = 98), with 16.3% of the sample being negative culture. Most episodes occurred in the months of January (10.3%, n = 62) and May (10.1%, n = 61), while June had the lowest occurrence (5.2%, n = 31). The number of episodes observed in January and May were significantly higher when compared to June展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine if runoff estimates from the curve number model were affected by seasons for different land covers. Eighteen watersheds with varying land covers were delineated using three metho...The aim of this study was to determine if runoff estimates from the curve number model were affected by seasons for different land covers. Eighteen watersheds with varying land covers were delineated using three methods. The delineation methods differ in how internal drainage is evaluated. Runoff estimates from storms for spring, summer, and fall were compared to observed runoff from USGS gaging station data. Errors (difference between estimate runoff and observed runoff) were found to be highest for fall by 3% for all the two delineation methods which do not consider internal drainage. Watersheds were categorized by their dominant land cover (agriculture, forest, or urban). Seasonal differences were found to be significant for certain land covers. The greatest differences between observed and estimated data were found in agriculture and urban especially spring versus fall for all delineations. Forest land cover was found to have no seasonal difference for all three delineation methods. The research suggests that this work contributes to the growing body of research suggesting that vegetative seasonal differences have a greater impact on runoff than is accounted for in the runoff model.展开更多
Our last study found that deepest-depth earthquakes with larger magnitudes (M6 or above) showed seasonality, which is dependent on the area searched. The main results indicated strong evidence that the causes for the ...Our last study found that deepest-depth earthquakes with larger magnitudes (M6 or above) showed seasonality, which is dependent on the area searched. The main results indicated strong evidence that the causes for the delays in enhancements along the period investigated were due to the tectonics also, not only the season. Therefore, if the inquiry was about an area in Northern Hemisphere, the season in which the increases occurred is different than the season in the Southern Hemisphere. Also, higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere or around the Equator, displayed seasonality similarly where the tremors appear to increase during the Spring and Summer. This did not happen to the Southern Hemisphere where disturbances and anomalies occurred without showing much connection to the seasons in the analyzed period. However, some of the regions presented periodicities independent from the seasons.展开更多
We examine whether management earnings forecasts(MEFs)help reduce the stock return seasonality associated with earnings seasonality around earnings announcements(EAs)in Chinese A-share markets.We find that firms in hi...We examine whether management earnings forecasts(MEFs)help reduce the stock return seasonality associated with earnings seasonality around earnings announcements(EAs)in Chinese A-share markets.We find that firms in historically low earnings seasons outperform firms in high earnings seasons by 2.1%around MEFs.Firms in low earnings seasons also have higher trading volume and return volatility than their counterparts around EAs and MEFs.MEFs significantly reduce the ability of historical seasonal earnings rankings to negatively predict announcement returns,volume and volatility around EAs.The reduction effects are stronger when MEFs are voluntary or made closer to EAs.The evidence suggests that MEFs facilitate the correction of investors’tendency to extrapolate earnings seasonality and its resulted stock mispricing.展开更多
Among the impacts of climate change,there is the intensification of phenomena such as the El Niño South-ern Oscillation(ENSO)responsible for El Niño and La Niña.However,understanding their effects on th...Among the impacts of climate change,there is the intensification of phenomena such as the El Niño South-ern Oscillation(ENSO)responsible for El Niño and La Niña.However,understanding their effects on the functional pro-cesses of forests is limited.Therefore,this study evaluated the effects of ENSO on litter stock and water holding capac-ity(WHC)in a successional forest in eastern Amazonia.Evaluations occurred in periods with the most rainfall in El Niño(2019)and least in La Niña(2021)years.Twelve permanent plots were used to sample litter.ENSO effects were evident for WHC,higher during El Niño.However,this influence was not clear for litter,as only in the rainy season effects were found.There was a positive correlation of WHC with precipitation and humidity,while litter stocks were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed.Although the subject of this study requires long-term assessments,preliminary results suggests that,depending on the intensity of ENSO,forest functional processes can be strongly impacted and altered.The conclusion reinforces warnings by the scientific community about the impacts of climate change on the maintenance of litter stocks,decomposition and,consequently,the biogeochemical cycle and essential ecosystem services for the maintenance of Amazonia biodiversity.The need to develop long-term research to understand the effects of climatic change on litter stocks and water holding capacity is highlighted,especially in Amazonia.展开更多
A recent study by Liu et al.(2020)suggested that due to the saturation of equatorially trapped planetary waves with different dynamical types,temporal periods,meridional and baroclinic modes,complex layer structures o...A recent study by Liu et al.(2020)suggested that due to the saturation of equatorially trapped planetary waves with different dynamical types,temporal periods,meridional and baroclinic modes,complex layer structures of vertical velocity shear and hence turbulent mixing could frequently occur in the thermocline of the eastern equatorial Pacific.We investigated the occurrence of the interior turbulent mixing as indicated by shear instabilities,above the Equatorial Undercurrent(EUC)core at three equatorial sites along 140°W,170°W,and 165°E,respectively,based mainly on data from the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean(TAO)mooring array.We found that turbulent mixing bursts persisted in the thermocline of all three sites.Specifically,the interior turbulent mixing layers(ITMLs)could occur in probability of approximately 68%,53%,and 48%at the three sites,respectively.The overall occurrence probability shows obvious and similar biannual variations at 140°W and 170°W,which is higher in boreal from late summer to winter and lower in spring.Vertically,the ITMLs are primarily located above the EUC core and prevail in deeper(shallower)layers from late summer to winter(spring).Most ITMLs(70%)lasted for hours to 3 days,and a few of them(15%)for more than 7 days.The thicknesses of ITMLs were concentrated between 15 and 55 m.At 165°E,the vertical distribution of ITML occurrence probability was different from that at 140°W and 170°W,as it did not show a preference for depths;the durations of ITMLs are short(also from hours to several days)and their thicknesses were between 5 and 25 m.These properties,particularly the high occurrence probability,and short durations demonstrated the persistence of thermocline mixing in the western to eastern equatorial Pacific thermocline and confirmed the generation mechanism by persistent equatorial waves as well.展开更多
Sairme mineral water, one of the famous mineral waters in Georgia, is renowned for its exceptional healing properties. The distinctiveness and therapeutic benefits of the naturally sourced mineral water, known as “Sa...Sairme mineral water, one of the famous mineral waters in Georgia, is renowned for its exceptional healing properties. The distinctiveness and therapeutic benefits of the naturally sourced mineral water, known as “Sairme”, stem from its rich array of microelements, notably including iron and manganese. Since 1948, the bottling of Sairme mineral water has been a prominent activity. Named after the Sairme deposit, this mineral water is packaged in various formats to cater to diverse consumer preferences. The bottling process involves transporting the mineral water from wells to the bottling plant through pipelines. Prior to bottling, the mineral water undergoes meticulous processing stages in adherence to current Georgian and international regulations. This process ensures that the concentration of trace elements in the bottled water is minimized, maintaining its purity and quality. Given the importance of preserving the microelements present in bottled mineral water, our research is dedicated to optimizing the technological process. Our objective is to safeguard the valuable microelements while ensuring the highest standards of quality and safety in the final product.展开更多
The significance of the normalized seasonality of wind field is theoretically studied and the intrinsic relationship between its critical value and the definition of the monsoon region is revealed. As a result, the ra...The significance of the normalized seasonality of wind field is theoretically studied and the intrinsic relationship between its critical value and the definition of the monsoon region is revealed. As a result, the rationality which the monsoon region is characterized by the significant normalized seasonality is proved. Based on this, by use of the NECP/NCAR reanalysis data during 1958-1997, the spatial structure of the significant normalized seasonality of wind field is investigated, and the significant baroclinity of the seasonal variation of the atmospheric general circulation in the vertical direction is verified. Moreover, in the tropics there exists an anti-symmetric distribution between the significant seasonality in the eastern hemisphere and that in the western hemisphere, and the monsoon is linked closely to some important systems such as the subtropical highs, the night jet and the west wind channels.展开更多
Objective:In China,the burden of shigellosis is unevenly distributed,notably across various ages and geographical areas.Shigellosis temporal trends appear to be seasonal.We should clarify seasonal warnings and regiona...Objective:In China,the burden of shigellosis is unevenly distributed,notably across various ages and geographical areas.Shigellosis temporal trends appear to be seasonal.We should clarify seasonal warnings and regional transmission patterns.Method:This study adopted a Logistic model to assess the seasonality and a dynamics model to compare the transmission in different areas.The next-generation matrix was used to calculate the effective reproduction number(Reff)to quantify the transmissibility.Results:In China,the rate of shigellosis fell from 35.12 cases per 100,000 people in 2005 to 7.85 cases per 100,000 people in 2017,peaking in June and August.After simulation by the Logistic model,the‘peak time’is mainly concentrated from mid-June to mid-July.China's‘early warning time’is primarily focused on from April to May.We predict the‘peak time’of shigellosis is the 6.30th month and the‘early warning time’is 3.87th month in 2021.According to the dynamics model results,the water/food transfer pathway has been mostly blocked off.The transmissibility of different regions varies greatly,such as the mean Reff of Longde County(3.76)is higher than Xiamen City(3.15),higher than Chuxiong City(2.52),and higher than Yichang City(1.70).Conclusion:The‘early warning time’for shigellosis in China is from April to May every year,and it may continue to advance in the future,such as the early warning time in 2021 is in mid-March.Furthermore,we should focus on preventing and controlling the personto-person route of shigellosis and stratified deploy prevention and control measures according to the regional transmission.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41922044)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grants Nos.2019YFA0607000,2022YFE0106300)+2 种基金the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(Grants Nos.42075028 and 42222502)Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant No.SML2021SP302)the fundamental research funds for the Norges Forskningsråd(Grant No.328886).
文摘A robust phenomenon termed the Arctic Amplification(AA)refers to the stronger warming taking place over the Arctic compared to the global mean.The AA can be confirmed through observations and reproduced in climate model simulations and shows significant seasonality and inter-model spread.This study focuses on the influence of surface type on the seasonality of AA and its inter-model spread by dividing the Arctic region into four surface types:ice-covered,ice-retreat,ice-free,and land.The magnitude and inter-model spread of Arctic surface warming are calculated from the difference between the abrupt-4×CO_(2)and pre-industrial experiments of 17 CMIP6 models.The change of effective thermal inertia(ETI)in response to the quadrupling of CO_(2) forcing is the leading mechanism for the seasonal energy transfer mechanism,which acts to store heat temporarily in summer and then release it in winter.The ETI change is strongest over the ice-retreat region,which is also responsible for the strongest AA among the four surface types.The lack of ETI change explains the nearly uniform warming pattern across seasons over the ice-free(ocean)region.Compared to other regions,the ice-covered region shows the maximum inter-model spread in JFM,resulting from a stronger inter-model spread in the oceanic heat storage term.However,the weaker upward surface turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes tend to suppress the inter-model spread.The relatively small inter-model spread during summer is caused by the cancellation of the inter-model spread in ice-albedo feedback with that in the oceanic heat storage term.
文摘Based on NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data during 1980-1994, seasonality and interannual variability of the horizontal wind field are studied. It is shown that: (1) In the lower troposphere,there exist regions with maximum of seasonality in the tropics, the subtropics and high latitudes,which is called the tropicat subtropical and temperate-frigid monsoon region respectively. In theupper troposphere, the subtropical monsoon combines with the tropical monsoon as anonseparably planetary monsoon system. In the stratosphere, there is a belt with very largeseasonality in each hemisphere caused by the inversely seasonal circulation and by the establishment and collapse of the night jet. (2) Seasonal variation of the large-scale monsoon may generallybe attributed to that of the zonal wind, however, seasonal variation of the meridional wind is ofgreat importanee in East Asian monsoon region. (3) In monsoon region, interannual variability ofthe atmospheric general circulation is closely related to seasonal variation of monsoon, while in thetropical Pacific, it may considerably be influenced by the external factors such as sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associnted with El Nino or La Nina event. Moreover, interannual variability undetgoes a pronounced annual cycle.
文摘Introduction: Most cases of extrauterine pregnancies present in the ruptured state in low-resource settings and patients with haemodynamic instability risk mortality without swift intervention. An idea of when ectopic gestations are likely to present may be useful for logistic planning and facility readiness for case management. The study sought to assess the incidence of extrauterine gestation, mode of management and any link with seasonal and/or sociocultural events within the Cape Coast metropolis of Ghana over a 9-year review period.?Methods: A retrospective review of all cases of extrauterine pregnancies managed at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH) from January 2010 to December 2018 was conducted. Data on patient age, parity, month of presentation, site and laterality of ectopic gestation, number of abortions and deliveries were retrieved from hospital records and analysed. Yearly and monthly aggregated incidence of extrauterine pregnancies were computed.?Result: A total of 480 ectopic pregnancies out of 26,850 total pregnancies were seen over the period, giving an overall occurence of 17.9/1000 pregnancies and almost all were managed surgically. Half of all the cases occurred in the 20?-?29 years age group while the extremes of age recorded the lowest. An average of about 53 cases per year was recorded for the period under review. The peak months of occurrence were October and November. About 83% were ruptured with the ampulla region being the commonest site. Conclusion: The data suggests increased ectopic gestation occurrence in the Cape Coast metropolis about two months after the major traditional festivals and this may have implications for instituting mitigating measures, logistic management and facility preparedness for case management.
文摘Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia(G.) lamblia infections among the aboriginal community during the wet and dry seasons. Methods: A total of 473 stool samples from the aborigines in Temerloh, Pahang, Malaysia were collected during wet(n=256) and dry seasons(n=217). Smear of all the PVA-preserved stool samples were subjected to Trichrome staining and microscopic examination under 1 000 伊magnification(Nikon eclipse E100) for the detection of G. lamblia. Positivity was recorded based on the presence of G. lamblia in trophozoite and/or cyst forms. Results: The prevalence of giardiasis was 12.10% and 8.29% during the wet and dry season, respectively. Age of less or equal to 15 years old and presence of other family members with G. lamblia infection were found to be the significant risk factors to acquire G. lamblia infections during both seasons. Untreated water supply was the significant risk factor of giardiasis during the dry season. This study highlighted the possibility of anthroponotic transmission of G. lamblia during both seasons and waterborne transmission during the dry season in the aboriginal community. Conclusions: This study suggests that seasonal variation plays an important role in the prevalence and risk factor of G. lamblia infection in the aboriginal community. Therefore, close contact with Giardia-infected family members and water-related activities or usage of untreated water must be avoided to reduce the burden of G. lamblia infection in this community.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences Sci-ences under Grant No.XDA20020201the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant Nos.41975099,U2006210,and 41475072.
文摘Moisture contribution and transport pathways for Central Asia(CA)are quantitatively examined using the Lagrangian water cycle model based on reanalysis and observational data to explain the precipitation seasonality and the moisture transport variation during 1979-2015.Westerly-related(northwesterly and westerly)transport explains 42%of CA precipitation and dominates in southwest CA,where precipitation is greatest in the cold season.Southeast CA,including part of Northwest China,experiences its maximum precipitation in the warm season and is solely dominated by southerly transport,which explains about 48%of CA precipitation.The remaining 10%of CA precipitation is explained by northerly transport,which steadily impacts north CA and causes a maximum in precipitation in the warm season.Most CA areas are exposed to seasonally varying moisture transport,except for southeast and north CA,which are impacted by southerly and northerly transport year-round.In general,the midlatitude westerlies-driven transport and the Indian monsoon-driven southerly-related transport explain most of the spatial differences in precipitation seasonality over CA.Moreover,the contribution ratio of local evaporation in CA to precipitation exhibits significant interdecadal variability and a meridionally oriented tripole of moisture transport anomalies.Since the early 2000s,CA has experienced a decade of anomalously low local moisture contribution,which seems jointly determined by the weakened moisture contribution from midlatitudes(the Atlantic,Europe,and CA itself)and the enhanced contribution from high latitudes(West Siberia and the Arctic)and tropical areas(South Asia and the Indian Ocean).
基金The National Key R&D Program of China under contract No.2018YFA0605702the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41876002 and 41776002。
文摘The unbalanced submesoscale motions and their seasonality in the northern Bay of Bengal(BoB)are investigated using outputs of the high resolution regional oceanic modeling system.Submesoscale motions in the forms of filaments and eddies are present in the upper mixed layer during the whole annual cycle.Submesoscale motions show an obvious seasonality,in which they are active during the winter and spring but weak during the summer and fall.Their seasonality is associated with the mixed layer instability that depends on the mixed layer depth(MLD).During the winter,the MLD provides a much greater reservoir of the available potential energy,which promotes mixed layer instability to develop active submesoscale motions.The variations of MLD are likely modulated by the larger scale motions and the influxes of freshwater.Further investigations imply that the MLD and the stratified barrier layer are combined to determine the vertical structure of the submesoscale motions.The shallow MLD and strong stratification below during the summer and fall seem to prevent the downward extension of submesoscale motions.But in spring when the weak stratification exists,the penetration depth exceeds the base of the barrier layer.
文摘Trend and stationarity analysis of climatic variables are essential for understanding climate variability and provide useful information about the vulnerability and future changes,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.In this study,various climatic zones of Iran were investigated to assess the relationship between the trend and the stationarity of the climatic variables.The Mann-Kendall test was considered to identify the trend,while the trend free pre-whitening approach was applied for eliminating serial correlation from the time-series.Meanwhile,time series stationarity was tested by Dickey-Fuller and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin tests.The results indicated an increasing trend for mean air temperature series at most of the stations over various climatic zones,however,after eliminating the serial correlation factor,this increasing trend changes to an insignificant decreasing trend at a 95%confidence level.The seasonal mean air temperature trend suggested a significant increase in the majority of the stations.The mean air temperature increased more in northwest towards central parts of Iran that mostly located in arid and semiarid climatic zones.Precipitation trend reveals an insignificant downward trend in most of the series over various climatic zones;furthermore,most of the stations follow a decreasing trend for seasonal precipitation.Furthermore,spatial patterns of trend and seasonality of precipitation and mean air temperature showed that the northwest parts of Iran and margin areas of the Caspian Sea are more vulnerable to the changing climate with respect to the precipitation shortfalls and warming.Stationarity analysis indicated that the stationarity of climatic series influences on their trend;so that,the series which have significant trends are not static.The findings of this investigation can help planners and policy-makers in various fields related to climatic issues,implementing better management and planning strategies to adapt to climate change and variability over Iran.
文摘Seasonality, in the context of emergency room (ER) admissions, can be described as the periodic incidence of disease, corresponding to seasons, or other pre-established calendar periods. Respiratory diseases, in general, show a seasonal pattern with incidence peak at the winter season, however research still presents a considerable amount of inconsistency. Incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is also very well linked to the cold season. Gastrointestinal, genitourinary and neurological diseases are poorly studied in regards their seasonal patterns. This study aimed to assess seasonality of the five categories of diseases–respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and neurological-using data from a community hospital in northwestern PA. We analyzed 14 years (2000-2014) of data from the Meadville Medical Center (MMC) ER admissions. For each ER admission case, we had information about ICD-9 code, sex, insurance, race, age and date, time and year of admission. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 University version software. We found significantly fewer cases of respiratory diseases in spring (OR = 0.757), summer (OR = 0.579), and fall (OR = 0.741), when comparing to the winter season;however, seasonal differences were not found for cardiovascular, genitourinary, and neurological diseases. The implications of these results will primarily be used to improve Meadville’s public health policies for cold seasons, and more specifically, implement programs that prepare the ER to receive and treat respiratory cases more efficiently in the cold season.
文摘Background:The incidence of acute pancreatitis(AP)is characterized by circannual and geographical variation.The aim of this study was to describe seasonal variation and trends in hospitalizations for AP in the USA with respect to AP etiology.Methods:The Nationwide Inpatient Sample data(2000–2016)from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project were used.The study population included all primary hospitalizations for AP.Biliary AP(BAP)and alcohol-induced AP(AAP)were distinguished by diagnostic and procedural ICD codes.Seasonal trend decomposition was performed.Results:There was a linear increase in annual incidence(per 100000 population)of AAP in the USA(from 17.0 in 2000 to 22.9 in 2016),while incidence of BAP,equaled 19.9 in 2000,peaked at 22.1 in 2006 and decreased to 17.4 in 2016.AP incidence demonstrated 18%annual incidence amplitude with summer peak and winter trough,more prominent in AAP.In 2016,within AAP,the highest incidence(per 100000 population)was noted among African-Americans(up to 50.4),followed by males aged 56–70 years(26.5)and Asians of low income(25.5);within BAP,above the average incidence was observed in Hispanic(up to 25.8)and Asian(up to 25.0)population.The most consistent and rapid increase in AP incidence was noted in males aged 56–70 years with an alcoholic etiology(average 6%annual incidence growth).Conclusions:The incidence and annual trends of AP vary significantly among demographic and socioeconomic groups and this knowledge may be useful for the planning of healthcare resources and identification of at-risk populations.
基金supported by the Integration projects of the Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (№ 34 and № 56)
文摘1 Introduction The most valuable for the task of climate reconstruction are the time series with an annual resolution,which allows to reveal natural periodicity and pass to the search for mechanisms of regional and global climatic changes.Bottom sediments of lakes are one of the best climate archives in addition to tree ring series,ice cores etc.
文摘Introduction: Peritonitis continues to be the main complication for patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Objective: To determine the frequency of peritonitis according to the disease-causing microorganism and its distribution throughout the year, linking to seasonality. Methods: A retrospective study conducted in the Dialysis Unit of the Hospital São Lucas, PUCRS (HSL-PUCRS). Patients undergoing PD between January 1984 and September 2013 were included. Descriptive statistics were used and Fisher’s exact test with Monte Carlo simulation for comparison between the categorical variables. Results: Of 415 evaluated patients, 66% had at least one episode of peritonitis with an incidence rate of 0.68 episode/year. There were 601 peritonitis episodes in total. The most common microorganism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (26.6%, n = 160), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.3%, n = 98), with 16.3% of the sample being negative culture. Most episodes occurred in the months of January (10.3%, n = 62) and May (10.1%, n = 61), while June had the lowest occurrence (5.2%, n = 31). The number of episodes observed in January and May were significantly higher when compared to June
文摘The aim of this study was to determine if runoff estimates from the curve number model were affected by seasons for different land covers. Eighteen watersheds with varying land covers were delineated using three methods. The delineation methods differ in how internal drainage is evaluated. Runoff estimates from storms for spring, summer, and fall were compared to observed runoff from USGS gaging station data. Errors (difference between estimate runoff and observed runoff) were found to be highest for fall by 3% for all the two delineation methods which do not consider internal drainage. Watersheds were categorized by their dominant land cover (agriculture, forest, or urban). Seasonal differences were found to be significant for certain land covers. The greatest differences between observed and estimated data were found in agriculture and urban especially spring versus fall for all delineations. Forest land cover was found to have no seasonal difference for all three delineation methods. The research suggests that this work contributes to the growing body of research suggesting that vegetative seasonal differences have a greater impact on runoff than is accounted for in the runoff model.
文摘Our last study found that deepest-depth earthquakes with larger magnitudes (M6 or above) showed seasonality, which is dependent on the area searched. The main results indicated strong evidence that the causes for the delays in enhancements along the period investigated were due to the tectonics also, not only the season. Therefore, if the inquiry was about an area in Northern Hemisphere, the season in which the increases occurred is different than the season in the Southern Hemisphere. Also, higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere or around the Equator, displayed seasonality similarly where the tremors appear to increase during the Spring and Summer. This did not happen to the Southern Hemisphere where disturbances and anomalies occurred without showing much connection to the seasons in the analyzed period. However, some of the regions presented periodicities independent from the seasons.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant#91746109,#71773100 and#72073109)
文摘We examine whether management earnings forecasts(MEFs)help reduce the stock return seasonality associated with earnings seasonality around earnings announcements(EAs)in Chinese A-share markets.We find that firms in historically low earnings seasons outperform firms in high earnings seasons by 2.1%around MEFs.Firms in low earnings seasons also have higher trading volume and return volatility than their counterparts around EAs and MEFs.MEFs significantly reduce the ability of historical seasonal earnings rankings to negatively predict announcement returns,volume and volatility around EAs.The reduction effects are stronger when MEFs are voluntary or made closer to EAs.The evidence suggests that MEFs facilitate the correction of investors’tendency to extrapolate earnings seasonality and its resulted stock mispricing.
基金This study was funded in part by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Brazil(CAPES)Finance Code 001.A master’s scholarship was granted by CAPES to JIMR(Process 88887.716287/2022-00)a doctoral scholarship to VPO(Process 88887.644953/2021-00).
文摘Among the impacts of climate change,there is the intensification of phenomena such as the El Niño South-ern Oscillation(ENSO)responsible for El Niño and La Niña.However,understanding their effects on the functional pro-cesses of forests is limited.Therefore,this study evaluated the effects of ENSO on litter stock and water holding capac-ity(WHC)in a successional forest in eastern Amazonia.Evaluations occurred in periods with the most rainfall in El Niño(2019)and least in La Niña(2021)years.Twelve permanent plots were used to sample litter.ENSO effects were evident for WHC,higher during El Niño.However,this influence was not clear for litter,as only in the rainy season effects were found.There was a positive correlation of WHC with precipitation and humidity,while litter stocks were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed.Although the subject of this study requires long-term assessments,preliminary results suggests that,depending on the intensity of ENSO,forest functional processes can be strongly impacted and altered.The conclusion reinforces warnings by the scientific community about the impacts of climate change on the maintenance of litter stocks,decomposition and,consequently,the biogeochemical cycle and essential ecosystem services for the maintenance of Amazonia biodiversity.The need to develop long-term research to understand the effects of climatic change on litter stocks and water holding capacity is highlighted,especially in Amazonia.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.41730534)the Laoshan Laboratory Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.LSKJ 202202502)+1 种基金the NSFC(Nos.41976012,42090044)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB42000000)。
文摘A recent study by Liu et al.(2020)suggested that due to the saturation of equatorially trapped planetary waves with different dynamical types,temporal periods,meridional and baroclinic modes,complex layer structures of vertical velocity shear and hence turbulent mixing could frequently occur in the thermocline of the eastern equatorial Pacific.We investigated the occurrence of the interior turbulent mixing as indicated by shear instabilities,above the Equatorial Undercurrent(EUC)core at three equatorial sites along 140°W,170°W,and 165°E,respectively,based mainly on data from the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean(TAO)mooring array.We found that turbulent mixing bursts persisted in the thermocline of all three sites.Specifically,the interior turbulent mixing layers(ITMLs)could occur in probability of approximately 68%,53%,and 48%at the three sites,respectively.The overall occurrence probability shows obvious and similar biannual variations at 140°W and 170°W,which is higher in boreal from late summer to winter and lower in spring.Vertically,the ITMLs are primarily located above the EUC core and prevail in deeper(shallower)layers from late summer to winter(spring).Most ITMLs(70%)lasted for hours to 3 days,and a few of them(15%)for more than 7 days.The thicknesses of ITMLs were concentrated between 15 and 55 m.At 165°E,the vertical distribution of ITML occurrence probability was different from that at 140°W and 170°W,as it did not show a preference for depths;the durations of ITMLs are short(also from hours to several days)and their thicknesses were between 5 and 25 m.These properties,particularly the high occurrence probability,and short durations demonstrated the persistence of thermocline mixing in the western to eastern equatorial Pacific thermocline and confirmed the generation mechanism by persistent equatorial waves as well.
文摘Sairme mineral water, one of the famous mineral waters in Georgia, is renowned for its exceptional healing properties. The distinctiveness and therapeutic benefits of the naturally sourced mineral water, known as “Sairme”, stem from its rich array of microelements, notably including iron and manganese. Since 1948, the bottling of Sairme mineral water has been a prominent activity. Named after the Sairme deposit, this mineral water is packaged in various formats to cater to diverse consumer preferences. The bottling process involves transporting the mineral water from wells to the bottling plant through pipelines. Prior to bottling, the mineral water undergoes meticulous processing stages in adherence to current Georgian and international regulations. This process ensures that the concentration of trace elements in the bottled water is minimized, maintaining its purity and quality. Given the importance of preserving the microelements present in bottled mineral water, our research is dedicated to optimizing the technological process. Our objective is to safeguard the valuable microelements while ensuring the highest standards of quality and safety in the final product.
文摘The significance of the normalized seasonality of wind field is theoretically studied and the intrinsic relationship between its critical value and the definition of the monsoon region is revealed. As a result, the rationality which the monsoon region is characterized by the significant normalized seasonality is proved. Based on this, by use of the NECP/NCAR reanalysis data during 1958-1997, the spatial structure of the significant normalized seasonality of wind field is investigated, and the significant baroclinity of the seasonal variation of the atmospheric general circulation in the vertical direction is verified. Moreover, in the tropics there exists an anti-symmetric distribution between the significant seasonality in the eastern hemisphere and that in the western hemisphere, and the monsoon is linked closely to some important systems such as the subtropical highs, the night jet and the west wind channels.
基金supported by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(INV-005834)the Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province(No:2020Y0002)the Xiamen New Coronavirus Prevention and Control Emergency Tackling Special Topic Program(No:3502Z2020YJ03).
文摘Objective:In China,the burden of shigellosis is unevenly distributed,notably across various ages and geographical areas.Shigellosis temporal trends appear to be seasonal.We should clarify seasonal warnings and regional transmission patterns.Method:This study adopted a Logistic model to assess the seasonality and a dynamics model to compare the transmission in different areas.The next-generation matrix was used to calculate the effective reproduction number(Reff)to quantify the transmissibility.Results:In China,the rate of shigellosis fell from 35.12 cases per 100,000 people in 2005 to 7.85 cases per 100,000 people in 2017,peaking in June and August.After simulation by the Logistic model,the‘peak time’is mainly concentrated from mid-June to mid-July.China's‘early warning time’is primarily focused on from April to May.We predict the‘peak time’of shigellosis is the 6.30th month and the‘early warning time’is 3.87th month in 2021.According to the dynamics model results,the water/food transfer pathway has been mostly blocked off.The transmissibility of different regions varies greatly,such as the mean Reff of Longde County(3.76)is higher than Xiamen City(3.15),higher than Chuxiong City(2.52),and higher than Yichang City(1.70).Conclusion:The‘early warning time’for shigellosis in China is from April to May every year,and it may continue to advance in the future,such as the early warning time in 2021 is in mid-March.Furthermore,we should focus on preventing and controlling the personto-person route of shigellosis and stratified deploy prevention and control measures according to the regional transmission.
