In order to convey complete meanings,there is a phenomenon in Chinese of using multiple running sentences.Xu Jingning(2023,p.66)states,“In communication,a complete expression of meaning often requires more than one c...In order to convey complete meanings,there is a phenomenon in Chinese of using multiple running sentences.Xu Jingning(2023,p.66)states,“In communication,a complete expression of meaning often requires more than one clause,which is common in human languages.”Domestic research on running sentences includes discussions on defining the concept and structural features of running sentences,sentence properties,sentence pattern classifications and their criteria,as well as issues related to translating running sentences into English.This article primarily focuses on scholarly research into the English translation of running sentences in China,highlighting recent achievements and identifying existing issues in the study of running sentence translation.However,by reviewing literature on the translation of running sentences,it is found that current research in the academic community on non-core running sentences is limited.Therefore,this paper proposes relevant strategies to address this issue.展开更多
Sentence classification is the process of categorizing a sentence based on the context of the sentence.Sentence categorization requires more semantic highlights than other tasks,such as dependence parsing,which requir...Sentence classification is the process of categorizing a sentence based on the context of the sentence.Sentence categorization requires more semantic highlights than other tasks,such as dependence parsing,which requires more syntactic elements.Most existing strategies focus on the general semantics of a conversation without involving the context of the sentence,recognizing the progress and comparing impacts.An ensemble pre-trained language model was taken up here to classify the conversation sentences from the conversation corpus.The conversational sentences are classified into four categories:information,question,directive,and commission.These classification label sequences are for analyzing the conversation progress and predicting the pecking order of the conversation.Ensemble of Bidirectional Encoder for Representation of Transformer(BERT),Robustly Optimized BERT pretraining Approach(RoBERTa),Generative Pre-Trained Transformer(GPT),DistilBERT and Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding(XLNet)models are trained on conversation corpus with hyperparameters.Hyperparameter tuning approach is carried out for better performance on sentence classification.This Ensemble of Pre-trained Language Models with a Hyperparameter Tuning(EPLM-HT)system is trained on an annotated conversation dataset.The proposed approach outperformed compared to the base BERT,GPT,DistilBERT and XLNet transformer models.The proposed ensemble model with the fine-tuned parameters achieved an F1_score of 0.88.展开更多
Cognitive grammar,as a linguistic theory that attaches importance to the relationship between language and thinking,provides us with a more comprehensive way to understand the structure,semantics and cognitive process...Cognitive grammar,as a linguistic theory that attaches importance to the relationship between language and thinking,provides us with a more comprehensive way to understand the structure,semantics and cognitive processing of noun predicate sentences.Therefore,under the framework of cognitive grammar,this paper tries to analyze the semantic connection and cognitive process in noun predicate sentences from the semantic perspective and the method of example theory,and discusses the motivation of the formation of this construction,so as to provide references for in-depth analysis of the cognitive laws behind noun predicate sentences.展开更多
Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of us...Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of using it are expanded with the communications among countries. Therefore, English has become the generally international language in our country; in particular, translation plays an important and irreplaceable part in English to convey information. This paper aims to introduce the contrasts of English sentences and Chinese sentences and discuss some skills of translating each other. Though it is not complete and authoritative, yet it may help some people to understand the differences between two languages and to grasp some practical skills.展开更多
Since English long possess a lot of modifiers and their syntax structures are complicated, it is difficult for the Chinese readers to understand them, not to mention translating them. The paper adopts Nida's theor...Since English long possess a lot of modifiers and their syntax structures are complicated, it is difficult for the Chinese readers to understand them, not to mention translating them. The paper adopts Nida's theory of functional equivalence as the guideline in the process of translation, since it bears the merit of facilitating the communication of information. In terms of concrete methods, the long sentence should be decomposed into kernel sentences and reconstructed according to the expression of the standard Chinese language. Only by doing that, the translation version can be faithful, correct and elegant.展开更多
This paper aims to explore how learners of English as a second language(ESL)acquire English conditional sentences and what causes their difficulties,especially focusing on how their native languages affect their acqui...This paper aims to explore how learners of English as a second language(ESL)acquire English conditional sentences and what causes their difficulties,especially focusing on how their native languages affect their acquisition of the conditional sentences.Interviews were carried out with four undergraduate ESL students of University of Central Oklahoma in the United States who are respectively Chinese,Korean,French,and Greek.By conducting interviews with them,the participants’perceptions of acquiring English conditional sentences will be collected and analyzed.There will be some typical errors of constructing conditional sentences demonstrated.Moreover,some pedagogical implications will also be provided,which will help students have a better command of the conditional sentences.展开更多
As a special construction,existential sentences(ES) are wildly used in English.However,the Chinese,having different grammatical system,master this construction with much attention,occurring different levels of mistake...As a special construction,existential sentences(ES) are wildly used in English.However,the Chinese,having different grammatical system,master this construction with much attention,occurring different levels of mistakes during each period of learning.In this paper,the author tries to study on ES from the syntactic perspective and provide some help for English teaching through the result of an experiment.展开更多
In daily communication, people often make misunderstanding because of the ambiguous phenomenon. However, by reason of using the ambiguous well, some people have endless remarks. To avoiding misunderstanding and making...In daily communication, people often make misunderstanding because of the ambiguous phenomenon. However, by reason of using the ambiguous well, some people have endless remarks. To avoiding misunderstanding and making the ambiguous sentences play the positive effect better, this paper will analyze ambiguous sentences according to the types of ambiguous sentences from the Syntax perspective.展开更多
Long and complex English sentences, just as the name implies, are long sentences with complicated structures. The most typical features of this kind of sentences are the comprehensive use of different subordinate clau...Long and complex English sentences, just as the name implies, are long sentences with complicated structures. The most typical features of this kind of sentences are the comprehensive use of different subordinate clauses and the flexible use of all kinds of prepositional phrases and participle phrases, which lead to complex sentence structures and varied constituent relationships, and bring great difficulties to English-Chinese translation practice. The paper concludes that, in the translation of long and complex English sentences, the translator should first figure out the logic relationship of the original text, and then, according to the Chinese expression customs, make a flexible use of various translation methods and techniques, and finally he can get a faithful and smooth translated text.展开更多
The syntactic characteristics of existential sentences (ES) in Chinese and English are systematically discussed. Chinese existential sentences have three major components: A, B, and C, i.e., the locative phrase, the e...The syntactic characteristics of existential sentences (ES) in Chinese and English are systematically discussed. Chinese existential sentences have three major components: A, B, and C, i.e., the locative phrase, the existential verb, and the existential noun phrase. English existential sentences consist of the expletive “there”, existential verb, existential noun or noun phrase and locative phrase. In terms of syntactic characteristics, similarities and dissimilarities coexist. When translating ES in Chinese and English, some important skills are needed, such as replacement of locative phrase, addition or deletion of “there”, adjustment of verbs, and the change of determiners before the existential noun.展开更多
The Ba sentence is unique existence in Chinese. There is no corresponding sentence pattern in English. Thus, the translation of Ba sentences is a challenge for translators. Even with the myriad analyses on the transla...The Ba sentence is unique existence in Chinese. There is no corresponding sentence pattern in English. Thus, the translation of Ba sentences is a challenge for translators. Even with the myriad analyses on the translation of Ba sentences, small quantity of them demonstrates the correctness and the reading effect of the translation by using a specific theory. And the image schema theory reflects the projects between the source domain and the target domain, while in the translation analysis there are schemata in the source language and the target language. So the paper does comparisons of schemata between the source text and the target text of Ba sentences, which are chosen from the English translation of Words of Fire—Poems by Jidi Majia translated by Denis Mair. After the demonstration, the following conclusions are found: First, the schema of the sentence is decided by verbs of the Ba sentences, rather than by the sentence structures;second, the image schema is a feasible tool to check correctness of Ba sentences translation.展开更多
A sentence over a finite alphabet A, is a finite sequence of non-empty words over A. More generally, we define a graphical sentence over A by attaching a non-empty word over A to each arrow and each loop of a connecte...A sentence over a finite alphabet A, is a finite sequence of non-empty words over A. More generally, we define a graphical sentence over A by attaching a non-empty word over A to each arrow and each loop of a connected directed graph (digraph, for short). Each word is written according to the direction of its corresponding arrow or loop. Graphical sentences can be used to encode sets of sentences in a compact way: the readable sentences of a graphical sentence being the sentences corresponding to directed paths in the digraph. We apply combinatorial equations on enriched trees and rooted trees, in the context of combinatorial species and Pólya theories, to analyze parameters in classes of tree-like sentences. These are graphical sentences constructed on tree-like digraphs.展开更多
Passive voice is frequently used in English language, and generally speaking, the subject is acted upon by the verb, and the actor must be someone or something else in passive voice sentences. However, what requires n...Passive voice is frequently used in English language, and generally speaking, the subject is acted upon by the verb, and the actor must be someone or something else in passive voice sentences. However, what requires noticing and deserves study is that, apart from the congruent expression from passive sentences, in English there also exist a variety of non-congruence within some passive sentences, namely, metaphoric uses. This paper, based on Halliday＇s theory about metaphor and having conducted detailed analyses on some English passive sentences, reveals a noticing phenomenon that some passive sentences are used in a style of metaphor, including transitivity metaphor, modality metaphor, and tense metaphor.展开更多
Peter Newmark’s semantic translation and communicative translation theories play a guiding role in translation practice.Translating long and difficult English sentences into Chinese has been a focus of study among tr...Peter Newmark’s semantic translation and communicative translation theories play a guiding role in translation practice.Translating long and difficult English sentences into Chinese has been a focus of study among translators.The paper explores how to translate long and difficult journalistic English sentences into Chinese from the perspective of semantic translation and communicative translation theories,advancing four effective translating strategies for handling long and difficult journalistic English sentences:sequential translation,splitting translation,reversing translation,and recasting translation,so as to improve the readability and faithfulness of the Chinese version.展开更多
Run-on sentences are used frequently in daily life and literature;however,there is no corresponding sentence pattern in English.Therefore,it is challenging for translators to render run-on sentences into idiomatic Eng...Run-on sentences are used frequently in daily life and literature;however,there is no corresponding sentence pattern in English.Therefore,it is challenging for translators to render run-on sentences into idiomatic English.This paper introduces the definition,classification,and the translation of run-on sentences,aiming to summarize the common rules of its translation.展开更多
In this paper, we conduct theoretical research on the Japanese vocabulary and sentences developmental procedure under the cultural perspective. Japan nearly for hundreds of years of rapid development, the culture also...In this paper, we conduct theoretical research on the Japanese vocabulary and sentences developmental procedure under the cultural perspective. Japan nearly for hundreds of years of rapid development, the culture also is in rapid progress, coupled with cultural exchange between China and Japan has a long history of cultural exchanges between the two countries will be growing, reflect is the language of a culture, language is the carrier of culture, so, we need not only to learn the foreign language more need to understand the culture of other countries. Socalled culture in the initial stage of learning, refers to in the primary stage of language learning is introduced into cultural background and content of the language, to make the university language teaching into the society culture, realize the best purpose of the foreign language teaching and the highest efficiency in the language learning culture learning and decisive role in promoting. Our research proposes the novel paradigm for basic research of the Japanese language which holds special significance.展开更多
Due to the particularity of structure and the universality of use,English existential sentences have always been one of the topics concerned by linguists.Within the framework of cognitive linguistics,this paper uses a...Due to the particularity of structure and the universality of use,English existential sentences have always been one of the topics concerned by linguists.Within the framework of cognitive linguistics,this paper uses a variety of theoretical perspectives(iconicity principle;grammaticalization;Prototype Category Theory)to make a multi-dimensional analysis of English existential sentences,including the generation,development and meaning expansion of English existential sentences.Cognitive linguistics contributes to the deepening of the study of English existential sentences,and the focus of the study shifts from the surface level to the deeper level.展开更多
文摘In order to convey complete meanings,there is a phenomenon in Chinese of using multiple running sentences.Xu Jingning(2023,p.66)states,“In communication,a complete expression of meaning often requires more than one clause,which is common in human languages.”Domestic research on running sentences includes discussions on defining the concept and structural features of running sentences,sentence properties,sentence pattern classifications and their criteria,as well as issues related to translating running sentences into English.This article primarily focuses on scholarly research into the English translation of running sentences in China,highlighting recent achievements and identifying existing issues in the study of running sentence translation.However,by reviewing literature on the translation of running sentences,it is found that current research in the academic community on non-core running sentences is limited.Therefore,this paper proposes relevant strategies to address this issue.
文摘Sentence classification is the process of categorizing a sentence based on the context of the sentence.Sentence categorization requires more semantic highlights than other tasks,such as dependence parsing,which requires more syntactic elements.Most existing strategies focus on the general semantics of a conversation without involving the context of the sentence,recognizing the progress and comparing impacts.An ensemble pre-trained language model was taken up here to classify the conversation sentences from the conversation corpus.The conversational sentences are classified into four categories:information,question,directive,and commission.These classification label sequences are for analyzing the conversation progress and predicting the pecking order of the conversation.Ensemble of Bidirectional Encoder for Representation of Transformer(BERT),Robustly Optimized BERT pretraining Approach(RoBERTa),Generative Pre-Trained Transformer(GPT),DistilBERT and Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding(XLNet)models are trained on conversation corpus with hyperparameters.Hyperparameter tuning approach is carried out for better performance on sentence classification.This Ensemble of Pre-trained Language Models with a Hyperparameter Tuning(EPLM-HT)system is trained on an annotated conversation dataset.The proposed approach outperformed compared to the base BERT,GPT,DistilBERT and XLNet transformer models.The proposed ensemble model with the fine-tuned parameters achieved an F1_score of 0.88.
文摘Cognitive grammar,as a linguistic theory that attaches importance to the relationship between language and thinking,provides us with a more comprehensive way to understand the structure,semantics and cognitive processing of noun predicate sentences.Therefore,under the framework of cognitive grammar,this paper tries to analyze the semantic connection and cognitive process in noun predicate sentences from the semantic perspective and the method of example theory,and discusses the motivation of the formation of this construction,so as to provide references for in-depth analysis of the cognitive laws behind noun predicate sentences.
文摘Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of using it are expanded with the communications among countries. Therefore, English has become the generally international language in our country; in particular, translation plays an important and irreplaceable part in English to convey information. This paper aims to introduce the contrasts of English sentences and Chinese sentences and discuss some skills of translating each other. Though it is not complete and authoritative, yet it may help some people to understand the differences between two languages and to grasp some practical skills.
文摘Since English long possess a lot of modifiers and their syntax structures are complicated, it is difficult for the Chinese readers to understand them, not to mention translating them. The paper adopts Nida's theory of functional equivalence as the guideline in the process of translation, since it bears the merit of facilitating the communication of information. In terms of concrete methods, the long sentence should be decomposed into kernel sentences and reconstructed according to the expression of the standard Chinese language. Only by doing that, the translation version can be faithful, correct and elegant.
文摘This paper aims to explore how learners of English as a second language(ESL)acquire English conditional sentences and what causes their difficulties,especially focusing on how their native languages affect their acquisition of the conditional sentences.Interviews were carried out with four undergraduate ESL students of University of Central Oklahoma in the United States who are respectively Chinese,Korean,French,and Greek.By conducting interviews with them,the participants’perceptions of acquiring English conditional sentences will be collected and analyzed.There will be some typical errors of constructing conditional sentences demonstrated.Moreover,some pedagogical implications will also be provided,which will help students have a better command of the conditional sentences.
文摘As a special construction,existential sentences(ES) are wildly used in English.However,the Chinese,having different grammatical system,master this construction with much attention,occurring different levels of mistakes during each period of learning.In this paper,the author tries to study on ES from the syntactic perspective and provide some help for English teaching through the result of an experiment.
文摘In daily communication, people often make misunderstanding because of the ambiguous phenomenon. However, by reason of using the ambiguous well, some people have endless remarks. To avoiding misunderstanding and making the ambiguous sentences play the positive effect better, this paper will analyze ambiguous sentences according to the types of ambiguous sentences from the Syntax perspective.
文摘Long and complex English sentences, just as the name implies, are long sentences with complicated structures. The most typical features of this kind of sentences are the comprehensive use of different subordinate clauses and the flexible use of all kinds of prepositional phrases and participle phrases, which lead to complex sentence structures and varied constituent relationships, and bring great difficulties to English-Chinese translation practice. The paper concludes that, in the translation of long and complex English sentences, the translator should first figure out the logic relationship of the original text, and then, according to the Chinese expression customs, make a flexible use of various translation methods and techniques, and finally he can get a faithful and smooth translated text.
文摘The syntactic characteristics of existential sentences (ES) in Chinese and English are systematically discussed. Chinese existential sentences have three major components: A, B, and C, i.e., the locative phrase, the existential verb, and the existential noun phrase. English existential sentences consist of the expletive “there”, existential verb, existential noun or noun phrase and locative phrase. In terms of syntactic characteristics, similarities and dissimilarities coexist. When translating ES in Chinese and English, some important skills are needed, such as replacement of locative phrase, addition or deletion of “there”, adjustment of verbs, and the change of determiners before the existential noun.
文摘The Ba sentence is unique existence in Chinese. There is no corresponding sentence pattern in English. Thus, the translation of Ba sentences is a challenge for translators. Even with the myriad analyses on the translation of Ba sentences, small quantity of them demonstrates the correctness and the reading effect of the translation by using a specific theory. And the image schema theory reflects the projects between the source domain and the target domain, while in the translation analysis there are schemata in the source language and the target language. So the paper does comparisons of schemata between the source text and the target text of Ba sentences, which are chosen from the English translation of Words of Fire—Poems by Jidi Majia translated by Denis Mair. After the demonstration, the following conclusions are found: First, the schema of the sentence is decided by verbs of the Ba sentences, rather than by the sentence structures;second, the image schema is a feasible tool to check correctness of Ba sentences translation.
文摘A sentence over a finite alphabet A, is a finite sequence of non-empty words over A. More generally, we define a graphical sentence over A by attaching a non-empty word over A to each arrow and each loop of a connected directed graph (digraph, for short). Each word is written according to the direction of its corresponding arrow or loop. Graphical sentences can be used to encode sets of sentences in a compact way: the readable sentences of a graphical sentence being the sentences corresponding to directed paths in the digraph. We apply combinatorial equations on enriched trees and rooted trees, in the context of combinatorial species and Pólya theories, to analyze parameters in classes of tree-like sentences. These are graphical sentences constructed on tree-like digraphs.
文摘Passive voice is frequently used in English language, and generally speaking, the subject is acted upon by the verb, and the actor must be someone or something else in passive voice sentences. However, what requires noticing and deserves study is that, apart from the congruent expression from passive sentences, in English there also exist a variety of non-congruence within some passive sentences, namely, metaphoric uses. This paper, based on Halliday＇s theory about metaphor and having conducted detailed analyses on some English passive sentences, reveals a noticing phenomenon that some passive sentences are used in a style of metaphor, including transitivity metaphor, modality metaphor, and tense metaphor.
文摘Peter Newmark’s semantic translation and communicative translation theories play a guiding role in translation practice.Translating long and difficult English sentences into Chinese has been a focus of study among translators.The paper explores how to translate long and difficult journalistic English sentences into Chinese from the perspective of semantic translation and communicative translation theories,advancing four effective translating strategies for handling long and difficult journalistic English sentences:sequential translation,splitting translation,reversing translation,and recasting translation,so as to improve the readability and faithfulness of the Chinese version.
基金USST 2022 Excellent Postgraduate Case Database Construction Project“MTI(English)Graduation Thesis Teaching Excellent Case Database”First-Class Curriculum Construction Program of USST“English Interpreting Ability Training”(YLKC202204)The Eleventh China Foreign Language Education Fund Project“On the Blended Teaching Model of Interpretation Course With the Synergistic Development of Interpretation Ability and Critical Thinking Ability”(ZGWYJYJJ11A071).
文摘Run-on sentences are used frequently in daily life and literature;however,there is no corresponding sentence pattern in English.Therefore,it is challenging for translators to render run-on sentences into idiomatic English.This paper introduces the definition,classification,and the translation of run-on sentences,aiming to summarize the common rules of its translation.
文摘In this paper, we conduct theoretical research on the Japanese vocabulary and sentences developmental procedure under the cultural perspective. Japan nearly for hundreds of years of rapid development, the culture also is in rapid progress, coupled with cultural exchange between China and Japan has a long history of cultural exchanges between the two countries will be growing, reflect is the language of a culture, language is the carrier of culture, so, we need not only to learn the foreign language more need to understand the culture of other countries. Socalled culture in the initial stage of learning, refers to in the primary stage of language learning is introduced into cultural background and content of the language, to make the university language teaching into the society culture, realize the best purpose of the foreign language teaching and the highest efficiency in the language learning culture learning and decisive role in promoting. Our research proposes the novel paradigm for basic research of the Japanese language which holds special significance.
文摘Due to the particularity of structure and the universality of use,English existential sentences have always been one of the topics concerned by linguists.Within the framework of cognitive linguistics,this paper uses a variety of theoretical perspectives(iconicity principle;grammaticalization;Prototype Category Theory)to make a multi-dimensional analysis of English existential sentences,including the generation,development and meaning expansion of English existential sentences.Cognitive linguistics contributes to the deepening of the study of English existential sentences,and the focus of the study shifts from the surface level to the deeper level.
