The Song Dynasty has been known in history for its great commercial success due to a series of events in the dynasty.In order to explain the reasons for economic success,this paper attempts to use factors such as poli...The Song Dynasty has been known in history for its great commercial success due to a series of events in the dynasty.In order to explain the reasons for economic success,this paper attempts to use factors such as political stability,discovery of new rice species in the South,the introduction of paper money by merchants from Sichuan in the South of China,and the increase in iron production especially in the North.Specialisation of products is also discussed separately but into details.A further mention of characteristics of the internal and international trade is also highlighted in this paper.An introduction of how the Song dynasty was founded and its distinct political,social and cultural characteristics,are delved into.Also the separation of northern Song Dynasty from the southern Song dynasty will be discussed.The paper concludes with combined interpretations from the famous“Qing Ming Shag He Tu”painting.This painting gives a somewhat illustrated evidence of the vibrancy of the Song Dynasty’s commercialisation recorded in history.展开更多
Breast cancer resistance protein （Bcrp） is an ATP-dependent efflux drug transporter. It has a diverse spectrum of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates ranging from anticancer, antiviral and antihypertensive drugs,...Breast cancer resistance protein （Bcrp） is an ATP-dependent efflux drug transporter. It has a diverse spectrum of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates ranging from anticancer, antiviral and antihypertensive drugs, to organic anions, antibiotics, phytoestrogens （e.g., genistein, daidzein, coumestrol）, xenoestrogens and steroids （e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate）. Bcrp is an integral membrane protein in cancer and normal cells within multiple organs （e.g., brain, placenta, intestine and testis） that maintains cellular homeostasis by extruding drugs and harmful substances from the inside of cells. In the brain, Bcrp is a major component of the blood- brain barrier located on endothelial cells near tight junctions （TJs）. However, Bcrp is absent at the Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier （BTB）; instead, it is localized almost exclusively to the endothelial TJ in microvessels in the interstitium and the peritubular myoid cells in the tunica propria. Recent studies have shown that Bcrp is also expressed stage specifically and spatiotemporally by Sertoli and germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium of rat testes, limited only to a testis-specific cell adhesion ultrastructure known as the apical ectoplasmic specialisation （ES） in stage VI-early VIII tubules. These findings suggest that Bcrp is equipped by late spermatids and Sertoli cells to protect late-stage spermatids completing spermiogenesis. Furthermore, Bcrp was found to be associated with F （filamentous）-actin and several actin regulatory proteins at the apical ES and might be involved in the organisation of actin filaments at the apical ES in stage VII-VIII tubules. These findings will be carefully evaluated in this brief review.展开更多
With increasing globalization and a trend towards international harmonization of standards for the care and use of animals in research and testing,there is a significant need to assist and support countries to develop...With increasing globalization and a trend towards international harmonization of standards for the care and use of animals in research and testing,there is a significant need to assist and support countries to develop training programs for laboratory animal veterinarians.Although formal educational opportunities for training laboratory animal veterinarians exist through well-established specialty colleges of laboratory animal medicine such as ACLAM,ECLAM,JCLAM,and KCLAM or through other professional organisations,such as the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations(FELASA),opportunities for participating in these programs are often limited to veterinarians in North America,Western Europe and specific regions of Asia.Creative thinking is required to develop cost-effective,practical,entry-level and advanced continuing education and applied training programs for veterinarians working in the field of laboratory animal medicine around the world.This paper will describe one potential solution for this issue,the use of a distance education program that provides theoretical information in a virtual classroom with applied training modules to deliver knowledge and practical skills to laboratory animal veterinarians.This type of program takes advantage of the online learning environment and can be an effective means to deliver training at the grassroots level to adult learners.展开更多
The Journal of Specialised Translation是国际SSCI和A&HCI索引期刊,聚焦于应用翻译研究,对其研究具有一定的代表性。文章以该刊创刊以来所刊载的研究性论文为数据来源,借助Excel和VOSviewer等可视化软件工具,从国家、机构和个人...The Journal of Specialised Translation是国际SSCI和A&HCI索引期刊,聚焦于应用翻译研究,对其研究具有一定的代表性。文章以该刊创刊以来所刊载的研究性论文为数据来源,借助Excel和VOSviewer等可视化软件工具,从国家、机构和个人发文量,高被引作者和文献,历年征稿主题,应用翻译热点和前沿分析四个方面,管窥当前国际应用翻译研究的前沿动态,旨在对我国应用翻译研究的发展有所助力。展开更多
Introduction:The persistence of generalists and specialists is a topical question in community ecology and results from both ecological and evolutionary processes.At fine taxonomical scales,ecological specialisation,i...Introduction:The persistence of generalists and specialists is a topical question in community ecology and results from both ecological and evolutionary processes.At fine taxonomical scales,ecological specialisation,i.e.organisms preferentially exploiting a subset of available habitats,is thought to be a driver promoting niche diversity.It is not clear,however,how different mechanisms interact to shape specialist-generalist coexistence.Methods:We reconstruct the structure of five bacteria-phage networks from soil isolates,and perform an analysis of the relationships between host phylogenetic diversity,parasite specialism,and parasite performance.Results:We show that the co-occurrence of species on a continuum of specialism/generalism is influenced by niche overlap,phage impact on bacterial hosts,and host phylogenetic structure.In addition,using a null-model analysis we show that infection strategies of the phages have more explanatory power than bacterial defenses on key structural features of these antagonistic communities.Conclusions:We report that generalists have more impact on their hosts than specialists,even when the phylogenetic heterogeneity of hosts is controlled for.We discuss our results in the light of their implications for the evolution of biotic interactions.展开更多
After the set-up of a spatial data infrastructure(SDI)and a national information infrastructure(NII)in many countries,the provision of geo-services became one of the most important and attractive tasks.With the integr...After the set-up of a spatial data infrastructure(SDI)and a national information infrastructure(NII)in many countries,the provision of geo-services became one of the most important and attractive tasks.With the integration of global positioning system(GPS),geographic information system(GIS)and remote sensing(RS),we can,in principle,answer any geo-spatial related question:when and where what object has which changes?An intelligent geo-service agent could provide end-users with the most necessary information in the shortest time and at the lowest cost.Unfortunately there is still a long way to go to achieve such goals.The central component in such geo-services is the integration of the spatial information system with a computing grid via wire-and wireless communication networks.This paper will mainly discuss the grid technology and its integration with spatial information technology,expounding potential problems and possible resolutions.A novel categorising of information grids in the context of geospatial information is proposed:generalised and specialised spatial information grids.展开更多
Ongoing specialization of crop and livestock systems provides socioeconomic benefits to the farmer but has led to greater externalization of environmental costs when compared to mixed farming systems.Better integratio...Ongoing specialization of crop and livestock systems provides socioeconomic benefits to the farmer but has led to greater externalization of environmental costs when compared to mixed farming systems.Better integration of crop and livestock systems offers great potential to rebalance the economic and environmental trade-offs in both systems.The aims of this study were to analyze changes in farm structure and review and evaluate the potential for reintegrating specialized intensive crop and livestock systems,with specific emphasis on identifying the co-benefits and barriers to reintegration.Historically,animals were essential to recycle nutrients in the farming system but this became less important with the availability of synthetic fertilisers.Although mixed farm systems can be economically attractive,benefits of scale combined with socio-economic factors have resulted in on-farm and regional specialization with negative environmental impacts.Reintegration is therefore needed to reduce nutrient surpluses at farm,regional and national levels,and to improve soil quality in intensive cropping systems.Reintegration offers practical and cost-effective options to widen crop rotations and promotes the use of organic inputs and associated benefits,reducing dependency on synthetic fertilisers,biocides and manure processing costs.Circular agriculture goes beyond manure management and requires adaptation of both food production and consumption patterns,matching local capacity to produce with food demand.Consequently,feed transport,greenhouse gas emissions,nutrient surpluses and nutrient losses to the environment can be reduced.It is concluded that reintegration of specialized farms within a region can provide benefits to farmers but may also lead to further intensification of land use.New approaches within a food system context offer alternatives for reintegration,but require strong policy incentives which show clear,tangible and lasting benefits for farmers,the environment and the wider community.展开更多
This report is based on a questionnaire survey of teachers of specialised reading in Zhejiang University.Fifteen questionnaires out of twenty have been returned from teachers from thirteen departments.They have been i...This report is based on a questionnaire survey of teachers of specialised reading in Zhejiang University.Fifteen questionnaires out of twenty have been returned from teachers from thirteen departments.They have been involved in the teaching of specialised reading for between one and seven years(onaverage three years).Generally the specialised reading courses run for two hours per week over onesemester(4,5,6.or 7 and more often towards the end of the undergraduate programmes).Howeverthe Philosophy Department and Electrical Engineering spread the course over two semesters(one hourper week).Most teachers teach specialised reading for two hours per week for half the year.展开更多
文摘The Song Dynasty has been known in history for its great commercial success due to a series of events in the dynasty.In order to explain the reasons for economic success,this paper attempts to use factors such as political stability,discovery of new rice species in the South,the introduction of paper money by merchants from Sichuan in the South of China,and the increase in iron production especially in the North.Specialisation of products is also discussed separately but into details.A further mention of characteristics of the internal and international trade is also highlighted in this paper.An introduction of how the Song dynasty was founded and its distinct political,social and cultural characteristics,are delved into.Also the separation of northern Song Dynasty from the southern Song dynasty will be discussed.The paper concludes with combined interpretations from the famous“Qing Ming Shag He Tu”painting.This painting gives a somewhat illustrated evidence of the vibrancy of the Song Dynasty’s commercialisation recorded in history.
文摘Breast cancer resistance protein （Bcrp） is an ATP-dependent efflux drug transporter. It has a diverse spectrum of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates ranging from anticancer, antiviral and antihypertensive drugs, to organic anions, antibiotics, phytoestrogens （e.g., genistein, daidzein, coumestrol）, xenoestrogens and steroids （e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate）. Bcrp is an integral membrane protein in cancer and normal cells within multiple organs （e.g., brain, placenta, intestine and testis） that maintains cellular homeostasis by extruding drugs and harmful substances from the inside of cells. In the brain, Bcrp is a major component of the blood- brain barrier located on endothelial cells near tight junctions （TJs）. However, Bcrp is absent at the Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier （BTB）; instead, it is localized almost exclusively to the endothelial TJ in microvessels in the interstitium and the peritubular myoid cells in the tunica propria. Recent studies have shown that Bcrp is also expressed stage specifically and spatiotemporally by Sertoli and germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium of rat testes, limited only to a testis-specific cell adhesion ultrastructure known as the apical ectoplasmic specialisation （ES） in stage VI-early VIII tubules. These findings suggest that Bcrp is equipped by late spermatids and Sertoli cells to protect late-stage spermatids completing spermiogenesis. Furthermore, Bcrp was found to be associated with F （filamentous）-actin and several actin regulatory proteins at the apical ES and might be involved in the organisation of actin filaments at the apical ES in stage VII-VIII tubules. These findings will be carefully evaluated in this brief review.
文摘With increasing globalization and a trend towards international harmonization of standards for the care and use of animals in research and testing,there is a significant need to assist and support countries to develop training programs for laboratory animal veterinarians.Although formal educational opportunities for training laboratory animal veterinarians exist through well-established specialty colleges of laboratory animal medicine such as ACLAM,ECLAM,JCLAM,and KCLAM or through other professional organisations,such as the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations(FELASA),opportunities for participating in these programs are often limited to veterinarians in North America,Western Europe and specific regions of Asia.Creative thinking is required to develop cost-effective,practical,entry-level and advanced continuing education and applied training programs for veterinarians working in the field of laboratory animal medicine around the world.This paper will describe one potential solution for this issue,the use of a distance education program that provides theoretical information in a virtual classroom with applied training modules to deliver knowledge and practical skills to laboratory animal veterinarians.This type of program takes advantage of the online learning environment and can be an effective means to deliver training at the grassroots level to adult learners.
文摘The Journal of Specialised Translation是国际SSCI和A&HCI索引期刊,聚焦于应用翻译研究,对其研究具有一定的代表性。文章以该刊创刊以来所刊载的研究性论文为数据来源,借助Excel和VOSviewer等可视化软件工具,从国家、机构和个人发文量,高被引作者和文献,历年征稿主题,应用翻译热点和前沿分析四个方面,管窥当前国际应用翻译研究的前沿动态,旨在对我国应用翻译研究的发展有所助力。
基金a copy of Network3D,Sonia Kéfi and Dominique Gravel for discussions and comments on the results,Claire Gougat-Barbera for help with the molecular biology experiments,and Joshua S.Weitz and Cesar Flores for discussions about bacteria-phage networks.TP thanks the Canadian Research Chair on Continental Ecosystems Ecology for computational support.MEH thanks the Agence National de la Recherche Scientifique[EvolStress(ANR-09-BLAN-099-01)]the McDonnell Foundation(JSMF 220020294/SCS-Research Award)for financial support.
文摘Introduction:The persistence of generalists and specialists is a topical question in community ecology and results from both ecological and evolutionary processes.At fine taxonomical scales,ecological specialisation,i.e.organisms preferentially exploiting a subset of available habitats,is thought to be a driver promoting niche diversity.It is not clear,however,how different mechanisms interact to shape specialist-generalist coexistence.Methods:We reconstruct the structure of five bacteria-phage networks from soil isolates,and perform an analysis of the relationships between host phylogenetic diversity,parasite specialism,and parasite performance.Results:We show that the co-occurrence of species on a continuum of specialism/generalism is influenced by niche overlap,phage impact on bacterial hosts,and host phylogenetic structure.In addition,using a null-model analysis we show that infection strategies of the phages have more explanatory power than bacterial defenses on key structural features of these antagonistic communities.Conclusions:We report that generalists have more impact on their hosts than specialists,even when the phylogenetic heterogeneity of hosts is controlled for.We discuss our results in the light of their implications for the evolution of biotic interactions.
文摘After the set-up of a spatial data infrastructure(SDI)and a national information infrastructure(NII)in many countries,the provision of geo-services became one of the most important and attractive tasks.With the integration of global positioning system(GPS),geographic information system(GIS)and remote sensing(RS),we can,in principle,answer any geo-spatial related question:when and where what object has which changes?An intelligent geo-service agent could provide end-users with the most necessary information in the shortest time and at the lowest cost.Unfortunately there is still a long way to go to achieve such goals.The central component in such geo-services is the integration of the spatial information system with a computing grid via wire-and wireless communication networks.This paper will mainly discuss the grid technology and its integration with spatial information technology,expounding potential problems and possible resolutions.A novel categorising of information grids in the context of geospatial information is proposed:generalised and specialised spatial information grids.
基金funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council under the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Innovation Club program(BB/R021716/1).
文摘Ongoing specialization of crop and livestock systems provides socioeconomic benefits to the farmer but has led to greater externalization of environmental costs when compared to mixed farming systems.Better integration of crop and livestock systems offers great potential to rebalance the economic and environmental trade-offs in both systems.The aims of this study were to analyze changes in farm structure and review and evaluate the potential for reintegrating specialized intensive crop and livestock systems,with specific emphasis on identifying the co-benefits and barriers to reintegration.Historically,animals were essential to recycle nutrients in the farming system but this became less important with the availability of synthetic fertilisers.Although mixed farm systems can be economically attractive,benefits of scale combined with socio-economic factors have resulted in on-farm and regional specialization with negative environmental impacts.Reintegration is therefore needed to reduce nutrient surpluses at farm,regional and national levels,and to improve soil quality in intensive cropping systems.Reintegration offers practical and cost-effective options to widen crop rotations and promotes the use of organic inputs and associated benefits,reducing dependency on synthetic fertilisers,biocides and manure processing costs.Circular agriculture goes beyond manure management and requires adaptation of both food production and consumption patterns,matching local capacity to produce with food demand.Consequently,feed transport,greenhouse gas emissions,nutrient surpluses and nutrient losses to the environment can be reduced.It is concluded that reintegration of specialized farms within a region can provide benefits to farmers but may also lead to further intensification of land use.New approaches within a food system context offer alternatives for reintegration,but require strong policy incentives which show clear,tangible and lasting benefits for farmers,the environment and the wider community.
文摘This report is based on a questionnaire survey of teachers of specialised reading in Zhejiang University.Fifteen questionnaires out of twenty have been returned from teachers from thirteen departments.They have been involved in the teaching of specialised reading for between one and seven years(onaverage three years).Generally the specialised reading courses run for two hours per week over onesemester(4,5,6.or 7 and more often towards the end of the undergraduate programmes).Howeverthe Philosophy Department and Electrical Engineering spread the course over two semesters(one hourper week).Most teachers teach specialised reading for two hours per week for half the year.
