The glass-ceramics were prepared with the spodumene mineral as the main raw material,and the effects of ZrO_(2)replacing TiO_(2)on the samples were systematically investigated.The results show that the substitution of...The glass-ceramics were prepared with the spodumene mineral as the main raw material,and the effects of ZrO_(2)replacing TiO_(2)on the samples were systematically investigated.The results show that the substitution of ZrO_(2)for TiO_(2)is not conductive to precipitate𝛽β-quartz solid solution phase,but can improve the transparency and flexural strength of glass-ceramics.And the glass-ceramic with the highest visible light transmittance(87%)and flexural strength(231.80 MPa)exhibits an ultra-low thermal expansion of-0.028×10^(-7)K^(-1)in the region of 30-700℃.展开更多
Selective surface dissolution was found to be important in spodumene flotation. In this study, we proposed to introduce ultrasound into the pretreatment process to accelerate particle vibration and cavitation, as well...Selective surface dissolution was found to be important in spodumene flotation. In this study, we proposed to introduce ultrasound into the pretreatment process to accelerate particle vibration and cavitation, as well as the migration of mineral surface components to solution. Micro-flotation results showed that the flotation recovery of spodumene can be 86.08% by ultrasound pretreatment, but only 39.30% by traditional mechanical agitation pretreatment. Compared with traditional mechanical agitation, ultrasonic pretreatment can shorten the pretreatment process, reduce the dosage of agents, reduce the mechanical agitation speed, and improve the efficiency of the pretreating process. Inductively coupled plasma analysis showed that, in the ultrasonic system, the amount of Li, Al, and Si species in the solution was twice as much as those in the traditional preprocessing system. Moreover, the scanning electron microscope results demonstrated a larger surface dissolution area in the ultrasonic system. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the atomic concentration of Si species on the spodumene surface decreased, whereas the relative atomic concentrations of Li and Al species increased, indicating that the ultrasound effect strengthened the selective dissolution of elements on the mineral surface.The high-resolution spectra of O 1s showed that more collectors are adsorbed on the mineral surface treated by ultrasonic pretreatment.展开更多
Here,the influence of grinding media with different shapes on the flotation performance of spodumene and its potential mechanism from microscale insights was investigated using a single mineral flotation experiment,X-...Here,the influence of grinding media with different shapes on the flotation performance of spodumene and its potential mechanism from microscale insights was investigated using a single mineral flotation experiment,X-ray diffraction(XRD)test,scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS),atomic force microscope(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The flotation data indicated that under anionic/cationic(sodium oleate(NaOL)/DDA)collectors system,the rod milled spodumene has a higher floatability than ball milled ones.XRD results confirmed that rod medium makes spodumene exposed more{110}and{100}planes,while ball medium makes spodumene exposed more{010}planes.The typical anisotropic surface of spodumene makes the surface of rod milled spodumene possess more Al sites,further confirmed by SEM-EDS and XPS results.Additionally,it was found that the rod milled spodumene presents a larger value of elongation and flatness,which are parameters closely related to bubble adhesion.AFM analysis indicated that rod milled products have a rougher surface,while ball milled products have a smoother surface.Consequently,the rod medium enhanced the adsorption of NaOL/DDA on the spodumene surfaces.This work provides theoretical guidance for optimizing the separation of spodumene from the perspective of grinding.展开更多
In this paper,spodumene mineral was usedas raw material for fabricating glass ceramic with the addi-tion of MgO,ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub>,ZrO<sub>2</sub>.The expansion coefficientof the materials...In this paper,spodumene mineral was usedas raw material for fabricating glass ceramic with the addi-tion of MgO,ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub>,ZrO<sub>2</sub>.The expansion coefficientof the materials is 5. 5×10<sup>7</sup>/℃.Also the effects of the heattreatment on the crystallzing behaviour has been discussed byXRD and DTA.展开更多
Spodumene is a silicate mineral rich in lithium.However,the gangue mineral,albite has similar crystal chemical structure and composition to spodumene.In this work,the density functional theory(DFT)calculation was take...Spodumene is a silicate mineral rich in lithium.However,the gangue mineral,albite has similar crystal chemical structure and composition to spodumene.In this work,the density functional theory(DFT)calculation was taken to research the floatability from the perspective of crystal chemistry.And contact angle test and reagent adsorption test were used to support the simulation results.In addition,the weighted total density of broken bonds is proposed for the first time to judge the generation probability of cleavage surface.The DFT calculation results display that the Na and Al sites on the albite surface are the adsorption sites of water molecules.While the water molecules only bond with Al atom on the surface of spodumene and each Al site can adsorb only one water molecule.Thus,the wetting effect of water molecules on the albite surface is stronger than that of spodumene.This is consistent with the result of contact angle.In sodium oleate system,the oleic acid anion is adsorbed on the spodumene surface in form of a multicomponent ring while the albite is a single ring.Theoretically,oleic acid anion can be strongly adsorbed on the surface of spodumene and albite under vacuum.The adsorption strength of spodumene is higher than that of albite.However,on hydrated surface,the adsorption strength of oleic acid anion on mineral surface is greatly reduced due to the interaction between water molecules and metal site on mineral surface.Thus,spodumene and albite are hard to float without external activated ions in sodium oleate system.展开更多
The Li_(2)O-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2) (LAS) glass-ceramics with low lithium content were prepared from spodumene mineral by melting method.XRD,DSC,and FTIR were used to study the crystallization process and structure of the...The Li_(2)O-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2) (LAS) glass-ceramics with low lithium content were prepared from spodumene mineral by melting method.XRD,DSC,and FTIR were used to study the crystallization process and structure of the samples.The results showed that the addition of Na_(2)O promoted the precipitation of β-quartz solid solution and its transformation to β-spodumene solid solution.Mechanical performance tests and FESEM indicated that the larger grain size and inhomogeneous grain dispersion caused by the increase of Na_(2)O content led to lower mechanical properties.In addition,low expansion glass-ceramics were prepared by an appropriate heat treatment according to DSC result,and when Na_(2)O content was in the range of 1.22 wt% to 2.41 wt%,the average coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) (30-300 ℃) increased from-5.810 ×10^(-7 )to 5.322×10^(-7)℃^(-1).展开更多
The effects of shear strength on aggregation flotation processes for fine spodumene(particle size less than 19μm)were investigated in this study.Sodium oleate was used as a surfactant and collector.The shear strength...The effects of shear strength on aggregation flotation processes for fine spodumene(particle size less than 19μm)were investigated in this study.Sodium oleate was used as a surfactant and collector.The shear strength was controlled by varying the agitation speed of a selfmade stirring apparatus.The aggregation process was studied by measuring the continuous transformations in the size distribution and shape of flocs.The results showed that as the shear strength increased,the distribution of fine spodumene transformed from bimodal to unimodal mode.The flocs tended to bridge more branches with a high shear strength and form globule-like flocs with very high strengths.The parameter"aggregation degree"was introduced to evaluate the aggregation process as a function of shear strength.The flotation rate of flocs formed with different shear strengths was also studied.These results demonstrated that the flotation rate was closely related to shear strength and that there was a close correlation between this and aggregation degree.These results could be used to guide the actual production of fine particles via shear aggregation flotation.展开更多
It is difficult to separate spodumene and albite by flotation with calcium ion as activator.In this study,microflotation experiment,solution chemistry calculation,density functional theory(DFT)calculation and X-ray ph...It is difficult to separate spodumene and albite by flotation with calcium ion as activator.In this study,microflotation experiment,solution chemistry calculation,density functional theory(DFT)calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analysis were conducted to investigate the effect mechanism of c alcium hydrolysate on the flotation separation of spodumene and albite.Results show that the weak interaction intensity of Ca^(2+)with O atoms on the mineral surface makes it difficult to activate minerals effectively.The O atom in the hydroxyl group of Ca(OH)^(+)and Ca(OH)_(2)can be strongly bonded with Al atom on the mineral surface,which greatly improves the adsorption strength.After the activation of Ca(OH)^(+),the adsorption forms of collectors on the surface of spodumene and albite are quite different,and the adsorption intensity on the surface of spodumene is higher,which is conducive to the flotation separation of spodumene and albite.After the action of Ca(OH)_(2),the adsorption of the collector on the albite surface is stronger than that of spodumene,which is not conducive to the flotation separation of the two minerals.By adjusting the initial concentration of calcium ions and pulp pH,Ca(OH)^(+)is the main active component,which is the key to improve the separation effect of spodumene and albite.展开更多
The production launch ceremony of the Gyabjeka Spodumene Mine,a major new energy project in Kangding City,Ganzi Prefecture,was held in Tagong Township.As the largest solid spodumene mine in Asia,the Mine boasts an ind...The production launch ceremony of the Gyabjeka Spodumene Mine,a major new energy project in Kangding City,Ganzi Prefecture,was held in Tagong Township.As the largest solid spodumene mine in Asia,the Mine boasts an industrial-chain total investment of RMB 16 billion and an estimated annual production value of RMB 800 million and tax of RMB 104 million after it is officially put into production.展开更多
Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century.Because of the development trend of global electrification,the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade,an...Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century.Because of the development trend of global electrification,the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade,and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time.Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market,lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries.This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources.Existing methods are summarized by the main resources,such as spodumene,lepidolite,and brine.The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods.This review provides a reference for the research,development,optimization,and industrial application of future processes.展开更多
The Jiajika granitic-and pegmatite-type lithium deposit,which is in the Songpan-Garze Orogenic Belt in western Sichuan Province,China,is the largest in Asia.Previous studies have examined the geochemistry and mineralo...The Jiajika granitic-and pegmatite-type lithium deposit,which is in the Songpan-Garze Orogenic Belt in western Sichuan Province,China,is the largest in Asia.Previous studies have examined the geochemistry and mineralogy of pegmatites and their parental source rocks to determine the genesis of the deposit.However,the evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids has received limited attention.We analyzed He–Ar–H–O isotopes to decipher the ore-fluid nature and identify the contribution of fluids to mineralization in the late stage of crystallization differentiation.In the Jiajika ore field,two-mica granites,pegmatites(including common pegmatites and spodumene pegmatites),metasandstones,and schists are the dominant rock types exposed.Common pegmatites derived from early differentiation of the two-mica granitic magmas before they evolved into spodumene pegmatites during the late stage of the magmatic evolution.Common pegmatites have~3He/~4He ratios that vary from 0.18 to 4.68 Ra(mean1.62 Ra),and their~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar ratios range from 426.70 to 1408.06(mean 761.81);spodumene pegmatites have~3He/~4He ratios that vary from 0.18 to 2.66 Ra(mean 0.87Ra)and their~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar ratios range from 402.13 to 1907.34(mean 801.65).These data indicate that the hydrothermal fluids were shown a mixture of crust-and mantle-derived materials,and the proportion of crustderived materials in spodumene pegmatites increases significantly in the late stage of the magmatic evolution.Theδ~(18)OH_(2)O–VSMOWvalues of common pegmatites range from 6.2‰to 10.9‰,with a mean value of 8.6‰,andδDV–SMOWvalues vary from-110‰to-72‰,with a mean o f-85‰.Theδ~(18)OH_(2)O–VSMOWvalues of spodumene pegmatites range from 5.3‰to 13.2‰,with a mean of 9.1‰,andδDV–SMOWvalues vary from-115‰to-77‰,with a mean of-91‰.These data suggest that the ore-forming fluids came from primary magmatic water gradually mixing with more meteoric water in the late stage of the magmatic evolution.Based on the He–Ar–H–O and other existing data,we propose that the oreforming metals are mainly derived from the upper continental crust with a minor contribution from the mantle,and the fluid exsolution and addition of meteoric water during the formation of pegmatite contributed to the formation of the Jiajika superlarge lithium deposit.展开更多
Two spodumene samples for helium isotope standard were prepared. According to the preparation criterion on first grade national standard materials, homogeneity tests of helium contents and isotope compositions of two ...Two spodumene samples for helium isotope standard were prepared. According to the preparation criterion on first grade national standard materials, homogeneity tests of helium contents and isotope compositions of two samples were carried out using the heat melt method. The homogeneity tests and certification analysis show that 4He contents and 3He/4He ratios of two reference material samples are homogeneous. Afterward two standard samples were distributed to four laboratories for cooperative fixed values. All data of various laboratories submit to normal distribution and not abnormity values. The average values of each laboratory are recommended as values of two spodumene samples for helium isotope standard.展开更多
The Songpan-Ganze orogenic belt on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau extends westward from the Songpan-Ganze terrain in western Sichuan to the Tianshuihai region in West Kunlun,Xinjiang.It hosts numerous ...The Songpan-Ganze orogenic belt on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau extends westward from the Songpan-Ganze terrain in western Sichuan to the Tianshuihai region in West Kunlun,Xinjiang.It hosts numerous giant spodumene pegmatite deposits and ore fields,including Jiajika and Ke’eryin in western Sichuan Province,Zhawulong on the border between the Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces,and Dahongliutan in Xinjiang Region.These form the Songpan-Ganze-West Kunlun(SP-GZ-WK) pegmatite-type rare-metal metallogenic belt.The pegmatite type rare-metal deposits in this belt are hosted in the metamorphic thermal domes in the metamorphosed flysh of the Triassic Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups.The mineralized pegmatites are intimately related to the Li-and volatile-rich two-mica granites that are peraluminous and have high(Li+Na+K)/(Mn+Fe+Mg+Ca+Ti) ratios.Pegmatites and granites in individual ore field throughout the belt typically form a cogenetic granite-pegmatite system,in which pegmatite dikes commonly surround granites.Spodumene is the predominant ore mineral in most pegmatites with limited hydrothermal alteration.In the granite-pegmatite systems,granitic magmas were emplaced under P-T conditions of 800–850°C and ~550 MPa,while spodumene crystallized in an alkaline environment.The granite-pegmatite systems share similar Sr-Nd-Hf-Li isotopic compositions to the metasediments of the Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups.The δ7Li values tend to increase from the granites to the Li-poor pegmatites,whereas the reverse is observed between the Li-poor and Li-rich pegmatites.These geochronological data suggest that the granite-pegmatite systems formed in the Late Triassic and tend to be progressively younger from the outer to the inner zones of the metallogenic belt.These characteristics show that the granitic-pegmatitic melts were derived from the anatexis of the Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups during the Paleo-Tethyan orogeny in the Late Triassic.The separation of pegmatitic melts from granitic magmas can be best explained using the Jiajika-style “melt-melt immiscibility” or the Ke’eryin-style “fractional crystallization+melt-melt immiscibility” model.High-maturity terrestrial sediments are of key importance for the anatexis that results in the granitepegmatite melts.The bidirectional tectonic stresses in the Songpan-Ganze orogenic belt may have caused the mineralization difference between the Jiajika deposit and the Ke’eryin ore field.These features indicate the controls of the combination of orogenic deformation,metapelites anatexis,and magmatic differentiation on the rare-metal mineralization of pegmatites.We suggest that pegmatites,pegmatite–parental granite,and their protoliths are important indicators for rare-metal mineralization in the SP-GZ-WK pegmatite type rare-metal metallogenic belt.Based on the widespread presence of fertile metasediments and well development of metamorphic thermal dome,highly differentiated granites,and regional zonation of pegmatites,the Zhawulong ore field is the most prospective area for rare metals and thus should be the priority for future exploration.展开更多
文摘The glass-ceramics were prepared with the spodumene mineral as the main raw material,and the effects of ZrO_(2)replacing TiO_(2)on the samples were systematically investigated.The results show that the substitution of ZrO_(2)for TiO_(2)is not conductive to precipitate𝛽β-quartz solid solution phase,but can improve the transparency and flexural strength of glass-ceramics.And the glass-ceramic with the highest visible light transmittance(87%)and flexural strength(231.80 MPa)exhibits an ultra-low thermal expansion of-0.028×10^(-7)K^(-1)in the region of 30-700℃.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFC2903202)the National Natural Science Foundations of China (Nos. 51974366, 52174267, 52174270 and 52004250)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2020M680100 and 2020TQ0279)the Postdoctoral Research Grant in Henan Province (No. 202003025)the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing and Co-innovation Center for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Metal Mineral Resources。
文摘Selective surface dissolution was found to be important in spodumene flotation. In this study, we proposed to introduce ultrasound into the pretreatment process to accelerate particle vibration and cavitation, as well as the migration of mineral surface components to solution. Micro-flotation results showed that the flotation recovery of spodumene can be 86.08% by ultrasound pretreatment, but only 39.30% by traditional mechanical agitation pretreatment. Compared with traditional mechanical agitation, ultrasonic pretreatment can shorten the pretreatment process, reduce the dosage of agents, reduce the mechanical agitation speed, and improve the efficiency of the pretreating process. Inductively coupled plasma analysis showed that, in the ultrasonic system, the amount of Li, Al, and Si species in the solution was twice as much as those in the traditional preprocessing system. Moreover, the scanning electron microscope results demonstrated a larger surface dissolution area in the ultrasonic system. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the atomic concentration of Si species on the spodumene surface decreased, whereas the relative atomic concentrations of Li and Al species increased, indicating that the ultrasound effect strengthened the selective dissolution of elements on the mineral surface.The high-resolution spectra of O 1s showed that more collectors are adsorbed on the mineral surface treated by ultrasonic pretreatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51922091,51674207,and 52004337)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Nos.2019YFS0453,2018JY0148 and SYZ202074).
文摘Here,the influence of grinding media with different shapes on the flotation performance of spodumene and its potential mechanism from microscale insights was investigated using a single mineral flotation experiment,X-ray diffraction(XRD)test,scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS),atomic force microscope(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The flotation data indicated that under anionic/cationic(sodium oleate(NaOL)/DDA)collectors system,the rod milled spodumene has a higher floatability than ball milled ones.XRD results confirmed that rod medium makes spodumene exposed more{110}and{100}planes,while ball medium makes spodumene exposed more{010}planes.The typical anisotropic surface of spodumene makes the surface of rod milled spodumene possess more Al sites,further confirmed by SEM-EDS and XPS results.Additionally,it was found that the rod milled spodumene presents a larger value of elongation and flatness,which are parameters closely related to bubble adhesion.AFM analysis indicated that rod milled products have a rougher surface,while ball milled products have a smoother surface.Consequently,the rod medium enhanced the adsorption of NaOL/DDA on the spodumene surfaces.This work provides theoretical guidance for optimizing the separation of spodumene from the perspective of grinding.
文摘In this paper,spodumene mineral was usedas raw material for fabricating glass ceramic with the addi-tion of MgO,ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub>,ZrO<sub>2</sub>.The expansion coefficientof the materials is 5. 5×10<sup>7</sup>/℃.Also the effects of the heattreatment on the crystallzing behaviour has been discussed byXRD and DTA.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52064017)Key Research and Development Project of Jiangxi Province(No.20181BBG70050)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(No.20202BABL204034)Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province(No.GJJ190425)the Youth Jinggang Scholars Program in Jiangxi Province,and Program of Qingjiang Excellent Young Talents,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology.
文摘Spodumene is a silicate mineral rich in lithium.However,the gangue mineral,albite has similar crystal chemical structure and composition to spodumene.In this work,the density functional theory(DFT)calculation was taken to research the floatability from the perspective of crystal chemistry.And contact angle test and reagent adsorption test were used to support the simulation results.In addition,the weighted total density of broken bonds is proposed for the first time to judge the generation probability of cleavage surface.The DFT calculation results display that the Na and Al sites on the albite surface are the adsorption sites of water molecules.While the water molecules only bond with Al atom on the surface of spodumene and each Al site can adsorb only one water molecule.Thus,the wetting effect of water molecules on the albite surface is stronger than that of spodumene.This is consistent with the result of contact angle.In sodium oleate system,the oleic acid anion is adsorbed on the spodumene surface in form of a multicomponent ring while the albite is a single ring.Theoretically,oleic acid anion can be strongly adsorbed on the surface of spodumene and albite under vacuum.The adsorption strength of spodumene is higher than that of albite.However,on hydrated surface,the adsorption strength of oleic acid anion on mineral surface is greatly reduced due to the interaction between water molecules and metal site on mineral surface.Thus,spodumene and albite are hard to float without external activated ions in sodium oleate system.
基金Funded by Research Fund of Center for Materials Research and Analysis,Wuhan University of Technology (No.2018KFJJ11)。
文摘The Li_(2)O-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2) (LAS) glass-ceramics with low lithium content were prepared from spodumene mineral by melting method.XRD,DSC,and FTIR were used to study the crystallization process and structure of the samples.The results showed that the addition of Na_(2)O promoted the precipitation of β-quartz solid solution and its transformation to β-spodumene solid solution.Mechanical performance tests and FESEM indicated that the larger grain size and inhomogeneous grain dispersion caused by the increase of Na_(2)O content led to lower mechanical properties.In addition,low expansion glass-ceramics were prepared by an appropriate heat treatment according to DSC result,and when Na_(2)O content was in the range of 1.22 wt% to 2.41 wt%,the average coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) (30-300 ℃) increased from-5.810 ×10^(-7 )to 5.322×10^(-7)℃^(-1).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51574240)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,China(Nos.20181BBG70050 and 20171BBG70044).
文摘The effects of shear strength on aggregation flotation processes for fine spodumene(particle size less than 19μm)were investigated in this study.Sodium oleate was used as a surfactant and collector.The shear strength was controlled by varying the agitation speed of a selfmade stirring apparatus.The aggregation process was studied by measuring the continuous transformations in the size distribution and shape of flocs.The results showed that as the shear strength increased,the distribution of fine spodumene transformed from bimodal to unimodal mode.The flocs tended to bridge more branches with a high shear strength and form globule-like flocs with very high strengths.The parameter"aggregation degree"was introduced to evaluate the aggregation process as a function of shear strength.The flotation rate of flocs formed with different shear strengths was also studied.These results demonstrated that the flotation rate was closely related to shear strength and that there was a close correlation between this and aggregation degree.These results could be used to guide the actual production of fine particles via shear aggregation flotation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52064017)the Program of Qingjiang Excellent Young Talents,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(No.20202BABL204034)the Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province(No.GJJ190425)the Youth Jinggang Scholars Program in Jiangxi Province。
文摘It is difficult to separate spodumene and albite by flotation with calcium ion as activator.In this study,microflotation experiment,solution chemistry calculation,density functional theory(DFT)calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analysis were conducted to investigate the effect mechanism of c alcium hydrolysate on the flotation separation of spodumene and albite.Results show that the weak interaction intensity of Ca^(2+)with O atoms on the mineral surface makes it difficult to activate minerals effectively.The O atom in the hydroxyl group of Ca(OH)^(+)and Ca(OH)_(2)can be strongly bonded with Al atom on the mineral surface,which greatly improves the adsorption strength.After the activation of Ca(OH)^(+),the adsorption forms of collectors on the surface of spodumene and albite are quite different,and the adsorption intensity on the surface of spodumene is higher,which is conducive to the flotation separation of spodumene and albite.After the action of Ca(OH)_(2),the adsorption of the collector on the albite surface is stronger than that of spodumene,which is not conducive to the flotation separation of the two minerals.By adjusting the initial concentration of calcium ions and pulp pH,Ca(OH)^(+)is the main active component,which is the key to improve the separation effect of spodumene and albite.
文摘The production launch ceremony of the Gyabjeka Spodumene Mine,a major new energy project in Kangding City,Ganzi Prefecture,was held in Tagong Township.As the largest solid spodumene mine in Asia,the Mine boasts an industrial-chain total investment of RMB 16 billion and an estimated annual production value of RMB 800 million and tax of RMB 104 million after it is officially put into production.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52034002,U1802253)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1908401)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.FRF-TT-19-001)。
文摘Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century.Because of the development trend of global electrification,the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade,and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time.Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market,lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries.This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources.Existing methods are summarized by the main resources,such as spodumene,lepidolite,and brine.The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods.This review provides a reference for the research,development,optimization,and industrial application of future processes.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2021YFC2901903 and 2017YFC0602705)the Jiangxi Province(2020101003)the East China University of Technology(1410000874)。
文摘The Jiajika granitic-and pegmatite-type lithium deposit,which is in the Songpan-Garze Orogenic Belt in western Sichuan Province,China,is the largest in Asia.Previous studies have examined the geochemistry and mineralogy of pegmatites and their parental source rocks to determine the genesis of the deposit.However,the evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids has received limited attention.We analyzed He–Ar–H–O isotopes to decipher the ore-fluid nature and identify the contribution of fluids to mineralization in the late stage of crystallization differentiation.In the Jiajika ore field,two-mica granites,pegmatites(including common pegmatites and spodumene pegmatites),metasandstones,and schists are the dominant rock types exposed.Common pegmatites derived from early differentiation of the two-mica granitic magmas before they evolved into spodumene pegmatites during the late stage of the magmatic evolution.Common pegmatites have~3He/~4He ratios that vary from 0.18 to 4.68 Ra(mean1.62 Ra),and their~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar ratios range from 426.70 to 1408.06(mean 761.81);spodumene pegmatites have~3He/~4He ratios that vary from 0.18 to 2.66 Ra(mean 0.87Ra)and their~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar ratios range from 402.13 to 1907.34(mean 801.65).These data indicate that the hydrothermal fluids were shown a mixture of crust-and mantle-derived materials,and the proportion of crustderived materials in spodumene pegmatites increases significantly in the late stage of the magmatic evolution.Theδ~(18)OH_(2)O–VSMOWvalues of common pegmatites range from 6.2‰to 10.9‰,with a mean value of 8.6‰,andδDV–SMOWvalues vary from-110‰to-72‰,with a mean o f-85‰.Theδ~(18)OH_(2)O–VSMOWvalues of spodumene pegmatites range from 5.3‰to 13.2‰,with a mean of 9.1‰,andδDV–SMOWvalues vary from-115‰to-77‰,with a mean of-91‰.These data suggest that the ore-forming fluids came from primary magmatic water gradually mixing with more meteoric water in the late stage of the magmatic evolution.Based on the He–Ar–H–O and other existing data,we propose that the oreforming metals are mainly derived from the upper continental crust with a minor contribution from the mantle,and the fluid exsolution and addition of meteoric water during the formation of pegmatite contributed to the formation of the Jiajika superlarge lithium deposit.
文摘Two spodumene samples for helium isotope standard were prepared. According to the preparation criterion on first grade national standard materials, homogeneity tests of helium contents and isotope compositions of two samples were carried out using the heat melt method. The homogeneity tests and certification analysis show that 4He contents and 3He/4He ratios of two reference material samples are homogeneous. Afterward two standard samples were distributed to four laboratories for cooperative fixed values. All data of various laboratories submit to normal distribution and not abnormity values. The average values of each laboratory are recommended as values of two spodumene samples for helium isotope standard.
基金supported by the Chinese National Key R&D Program (Grant No. 2019YFC0605200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41872096 and 42002109)the China Geological Survey Project (Grant Nos. DD20221684 and DD20230289)。
文摘The Songpan-Ganze orogenic belt on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau extends westward from the Songpan-Ganze terrain in western Sichuan to the Tianshuihai region in West Kunlun,Xinjiang.It hosts numerous giant spodumene pegmatite deposits and ore fields,including Jiajika and Ke’eryin in western Sichuan Province,Zhawulong on the border between the Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces,and Dahongliutan in Xinjiang Region.These form the Songpan-Ganze-West Kunlun(SP-GZ-WK) pegmatite-type rare-metal metallogenic belt.The pegmatite type rare-metal deposits in this belt are hosted in the metamorphic thermal domes in the metamorphosed flysh of the Triassic Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups.The mineralized pegmatites are intimately related to the Li-and volatile-rich two-mica granites that are peraluminous and have high(Li+Na+K)/(Mn+Fe+Mg+Ca+Ti) ratios.Pegmatites and granites in individual ore field throughout the belt typically form a cogenetic granite-pegmatite system,in which pegmatite dikes commonly surround granites.Spodumene is the predominant ore mineral in most pegmatites with limited hydrothermal alteration.In the granite-pegmatite systems,granitic magmas were emplaced under P-T conditions of 800–850°C and ~550 MPa,while spodumene crystallized in an alkaline environment.The granite-pegmatite systems share similar Sr-Nd-Hf-Li isotopic compositions to the metasediments of the Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups.The δ7Li values tend to increase from the granites to the Li-poor pegmatites,whereas the reverse is observed between the Li-poor and Li-rich pegmatites.These geochronological data suggest that the granite-pegmatite systems formed in the Late Triassic and tend to be progressively younger from the outer to the inner zones of the metallogenic belt.These characteristics show that the granitic-pegmatitic melts were derived from the anatexis of the Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups during the Paleo-Tethyan orogeny in the Late Triassic.The separation of pegmatitic melts from granitic magmas can be best explained using the Jiajika-style “melt-melt immiscibility” or the Ke’eryin-style “fractional crystallization+melt-melt immiscibility” model.High-maturity terrestrial sediments are of key importance for the anatexis that results in the granitepegmatite melts.The bidirectional tectonic stresses in the Songpan-Ganze orogenic belt may have caused the mineralization difference between the Jiajika deposit and the Ke’eryin ore field.These features indicate the controls of the combination of orogenic deformation,metapelites anatexis,and magmatic differentiation on the rare-metal mineralization of pegmatites.We suggest that pegmatites,pegmatite–parental granite,and their protoliths are important indicators for rare-metal mineralization in the SP-GZ-WK pegmatite type rare-metal metallogenic belt.Based on the widespread presence of fertile metasediments and well development of metamorphic thermal dome,highly differentiated granites,and regional zonation of pegmatites,the Zhawulong ore field is the most prospective area for rare metals and thus should be the priority for future exploration.
