Electrochemical lithium extraction from salt lakes is an effective strategy for obtaining lithium at a low cost.Nevertheless,the elevated Mg:Li ratio and the presence of numerous coexisting ions in salt lake brines gi...Electrochemical lithium extraction from salt lakes is an effective strategy for obtaining lithium at a low cost.Nevertheless,the elevated Mg:Li ratio and the presence of numerous coexisting ions in salt lake brines give rise to challenges,such as prolonged lithium extraction periods,diminished lithium extraction efficiency,and considerable environmental pollution.In this work,Li FePO4(LFP)served as the electrode material for electrochemical lithium extraction.The conductive network in the LFP electrode was optimized by adjusting the type of conductive agent.This approach resulted in high lithium extraction efficiency and extended cycle life.When the single conductive agent of acetylene black(AB)or multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)was replaced with the mixed conductive agent of AB/MWCNTs,the average diffusion coefficient of Li+in the electrode increased from 2.35×10^(-9)or 1.77×10^(-9)to 4.21×10^(-9)cm^(2)·s^(-1).At the current density of 20 mA·g^(-1),the average lithium extraction capacity per gram of LFP electrode increased from 30.36 mg with the single conductive agent(AB)to 35.62 mg with the mixed conductive agent(AB/MWCNTs).When the mixed conductive agent was used,the capacity retention of the electrode after 30 cycles reached 82.9%,which was considerably higher than the capacity retention of 65.8%obtained when the single AB was utilized.Meanwhile,the electrode with mixed conductive agent of AB/MWCNTs provided good cycling performance.When the conductive agent content decreased or the loading capacity increased,the electrode containing the mixed conductive agent continued to show excellent electrochemical performance.Furthermore,a self-designed,highly efficient,continuous lithium extraction device was constructed.The electrode utilizing the AB/MWCNT mixed conductive agent maintained excellent adsorption capacity and cycling performance in this device.This work provides a new perspective for the electrochemical extraction of lithium using LFP electrodes.展开更多
Sergei Winogradsky illuminated revolutionary concepts and produced a tool to visualize complex microbial communities and their metabolisms over time:columns displaying aquatic consortia with variety of niches.We worke...Sergei Winogradsky illuminated revolutionary concepts and produced a tool to visualize complex microbial communities and their metabolisms over time:columns displaying aquatic consortia with variety of niches.We worked with museums in Utah to create Winogradsky columns that would highlight aesthetic properties of the Great Salt Lake(GSL)ecosystem,which has a salinity gradient from the freshwater wetlands to salt saturation.One column,constructed using haloarchaea-rich hypersaline brine and oolitic sand of the lake’s north arm,was enriched with nutrients,and resulted in the desired pink hue over time.After a seven-year maturation period,we examined the microbial taxa present in the water through 16 S/18 S rRNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS)gene sequencing.A pigment analysis revealed an abundance of bacteriochlorophyll a.The presence of this pigment coupled with the DNA sequencing results,suggest that the haloarchaea that dominate the GSL brine,were not responsible for the pink coloration,but instead Gammaproteobacteria,especially Halorhodospira species.Among the eukaryotes,the lack of phytoplankton and the abundance of fungi were noteworthy observations.These data likely relate to the reduction of oxygen in a non-aerated sealed system over time.Our second exhibit had the goal of educating museum goers about the varying salinities of Great Salt Lake.Here we employed three distinct columns of water and sediment from this salinity gradient.Observations of these columns overtime gave us information about invertebrate communities in addition to the microbial consortia.Both installations taught us about comparing an artificial environment in a museum setting to the natural ecosystem.Taken together,we present the data collected and lessons learned from using Winogradsky columns in public spaces for teaching about an important saline lake.展开更多
Zabuye Salt Lake(ZSL)in Xizang is the only saline lake in the world with natural crystalline lithium carbonate.As it is an important lithium production base in China,any changes of this lake are concerning.Global clim...Zabuye Salt Lake(ZSL)in Xizang is the only saline lake in the world with natural crystalline lithium carbonate.As it is an important lithium production base in China,any changes of this lake are concerning.Global climate change(CC)has affected the hydrological conditions of glaciers,lakes,and ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau(TP).With the aim of monitoring dynamic hydrological changes in ZSL and Lunggar Glaciers(LG)to identify factors governing lake changes,and to estimate the potential damage to grasslands and salt pans,Landsat remote sensing(RS)and meteorological data were used to do a series of experiments and analysis.Firstly,according to the spectral characteristics(SC),salt lake,glaciers,grasslands,and salt pans around the salt lake were extracted by band calculation(BC).Secondly,basin and water areas of the expanded lake were estimated using a shuttle radar topography mission(SRTM)digital elevation model(DEM).Thirdly,comprehensive analyses of lake and glacier area changes,and regional meteorological factors(annual average temperature,annual precipitation,and evaporation)were performed,and the results show that ZSL expanded at a rate of 5.28 km^(2)/a,it is likely to continue expanding.Expansion was closely related to the large-scale melting of a glacier caused by rising temperatures.Continued lake expansion(LE)will exert different effects on surrounding grasslands and salt pans,7.84 km^(2)of grassland and 2.7 km^(2)of salt pan will be submerged with every meter of water increase in the lake.Similar prediction methods was used to monitor other lakes on the TP.Mami Co,Selin Co,and Chaerhan salt lakes all expanded at different rates,and may potentially cause different levels of potential harm to surrounding grasslands and roads.Our study contributes to salt lake research and demonstrates the superiority of RS technology for monitoring saline lakes.展开更多
The Qarhan Salt Lake(QSL)in western China is K-Sr-Li-B-Br-Rb multi-resource coexisting Quaternary brine deposits.Significant research efforts have been directed to the origin of K-Li resources and evolutionary history...The Qarhan Salt Lake(QSL)in western China is K-Sr-Li-B-Br-Rb multi-resource coexisting Quaternary brine deposits.Significant research efforts have been directed to the origin of K-Li resources and evolutionary history of the QSL.However,the study on the different sources,recharge processes,and differential distribution patterns for these resource elements in brine deposits is still inadequate.Therefore,we measured Li-B concentrations and H-O-Sr-B isotopic compositions of different waters(river,spring,and brine)from the QSL,combined with the reported K-Sr contents and multiple isotopes of waters,to discuss the recharge,source of K-Sr-Li-B and their spatial distributions,by analogy with other evaporite basins in the world.The results show that:(1)the K-Li-B-Sr elemental concentrations of brines and their spatial distribution in the QSL are diverse;(2)high K and Sr values are distributed in Dabuxun and Qarhan sections,respectively,which are controlled by Ca-Cl springs in the northern QSL;on the contrary,Li and B values are enriched in the Bieletan section and are charged by thermal springs in the Kunlun Mountains;(3)the formation and evolution of Ca-Cl and thermal springs constrain fundamentally on the recharge processes of K-Sr and Li-B elements in the terminal salt lakes of the Qaidam Basin(QB);(4)some analogues of recharge processes limit the resource elements of the QSL and other salt lakes(Da Qaidam,Lop Nur,Zhabuye,Atacama,and Guayatayoc)in the world provides a reference for the resource exploration in deep formation waters in the evaporite basins.展开更多
There are a large number of lakes,rivers,and other natural water bodies distributed in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The changes in water bodies will affect the distribution of water resources ...There are a large number of lakes,rivers,and other natural water bodies distributed in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The changes in water bodies will affect the distribution of water resources in sur-rounding areas and downstream areas,resulting in environmental impact and bringing potential flood disasters,which will induce more serious issues and problems in alpine and high-altitude areas with a fragile habitat(such as the QTP in China).Generally,effective,reasonable,and scientific monitoring of large-scale water bodies can not only document the changes in water bodies intuitively,but also provide important theoretical reference for subsequent environmental impact prediction,and disaster prevention and mitigation in due course of time.The large-scale water extraction technology derived from the optical remote sensing(RS)image is seriously affected by clouds,bringing about large differences among the extracted water result products.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)RS technology has the unique advantage characteristics of all-weather,all-day,strong penetration,and not being affected by clouds,which is hopeful in extracting water body data,especially for days with cloudy weather.The data extraction of large-scale water bodies based on SAR images can effectively avoid the errors caused by clouds that become prevalent at present.In this paper,the Hoh Xil Salt Lake on the QTP and its surrounding five lakes are taken as the research objects.The 2-scene Sentinel-1 SAR image data covering the whole area on 22 August 2022 was used to verify the feasibility of extracting water body data in permafrost zones.Furthermore,on 22 August 2022,the wealth here was cloudy,which made the optical RS images,e.g.,Sentinel-2 images full of clouds.The results show that:using the Sentinel-1 image and threshold segmentation method to extract water body data is efficient and effective with excellent results in permafrost areas.Concretely,the Sentinel-1 dual-polarized water index(SDWI),calculated by combining dual vertical–vertical(VV)polarized and verti-cal–horizontal(VH)polarized data is a useful index for water extraction and the result is better than each of the VV or VH polarized images.展开更多
Objective A total of 820 million tons of potash reserves are predicted to exist in the Palaeocene–Eocene of the Jianghan Basin.However,the basin history is still unclear concerning the potash enriching conditions and...Objective A total of 820 million tons of potash reserves are predicted to exist in the Palaeocene–Eocene of the Jianghan Basin.However,the basin history is still unclear concerning the potash enriching conditions and mechanism.The Well SKD1 is the first exploration well drilled in the Paleogene of Jianghan Basin with continuous coring,which was implemented in the展开更多
The Quaternary was the main evaporite deposition period in the Qaidam Basin(QB), but the correlation between the evaporite deposition period and the glacial period is still unclear. In this study, the research objects...The Quaternary was the main evaporite deposition period in the Qaidam Basin(QB), but the correlation between the evaporite deposition period and the glacial period is still unclear. In this study, the research objects are primarily evaporite-bearing strata in a 461.58 m-long drill core in the QB. X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were applied to study the evaporite minerals, U-Th dating being applied to construct the ~(230)Th geochronological framework. Evaporite deposition from Marine Isotope Stage(MIS) 15 to MIS 4 in the borehole was reconstructed via mineralogical and geochronological data. The evaporite minerals are mainly halite(NaCl), mirabilite(Na_(2)SO_(4)·10H_(2)O), thenardite(Na_(2)SO_(4)) and gypsum(CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O). A total of 9 effective ~(230)Th data points, ranging from 492.5 ± 43.0 ka to 62.0 ± 11.9 ka, were obtained. The depositional age of the earliest halite layer in the borehole is 592.5–563.0 ka. There were mirabilite deposits in the QB during the cold glacial environment of MIS 6. During MIS 4, the study area desiccated, with mirabilite and halite being deposited. This study suggests that mirabilite is an indicator mineral for the glacial environment in the QB, while halite deposition does not correspond well to glaciation.展开更多
Boron is an essential,widely used,micronutrient element and is abundant in salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The origin and distribution of boron brine deposits on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important found...Boron is an essential,widely used,micronutrient element and is abundant in salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The origin and distribution of boron brine deposits on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important foundation for B resource formation,evolution,and enrichment,which have long been the subject of debate.The boron isotope system is a sensitive geochemical tracer,making it useful for eff ectively and precisely tracking a wide range of geological processes and sources.This study investigates the major cations,[B],andδB values of samples(lake brine,river waters,and cold spring water)from the Bangor Co Lake which is a typical salt lake rich in boron in Tibet,China.There are magnitude-scale diff erences in[B]among diff erent sample types:river samples<cold spring water<<brine lakes.[B]values vary from 0.73 to~1113 mg/L.Similar to[B],theδB values of the samples exhibit magnitude-scale variations as[B],ranging from-7.35‰to+7.66‰.There are also magnitude-scale diff erences inδB among diff erent sample types.TheδB values of cold spring water are relatively low,and the values range from-1.26‰to-7.75‰.However,the river water samples and saline lakes have higher values,from 0.38‰to 4.62‰,and theδB values of river water samples are basically in the distribution range of those of Bangor Co Lake.This indicates that the sources of boron in Bangor Co Lake are mainly the recharge water with higherδB values and spring water with lowerδB values,and the boron sources and the uneven mixing of lake water are two reasons that account for the large change in theδB value of Bangor Co Lake.展开更多
The salinity of the salt lake is an important factor to evaluate whether it contains some mineral resources or not,the fault buried in the salt lake could control the abundance of the salinity.Therefore,it is of great...The salinity of the salt lake is an important factor to evaluate whether it contains some mineral resources or not,the fault buried in the salt lake could control the abundance of the salinity.Therefore,it is of great geological importance to identify the fault buried in the salt lake.Taking the Gasikule Salt Lake in China for example,the paper established a new method to identify the fault buried in the salt lake based on the multi-source remote sensing data including Landsat TM,SPOT-5 and ASTER data.It includes the acquisition and selection of the multi-source remote sensing data,data preprocessing,lake waterfront extraction,spectrum extraction of brine with different salinity,salinity index construction,salinity separation,analysis of the abnormal salinity and identification of the fault buried in salt lake,temperature inversion of brine and the fault verification.As a result,the study identified an important fault buried in the east of the Gasikule Salt Lake that controls the highest salinity abnormal.Because the level of the salinity is positively correlated to the mineral abundance,the result provides the important reference to identify the water body rich in mineral resources in the salt lake.展开更多
Based on the 16 scenes GF-1 satellite multi-spectral remote sensing images,through the adoption of data processing methods including orthorectification,geometric rectification,data fusion and image mosaic,integrated w...Based on the 16 scenes GF-1 satellite multi-spectral remote sensing images,through the adoption of data processing methods including orthorectification,geometric rectification,data fusion and image mosaic,integrated with field surveys,the remote sensing interpretation signs for the inland wetland types have been built,and the remote sensing survey of inland wetlands in Yadong region has been initiated,with six types of inland wetlands recognized in Yadong region,namely permanent rivers,seasonal rivers,lakes,salt lakes,alpine meadows,and inundated land.The spatial distribution characteristics and the spreading rules of these wetlands have also been revealed.Based on full understanding of the overall characteristics of the inland wetlands in the Yadong region,using the three phases of TM images acquired in 1989,2003 and 2008 as well as the PMS2 data gathered by GF-1 in 2014,and the wide-range data(WFV3)gathered by GF-1 in 2020.As to the typical salt lakes,a long-time salt lakes transition study was carried out.The results show that the typical salt lakes in Yadong have been shrinking in the past three decades.The average annual shrinkage of Duoqing Co(Co means lake in Tibetan)was stronger than that of Gala Co,which are respective 87.30 hectares(usually short as ha;1 ha equals to 0.01 km^(2))/a and 24.20 ha/a;the shrinkage degree of Gala Co was higher than that of Duoqing Co,shrank by 59.27% and 35.73% respectively.Based on the remote sensing survey results and an integrated analysis of the predecessors’researchers,the reason for the shrinkage of the salt lakes is more inclined to geological factors.Geological process is manifested by a series of extensional faults at the bottom of the lake basin generated from tectonic activities,providing fluid infiltration channels,and inducing the eventual leakage of lake water to the lower strata.The result provides an important instance for understanding the evolution characteristics of wetlands and salt lakes in specific environment of the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
Based on the requirement of the new technology for producing potassium sulfate and N-Mg compound fertilizer,boussingaultite,by the reaction of the mineral shoenite from Kunteyi Salt Lake,Qinghai province,and the indus...Based on the requirement of the new technology for producing potassium sulfate and N-Mg compound fertilizer,boussingaultite,by the reaction of the mineral shoenite from Kunteyi Salt Lake,Qinghai province,and the industrial by-product ammonium sulfate,the solubilities of the quaternary system(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)-MgSO_(4)-K_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O at 25.0℃in the isothermal evaporation and crystallization process were measured using the isothermal evaporation method,and the corresponding phase diagrams were plotted.According to the diagram,this system contains six saturation points and six solid phase fields of crystallization,which correspond to(K1-m,(NH_(4))m)_(2)SO_(4),(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,K_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,(K1-n,(NH_(4))n)_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O and MgSO_(4)·7H_(2)O,respectively.By analyzing and calculating the isothermal evaporation and dissolution phase diagram of this quaternary system at 25.0℃,K_(2)SO_(4)and(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O can be separated via K_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O and(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)as raw materials.Theoretical calculations about the proposed process were carried out and verified by experiment,which indicated that the yield of potassium sulfate was improved and the magnesium resources were fully utilized.展开更多
Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the...Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na^(+),K^(+),and Cl^(-).Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na^(+),K^(+),Ca2+,Mg^(2+),Cl^(-),CO_(3)^(2-),SO_(4)^(2-),and HCO_(3)^(-))were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.展开更多
The statement that the world’s ecosystems are rapidly deteriorating due to human intervention and global warming is nowadays commonplace.Some of the ecosystems most heavily impacted are inland salt lakes.The salt lak...The statement that the world’s ecosystems are rapidly deteriorating due to human intervention and global warming is nowadays commonplace.Some of the ecosystems most heavily impacted are inland salt lakes.The salt lakes are among the most valuable and fascinating ecosystems on Earth,and their study has both basic scientifi c interest as well as applied aspects.展开更多
Brief sJournal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Committee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our ta...Brief sJournal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Committee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our tasks are to cover and exchange the research reports,scientific papers and accomplishments on the developments of science and technology of salt lakes,underground water,gas water and other natural resources,展开更多
Journal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Com-mittee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our tasks ar...Journal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Com-mittee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our tasks are to cover and exchange the research reports,scientific papers and accomplishments on the developments of sci-ence and technology of salt lakes。展开更多
Journal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Committee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and
Journal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Com-mittee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our tasks ar...Journal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Com-mittee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our tasks are to展开更多
This article recounts the current state of the research, developmemt and exploitation of the salt-lake resources in China’s hinterland with emphasis placed on those in Qinghai Province. It suggests that R&D input...This article recounts the current state of the research, developmemt and exploitation of the salt-lake resources in China’s hinterland with emphasis placed on those in Qinghai Province. It suggests that R&D input in and exploitation of the resources be stepped up, as this is of vital significance in boosting the regional economy of northwest China.展开更多
This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the produc...This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the production of lithium salts and the rich lithium reserves in China’s salt lakes as well as the brilliant prospects for its exploitation in the future. The article proposes that a sustainable exploitation of the lithium trove from these salt lakes should be rooted in comprehensive utilization of the trove and take a long-term approach, emphasizing high value proliferation in developing quality lithium-based products. Also, it expresses some tentative ideas on building demonstration bases for all-round exploitation and utilization of the salt lake resources and the development of lithium cells.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52072322)the Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province,China(Nos.23GJHZ0147,23ZDYF0262,2022YFG0294,and 2019-GH02-00052-HZ)。
文摘Electrochemical lithium extraction from salt lakes is an effective strategy for obtaining lithium at a low cost.Nevertheless,the elevated Mg:Li ratio and the presence of numerous coexisting ions in salt lake brines give rise to challenges,such as prolonged lithium extraction periods,diminished lithium extraction efficiency,and considerable environmental pollution.In this work,Li FePO4(LFP)served as the electrode material for electrochemical lithium extraction.The conductive network in the LFP electrode was optimized by adjusting the type of conductive agent.This approach resulted in high lithium extraction efficiency and extended cycle life.When the single conductive agent of acetylene black(AB)or multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)was replaced with the mixed conductive agent of AB/MWCNTs,the average diffusion coefficient of Li+in the electrode increased from 2.35×10^(-9)or 1.77×10^(-9)to 4.21×10^(-9)cm^(2)·s^(-1).At the current density of 20 mA·g^(-1),the average lithium extraction capacity per gram of LFP electrode increased from 30.36 mg with the single conductive agent(AB)to 35.62 mg with the mixed conductive agent(AB/MWCNTs).When the mixed conductive agent was used,the capacity retention of the electrode after 30 cycles reached 82.9%,which was considerably higher than the capacity retention of 65.8%obtained when the single AB was utilized.Meanwhile,the electrode with mixed conductive agent of AB/MWCNTs provided good cycling performance.When the conductive agent content decreased or the loading capacity increased,the electrode containing the mixed conductive agent continued to show excellent electrochemical performance.Furthermore,a self-designed,highly efficient,continuous lithium extraction device was constructed.The electrode utilizing the AB/MWCNT mixed conductive agent maintained excellent adsorption capacity and cycling performance in this device.This work provides a new perspective for the electrochemical extraction of lithium using LFP electrodes.
基金Supported by the NASA Utah Space Grant Consortium and Preston Chiaro。
文摘Sergei Winogradsky illuminated revolutionary concepts and produced a tool to visualize complex microbial communities and their metabolisms over time:columns displaying aquatic consortia with variety of niches.We worked with museums in Utah to create Winogradsky columns that would highlight aesthetic properties of the Great Salt Lake(GSL)ecosystem,which has a salinity gradient from the freshwater wetlands to salt saturation.One column,constructed using haloarchaea-rich hypersaline brine and oolitic sand of the lake’s north arm,was enriched with nutrients,and resulted in the desired pink hue over time.After a seven-year maturation period,we examined the microbial taxa present in the water through 16 S/18 S rRNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS)gene sequencing.A pigment analysis revealed an abundance of bacteriochlorophyll a.The presence of this pigment coupled with the DNA sequencing results,suggest that the haloarchaea that dominate the GSL brine,were not responsible for the pink coloration,but instead Gammaproteobacteria,especially Halorhodospira species.Among the eukaryotes,the lack of phytoplankton and the abundance of fungi were noteworthy observations.These data likely relate to the reduction of oxygen in a non-aerated sealed system over time.Our second exhibit had the goal of educating museum goers about the varying salinities of Great Salt Lake.Here we employed three distinct columns of water and sediment from this salinity gradient.Observations of these columns overtime gave us information about invertebrate communities in addition to the microbial consortia.Both installations taught us about comparing an artificial environment in a museum setting to the natural ecosystem.Taken together,we present the data collected and lessons learned from using Winogradsky columns in public spaces for teaching about an important saline lake.
基金Supported by the Academician Workstation Projects of the Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(Nos.HE 2205,HE 2206,KK 2012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42172332)+1 种基金the China Geological Survey Project(No.DD 20221684)the Basic Research Projects of the Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(No.KK 2102)。
文摘Zabuye Salt Lake(ZSL)in Xizang is the only saline lake in the world with natural crystalline lithium carbonate.As it is an important lithium production base in China,any changes of this lake are concerning.Global climate change(CC)has affected the hydrological conditions of glaciers,lakes,and ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau(TP).With the aim of monitoring dynamic hydrological changes in ZSL and Lunggar Glaciers(LG)to identify factors governing lake changes,and to estimate the potential damage to grasslands and salt pans,Landsat remote sensing(RS)and meteorological data were used to do a series of experiments and analysis.Firstly,according to the spectral characteristics(SC),salt lake,glaciers,grasslands,and salt pans around the salt lake were extracted by band calculation(BC).Secondly,basin and water areas of the expanded lake were estimated using a shuttle radar topography mission(SRTM)digital elevation model(DEM).Thirdly,comprehensive analyses of lake and glacier area changes,and regional meteorological factors(annual average temperature,annual precipitation,and evaporation)were performed,and the results show that ZSL expanded at a rate of 5.28 km^(2)/a,it is likely to continue expanding.Expansion was closely related to the large-scale melting of a glacier caused by rising temperatures.Continued lake expansion(LE)will exert different effects on surrounding grasslands and salt pans,7.84 km^(2)of grassland and 2.7 km^(2)of salt pan will be submerged with every meter of water increase in the lake.Similar prediction methods was used to monitor other lakes on the TP.Mami Co,Selin Co,and Chaerhan salt lakes all expanded at different rates,and may potentially cause different levels of potential harm to surrounding grasslands and roads.Our study contributes to salt lake research and demonstrates the superiority of RS technology for monitoring saline lakes.
基金Supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(No.2019 QZKK 0805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U 21 A 2018)the Foundation of Department of Qinghai Science&Technology(No.2020-ZJ-T 06)。
文摘The Qarhan Salt Lake(QSL)in western China is K-Sr-Li-B-Br-Rb multi-resource coexisting Quaternary brine deposits.Significant research efforts have been directed to the origin of K-Li resources and evolutionary history of the QSL.However,the study on the different sources,recharge processes,and differential distribution patterns for these resource elements in brine deposits is still inadequate.Therefore,we measured Li-B concentrations and H-O-Sr-B isotopic compositions of different waters(river,spring,and brine)from the QSL,combined with the reported K-Sr contents and multiple isotopes of waters,to discuss the recharge,source of K-Sr-Li-B and their spatial distributions,by analogy with other evaporite basins in the world.The results show that:(1)the K-Li-B-Sr elemental concentrations of brines and their spatial distribution in the QSL are diverse;(2)high K and Sr values are distributed in Dabuxun and Qarhan sections,respectively,which are controlled by Ca-Cl springs in the northern QSL;on the contrary,Li and B values are enriched in the Bieletan section and are charged by thermal springs in the Kunlun Mountains;(3)the formation and evolution of Ca-Cl and thermal springs constrain fundamentally on the recharge processes of K-Sr and Li-B elements in the terminal salt lakes of the Qaidam Basin(QB);(4)some analogues of recharge processes limit the resource elements of the QSL and other salt lakes(Da Qaidam,Lop Nur,Zhabuye,Atacama,and Guayatayoc)in the world provides a reference for the resource exploration in deep formation waters in the evaporite basins.
基金funded by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program,grant number 2019QZKK0905the National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 42272339,42201162,42101121the Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering,grant number SKLFSE-ZQ-58,SKLFSE-ZT-202203,SKLFSE-ZY-20.
文摘There are a large number of lakes,rivers,and other natural water bodies distributed in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The changes in water bodies will affect the distribution of water resources in sur-rounding areas and downstream areas,resulting in environmental impact and bringing potential flood disasters,which will induce more serious issues and problems in alpine and high-altitude areas with a fragile habitat(such as the QTP in China).Generally,effective,reasonable,and scientific monitoring of large-scale water bodies can not only document the changes in water bodies intuitively,but also provide important theoretical reference for subsequent environmental impact prediction,and disaster prevention and mitigation in due course of time.The large-scale water extraction technology derived from the optical remote sensing(RS)image is seriously affected by clouds,bringing about large differences among the extracted water result products.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)RS technology has the unique advantage characteristics of all-weather,all-day,strong penetration,and not being affected by clouds,which is hopeful in extracting water body data,especially for days with cloudy weather.The data extraction of large-scale water bodies based on SAR images can effectively avoid the errors caused by clouds that become prevalent at present.In this paper,the Hoh Xil Salt Lake on the QTP and its surrounding five lakes are taken as the research objects.The 2-scene Sentinel-1 SAR image data covering the whole area on 22 August 2022 was used to verify the feasibility of extracting water body data in permafrost zones.Furthermore,on 22 August 2022,the wealth here was cloudy,which made the optical RS images,e.g.,Sentinel-2 images full of clouds.The results show that:using the Sentinel-1 image and threshold segmentation method to extract water body data is efficient and effective with excellent results in permafrost areas.Concretely,the Sentinel-1 dual-polarized water index(SDWI),calculated by combining dual vertical–vertical(VV)polarized and verti-cal–horizontal(VH)polarized data is a useful index for water extraction and the result is better than each of the VV or VH polarized images.
基金the National Science Foundation of China(Grants No.41502089,41302059 and 41202059)for their financial support
文摘Objective A total of 820 million tons of potash reserves are predicted to exist in the Palaeocene–Eocene of the Jianghan Basin.However,the basin history is still unclear concerning the potash enriching conditions and mechanism.The Well SKD1 is the first exploration well drilled in the Paleogene of Jianghan Basin with continuous coring,which was implemented in the
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41902190 and 42003044)the Geological Survey Project of China (Grant No. DD20221913)the Qinghai Geological Exploration Fund (Grant No. 2020021068kc035)。
文摘The Quaternary was the main evaporite deposition period in the Qaidam Basin(QB), but the correlation between the evaporite deposition period and the glacial period is still unclear. In this study, the research objects are primarily evaporite-bearing strata in a 461.58 m-long drill core in the QB. X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were applied to study the evaporite minerals, U-Th dating being applied to construct the ~(230)Th geochronological framework. Evaporite deposition from Marine Isotope Stage(MIS) 15 to MIS 4 in the borehole was reconstructed via mineralogical and geochronological data. The evaporite minerals are mainly halite(NaCl), mirabilite(Na_(2)SO_(4)·10H_(2)O), thenardite(Na_(2)SO_(4)) and gypsum(CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O). A total of 9 effective ~(230)Th data points, ranging from 492.5 ± 43.0 ka to 62.0 ± 11.9 ka, were obtained. The depositional age of the earliest halite layer in the borehole is 592.5–563.0 ka. There were mirabilite deposits in the QB during the cold glacial environment of MIS 6. During MIS 4, the study area desiccated, with mirabilite and halite being deposited. This study suggests that mirabilite is an indicator mineral for the glacial environment in the QB, while halite deposition does not correspond well to glaciation.
基金the Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2022JC)the 2nd Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(Nos.2019QZKK0805 and 2019QZKK0707)+1 种基金the Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture,Joint Fund Projects(No.IAGM2020C09)Basic Research Program of Qinghai Province(No.2020-ZJ-734)。
文摘Boron is an essential,widely used,micronutrient element and is abundant in salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The origin and distribution of boron brine deposits on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important foundation for B resource formation,evolution,and enrichment,which have long been the subject of debate.The boron isotope system is a sensitive geochemical tracer,making it useful for eff ectively and precisely tracking a wide range of geological processes and sources.This study investigates the major cations,[B],andδB values of samples(lake brine,river waters,and cold spring water)from the Bangor Co Lake which is a typical salt lake rich in boron in Tibet,China.There are magnitude-scale diff erences in[B]among diff erent sample types:river samples<cold spring water<<brine lakes.[B]values vary from 0.73 to~1113 mg/L.Similar to[B],theδB values of the samples exhibit magnitude-scale variations as[B],ranging from-7.35‰to+7.66‰.There are also magnitude-scale diff erences inδB among diff erent sample types.TheδB values of cold spring water are relatively low,and the values range from-1.26‰to-7.75‰.However,the river water samples and saline lakes have higher values,from 0.38‰to 4.62‰,and theδB values of river water samples are basically in the distribution range of those of Bangor Co Lake.This indicates that the sources of boron in Bangor Co Lake are mainly the recharge water with higherδB values and spring water with lowerδB values,and the boron sources and the uneven mixing of lake water are two reasons that account for the large change in theδB value of Bangor Co Lake.
基金This work was supported by the National Advance Research Program(Item No.Y1601-1).
文摘The salinity of the salt lake is an important factor to evaluate whether it contains some mineral resources or not,the fault buried in the salt lake could control the abundance of the salinity.Therefore,it is of great geological importance to identify the fault buried in the salt lake.Taking the Gasikule Salt Lake in China for example,the paper established a new method to identify the fault buried in the salt lake based on the multi-source remote sensing data including Landsat TM,SPOT-5 and ASTER data.It includes the acquisition and selection of the multi-source remote sensing data,data preprocessing,lake waterfront extraction,spectrum extraction of brine with different salinity,salinity index construction,salinity separation,analysis of the abnormal salinity and identification of the fault buried in salt lake,temperature inversion of brine and the fault verification.As a result,the study identified an important fault buried in the east of the Gasikule Salt Lake that controls the highest salinity abnormal.Because the level of the salinity is positively correlated to the mineral abundance,the result provides the important reference to identify the water body rich in mineral resources in the salt lake.
基金funded by the China Geological Survey Project(DD20190545 and DD20221824).
文摘Based on the 16 scenes GF-1 satellite multi-spectral remote sensing images,through the adoption of data processing methods including orthorectification,geometric rectification,data fusion and image mosaic,integrated with field surveys,the remote sensing interpretation signs for the inland wetland types have been built,and the remote sensing survey of inland wetlands in Yadong region has been initiated,with six types of inland wetlands recognized in Yadong region,namely permanent rivers,seasonal rivers,lakes,salt lakes,alpine meadows,and inundated land.The spatial distribution characteristics and the spreading rules of these wetlands have also been revealed.Based on full understanding of the overall characteristics of the inland wetlands in the Yadong region,using the three phases of TM images acquired in 1989,2003 and 2008 as well as the PMS2 data gathered by GF-1 in 2014,and the wide-range data(WFV3)gathered by GF-1 in 2020.As to the typical salt lakes,a long-time salt lakes transition study was carried out.The results show that the typical salt lakes in Yadong have been shrinking in the past three decades.The average annual shrinkage of Duoqing Co(Co means lake in Tibetan)was stronger than that of Gala Co,which are respective 87.30 hectares(usually short as ha;1 ha equals to 0.01 km^(2))/a and 24.20 ha/a;the shrinkage degree of Gala Co was higher than that of Duoqing Co,shrank by 59.27% and 35.73% respectively.Based on the remote sensing survey results and an integrated analysis of the predecessors’researchers,the reason for the shrinkage of the salt lakes is more inclined to geological factors.Geological process is manifested by a series of extensional faults at the bottom of the lake basin generated from tectonic activities,providing fluid infiltration channels,and inducing the eventual leakage of lake water to the lower strata.The result provides an important instance for understanding the evolution characteristics of wetlands and salt lakes in specific environment of the Tibetan Plateau.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.21576066)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.B2017202268)the Research Fund Program of Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology(No.GC201816).
文摘Based on the requirement of the new technology for producing potassium sulfate and N-Mg compound fertilizer,boussingaultite,by the reaction of the mineral shoenite from Kunteyi Salt Lake,Qinghai province,and the industrial by-product ammonium sulfate,the solubilities of the quaternary system(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)-MgSO_(4)-K_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O at 25.0℃in the isothermal evaporation and crystallization process were measured using the isothermal evaporation method,and the corresponding phase diagrams were plotted.According to the diagram,this system contains six saturation points and six solid phase fields of crystallization,which correspond to(K1-m,(NH_(4))m)_(2)SO_(4),(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,K_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O,(K1-n,(NH_(4))n)_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O and MgSO_(4)·7H_(2)O,respectively.By analyzing and calculating the isothermal evaporation and dissolution phase diagram of this quaternary system at 25.0℃,K_(2)SO_(4)and(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O can be separated via K_(2)SO_(4)·MgSO_(4)·6H_(2)O and(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)as raw materials.Theoretical calculations about the proposed process were carried out and verified by experiment,which indicated that the yield of potassium sulfate was improved and the magnesium resources were fully utilized.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41621001,32061123006)the Fund of Ningxia Independent Innovation on Agriculture Science and Technology,China(NGSB-2021-14-04).
文摘Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na^(+),K^(+),and Cl^(-).Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na^(+),K^(+),Ca2+,Mg^(2+),Cl^(-),CO_(3)^(2-),SO_(4)^(2-),and HCO_(3)^(-))were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.
文摘The statement that the world’s ecosystems are rapidly deteriorating due to human intervention and global warming is nowadays commonplace.Some of the ecosystems most heavily impacted are inland salt lakes.The salt lakes are among the most valuable and fascinating ecosystems on Earth,and their study has both basic scientifi c interest as well as applied aspects.
文摘Brief sJournal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Committee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our tasks are to cover and exchange the research reports,scientific papers and accomplishments on the developments of science and technology of salt lakes,underground water,gas water and other natural resources,
文摘Journal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Com-mittee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our tasks are to cover and exchange the research reports,scientific papers and accomplishments on the developments of sci-ence and technology of salt lakes。
文摘Journal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Committee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and
文摘Journal of Salt Lake Research is a scientific periodical of natural science which is approved by the National Science Com-mittee,sponsored by Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes and published by Science press.Our tasks are to
文摘This article recounts the current state of the research, developmemt and exploitation of the salt-lake resources in China’s hinterland with emphasis placed on those in Qinghai Province. It suggests that R&D input in and exploitation of the resources be stepped up, as this is of vital significance in boosting the regional economy of northwest China.
文摘This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the production of lithium salts and the rich lithium reserves in China’s salt lakes as well as the brilliant prospects for its exploitation in the future. The article proposes that a sustainable exploitation of the lithium trove from these salt lakes should be rooted in comprehensive utilization of the trove and take a long-term approach, emphasizing high value proliferation in developing quality lithium-based products. Also, it expresses some tentative ideas on building demonstration bases for all-round exploitation and utilization of the salt lake resources and the development of lithium cells.
