The self-injection and acceleration of electrons in a hollow plasma channel driven by ultrashort intense laser pulses is investigated by Particle-in-Cell(PIC) simulations. It is shown that electrons from the bubble sh...The self-injection and acceleration of electrons in a hollow plasma channel driven by ultrashort intense laser pulses is investigated by Particle-in-Cell(PIC) simulations. It is shown that electrons from the bubble sheath will be self-injected into the hollow plasma channel and move radially towards the channel border due to the lack of focusing force in the hollow plasma channel. After several reflections near the channel wall by the strong focusing force, a self-injected electron bunch can be confined in the hollow plasma channel and quasi-phase-stably accelerated forward for the whole laser–plasma interaction process. These electrons using optical and plasma-related self-injection method can be self-organized to remain in the rear of the bubble, where the accelerating electric field is transversely uniform and nearly plateau along the propagation axis. Therefore, the self-injected electron bunch can be accelerated in a steady state without obvious oscillation and has a high quality with narrow energy spread and low divergence.展开更多
In this paper, we determine the second Hochschild cohomology group for a class of self-injective algebras of tame representation type namely, which are standard one-parametric but not weakly symmetric. These were clas...In this paper, we determine the second Hochschild cohomology group for a class of self-injective algebras of tame representation type namely, which are standard one-parametric but not weakly symmetric. These were classified up to derived equivalence by Bocian, Holm and Skowroński in [1]. We connect this to the deformation of these algebras.展开更多
We consider the locally self-injective property of the product FI^(m) of category FI of finite sets and injections.Explicitly,we prove that the external tensor product commutes with the coinduction functor,and hence p...We consider the locally self-injective property of the product FI^(m) of category FI of finite sets and injections.Explicitly,we prove that the external tensor product commutes with the coinduction functor,and hence preserves injective modules.As corollaries,every projective FI^(m)-module over a field of characteristic O is injective,and the Serre quotient of the category of finitely generated FI^(m)-modules by the category of finitely generated torsion FI^(m)-modules is equivalent to the category of finite-dimensional FI^(m)-modules.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Anaphylaxis is characterized by acute episodes of potentially life-threatening symptoms that are often treated in the emergency setting.Current guidelines recommend:1) quick diagnosis using standard criteri...BACKGROUND:Anaphylaxis is characterized by acute episodes of potentially life-threatening symptoms that are often treated in the emergency setting.Current guidelines recommend:1) quick diagnosis using standard criteria;2) first-line treatment with epinephrine;and 3) discharge with a prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector,written instructions regarding long-term management,and a referral(preferably,allergy) for follow-up.However,studies suggest low concordance with guideline recommendations by emergency medicine(EM) providers.The study aimed to evaluate how emergency departments(EDs) in the United States(US) manage anaphylaxis in relation to guideline recommendations.METHODS:This was an online anonymous survey of a random sample of EM health providers in US EDs.RESULTS:Data analysis included 207 EM providers.For respondent EDs,approximately 9%reported using agreed-upon clinical criteria to diagnose anaphylaxis;42%reported administering epinephrine in the ED for most anaphylaxis episodes;and <50%provided patients with a prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector and/or an allergist referral on discharge.Most provided some written materials,and follow-up with a primary care clinician was recommended.CONCLUSIONS:This is the first cross-sectional survey to provide "real-world" data showing that practice in US EDs is discordant with current guideline recommendations for the diagnosis,treatment,and follow-up of patients with anaphylaxis.The primary gaps are low(or no) utilization of standard criteria for defining anaphylaxis and inconsistent use of epinephrine.Prospective research is recommended.展开更多
The stabilization and manipulation of laser frequency by means of an external cavity are nearly ubiquitously used in fundamental research and laser applications. While most of the laser light transmits through the cav...The stabilization and manipulation of laser frequency by means of an external cavity are nearly ubiquitously used in fundamental research and laser applications. While most of the laser light transmits through the cavity, in the presence of some back-scattered light from the cavity to the laser, the self-injection locking effect can take place, which locks the laser emission frequency to the cavity mode of similar frequency. The self-injection locking leads to dramatic reduction of laser linewidth and noise. Using this approach, a common semiconductor laser locked to an ultrahigh-Q microresonator can obtain sub-Hertz linewidth, on par with state-of-the-art fiber lasers. Therefore it paves the way to manufacture high-performance semiconductor lasers with reduced footprint and cost. Moreover, with high laser power, the optical nonlinearity of the microresonator drastically changes the laser dynamics, offering routes for simultaneous pulse and frequency comb generation in the same microresonator. Particularly, integrated photonics technology, enabling components fabricated via semiconductor CMOS process, has brought increasing and extending interest to laser manufacturing using this method. In this article, we present a comprehensive tutorial on analytical and numerical methods of laser self-injection locking, as well a review of most recent theoretical and experimental achievements.展开更多
Let A=kQ/I be a finite-dimensional basic algebra over an algebraically closed field k,which is a gentle algebra with the marked ribbon surface(SA,MA,ΓA).It is known that SAcan be divided into some elementary polygons...Let A=kQ/I be a finite-dimensional basic algebra over an algebraically closed field k,which is a gentle algebra with the marked ribbon surface(SA,MA,ΓA).It is known that SAcan be divided into some elementary polygons{Δi|1≤i≤d}byΓA,which has exactly one side in the boundary of SA.Let■(Δi)be the number of sides ofΔibelonging toΓAif the unmarked boundary component of SAis not a side ofΔi;otherwise,■(Δi)=∞,and let f-Δbe the set of all the non-co-elementary polygons and FA(resp.f-FA)be the set of all the forbidden threads(resp.of finite length).Then we have(1)the global dimension of A is max1≤i≤d■(Δi)-1=maxΠ∈FAl(Π),where l(Π)is the length ofΠ;(2)the left and right self-injective dimensions of A are 0,if Q is either a point or an oriented cycle with full relations.masΔi∈f-Δ{1,■(Δi)-1}=max n∈f-F_(A)l(П),otherwise,As a consequence,we get that the finiteness of the global dimension of gentle algebras is invariant under AvellaGeiss(AG)-equivalence.In addition,we get that the number of indecomposable non-projective Gorenstein projective modules over gentle algebras is also invariant under AG-equivalence.展开更多
Let R be a finite commutative ring with identity and τ be a nonnegative integer. In studying linear finite automata, one of the basic problems is how to characterize the class of rings which have the property that ev...Let R be a finite commutative ring with identity and τ be a nonnegative integer. In studying linear finite automata, one of the basic problems is how to characterize the class of rings which have the property that every (weakly) invertible linear finite automaton μ with delay τ over R has a linear finite automaton ,μ’ over R which is a (weak) inverse with delay τ of μ. The rings and linear finite automata are studied by means of modules and it is proved that * -rings are equivalent to self-injective rings, and the unsolved problem (for τ = 0) is solved. Moreover, a further problem of how to characterize the class of rings which have the property that every invertible with delay r linear finite automaton ,μ over R has a linear finite automaton ,μ ’ over R which is an inverse with delay τ’ for some τ’≥ τ is studied and solved.展开更多
Let k be a fixed algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic,let Λ be a finite dimensional self-injective k-algebra,and let ∨ be an indecomposable non-projective left Λ-module with finite dimension over ...Let k be a fixed algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic,let Λ be a finite dimensional self-injective k-algebra,and let ∨ be an indecomposable non-projective left Λ-module with finite dimension over k.We prove that if τΛ∨ is the Auslander-Reiten translation of ∨,then the versal deformation rings R(Λ,∨)and R(Λ,τΛ∨)(in the sense of F.M.Bleher and the second author)are isomorphic.We use this to prove that if Λ is further a cluster-tilted k-algebra,then R(Λ,∨)is universal and isomorphic to k.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to investigate relatively flat envelopes. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a relatively-finitely presented module to have a (mono-morphic or epic) relatively flat envelope. Th...The aim of this paper is to investigate relatively flat envelopes. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a relatively-finitely presented module to have a (mono-morphic or epic) relatively flat envelope. Then those rings are characterized whose every relatively-finitely presented module has a relatively flat envelope which coincides with its in-jective envelope. Some known results are obtained as corollaries.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11147005,61665006,and 61865011)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China(Grant Nos.20151BAB202018,20161BAB212041,and 20162BCB23012)
文摘The self-injection and acceleration of electrons in a hollow plasma channel driven by ultrashort intense laser pulses is investigated by Particle-in-Cell(PIC) simulations. It is shown that electrons from the bubble sheath will be self-injected into the hollow plasma channel and move radially towards the channel border due to the lack of focusing force in the hollow plasma channel. After several reflections near the channel wall by the strong focusing force, a self-injected electron bunch can be confined in the hollow plasma channel and quasi-phase-stably accelerated forward for the whole laser–plasma interaction process. These electrons using optical and plasma-related self-injection method can be self-organized to remain in the rear of the bubble, where the accelerating electric field is transversely uniform and nearly plateau along the propagation axis. Therefore, the self-injected electron bunch can be accelerated in a steady state without obvious oscillation and has a high quality with narrow energy spread and low divergence.
文摘In this paper, we determine the second Hochschild cohomology group for a class of self-injective algebras of tame representation type namely, which are standard one-parametric but not weakly symmetric. These were classified up to derived equivalence by Bocian, Holm and Skowroński in [1]. We connect this to the deformation of these algebras.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11301144,11771122,11801141).
文摘We give a complete description of the Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra structure on Hochschild cohomology of the self-injective quadratic monomial algebras.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11771135)。
文摘We consider the locally self-injective property of the product FI^(m) of category FI of finite sets and injections.Explicitly,we prove that the external tensor product commutes with the coinduction functor,and hence preserves injective modules.As corollaries,every projective FI^(m)-module over a field of characteristic O is injective,and the Serre quotient of the category of finitely generated FI^(m)-modules by the category of finitely generated torsion FI^(m)-modules is equivalent to the category of finite-dimensional FI^(m)-modules.
基金supported in part by an unrestricted educational grant from Mylan Specialty Pharmaceuticals(Basking Ridge,NJ)
文摘BACKGROUND:Anaphylaxis is characterized by acute episodes of potentially life-threatening symptoms that are often treated in the emergency setting.Current guidelines recommend:1) quick diagnosis using standard criteria;2) first-line treatment with epinephrine;and 3) discharge with a prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector,written instructions regarding long-term management,and a referral(preferably,allergy) for follow-up.However,studies suggest low concordance with guideline recommendations by emergency medicine(EM) providers.The study aimed to evaluate how emergency departments(EDs) in the United States(US) manage anaphylaxis in relation to guideline recommendations.METHODS:This was an online anonymous survey of a random sample of EM health providers in US EDs.RESULTS:Data analysis included 207 EM providers.For respondent EDs,approximately 9%reported using agreed-upon clinical criteria to diagnose anaphylaxis;42%reported administering epinephrine in the ED for most anaphylaxis episodes;and <50%provided patients with a prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector and/or an allergist referral on discharge.Most provided some written materials,and follow-up with a primary care clinician was recommended.CONCLUSIONS:This is the first cross-sectional survey to provide "real-world" data showing that practice in US EDs is discordant with current guideline recommendations for the diagnosis,treatment,and follow-up of patients with anaphylaxis.The primary gaps are low(or no) utilization of standard criteria for defining anaphylaxis and inconsistent use of epinephrine.Prospective research is recommended.
基金The results presented in Sections 2.5 and 3.2 were obtained with the support of the Russian Science Foundation(project 22-22-00872)The results presented in Sections 2.3,3.4 and 4 were obtained with the support of the Russian Science Foundation(Project 20-12-00344)+5 种基金Y.-H.L.acknowledges support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M721482)W.L.acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62075233)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(Grant No.YSBR-69)J.L.acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12261131503)Shenzhen−Hong Kong Cooperation Zone for Technology and Innovation(HZQB-KCZYB2020050)from the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory(2019B121203002).
文摘The stabilization and manipulation of laser frequency by means of an external cavity are nearly ubiquitously used in fundamental research and laser applications. While most of the laser light transmits through the cavity, in the presence of some back-scattered light from the cavity to the laser, the self-injection locking effect can take place, which locks the laser emission frequency to the cavity mode of similar frequency. The self-injection locking leads to dramatic reduction of laser linewidth and noise. Using this approach, a common semiconductor laser locked to an ultrahigh-Q microresonator can obtain sub-Hertz linewidth, on par with state-of-the-art fiber lasers. Therefore it paves the way to manufacture high-performance semiconductor lasers with reduced footprint and cost. Moreover, with high laser power, the optical nonlinearity of the microresonator drastically changes the laser dynamics, offering routes for simultaneous pulse and frequency comb generation in the same microresonator. Particularly, integrated photonics technology, enabling components fabricated via semiconductor CMOS process, has brought increasing and extending interest to laser manufacturing using this method. In this article, we present a comprehensive tutorial on analytical and numerical methods of laser self-injection locking, as well a review of most recent theoretical and experimental achievements.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11971225 and 12171207)。
文摘Let A=kQ/I be a finite-dimensional basic algebra over an algebraically closed field k,which is a gentle algebra with the marked ribbon surface(SA,MA,ΓA).It is known that SAcan be divided into some elementary polygons{Δi|1≤i≤d}byΓA,which has exactly one side in the boundary of SA.Let■(Δi)be the number of sides ofΔibelonging toΓAif the unmarked boundary component of SAis not a side ofΔi;otherwise,■(Δi)=∞,and let f-Δbe the set of all the non-co-elementary polygons and FA(resp.f-FA)be the set of all the forbidden threads(resp.of finite length).Then we have(1)the global dimension of A is max1≤i≤d■(Δi)-1=maxΠ∈FAl(Π),where l(Π)is the length ofΠ;(2)the left and right self-injective dimensions of A are 0,if Q is either a point or an oriented cycle with full relations.masΔi∈f-Δ{1,■(Δi)-1}=max n∈f-F_(A)l(П),otherwise,As a consequence,we get that the finiteness of the global dimension of gentle algebras is invariant under AvellaGeiss(AG)-equivalence.In addition,we get that the number of indecomposable non-projective Gorenstein projective modules over gentle algebras is also invariant under AG-equivalence.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 69773015)
文摘Let R be a finite commutative ring with identity and τ be a nonnegative integer. In studying linear finite automata, one of the basic problems is how to characterize the class of rings which have the property that every (weakly) invertible linear finite automaton μ with delay τ over R has a linear finite automaton ,μ’ over R which is a (weak) inverse with delay τ of μ. The rings and linear finite automata are studied by means of modules and it is proved that * -rings are equivalent to self-injective rings, and the unsolved problem (for τ = 0) is solved. Moreover, a further problem of how to characterize the class of rings which have the property that every invertible with delay r linear finite automaton ,μ over R has a linear finite automaton ,μ ’ over R which is an inverse with delay τ’ for some τ’≥ τ is studied and solved.
基金supported by the Release Time for Research Scholarship of the Office of Academic Affairs and by the Faculty Research Seed Grant funded by the Office of Sponsored ProgramsResearch Administration at the Valdosta State University as well as partly supported by CODI and Estrategia de Sostenibilidad(Universidad de Antioquia,UdeA).
文摘Let k be a fixed algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic,let Λ be a finite dimensional self-injective k-algebra,and let ∨ be an indecomposable non-projective left Λ-module with finite dimension over k.We prove that if τΛ∨ is the Auslander-Reiten translation of ∨,then the versal deformation rings R(Λ,∨)and R(Λ,τΛ∨)(in the sense of F.M.Bleher and the second author)are isomorphic.We use this to prove that if Λ is further a cluster-tilted k-algebra,then R(Λ,∨)is universal and isomorphic to k.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The aim of this paper is to investigate relatively flat envelopes. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a relatively-finitely presented module to have a (mono-morphic or epic) relatively flat envelope. Then those rings are characterized whose every relatively-finitely presented module has a relatively flat envelope which coincides with its in-jective envelope. Some known results are obtained as corollaries.
