This study describes the floristic composition and structure of a woody stand in the Senegalese Sahel, paying particular attention to the edaphic factors of its floristic composition. A stratified inventory considerin...This study describes the floristic composition and structure of a woody stand in the Senegalese Sahel, paying particular attention to the edaphic factors of its floristic composition. A stratified inventory considering the different relief units was adopted. Woody vegetation was surveyed using a dendrometric approach. The results obtained show that the flora is dominated by a few species adapted to drought, such as Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Calotropis procera Ait. and Boscia senegalensis (Pers.). The distribution of this flora and the structure of the ligneous plants are linked to the topography. In the lowlands, the flora is more diversified and the ligneous plants reach their optimum level of development compared with the higher relief areas. In the lowlands, there are a few woody species which, in the past, were indicative of better climatic conditions. These are Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.), Commiphora africana (A. Rich.), Feretia apodanthera Del., Loeseneriella africana (A. Smith), Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich). It is important that their reintroduction into reforestation projects takes account of their edaphic preference.展开更多
Introduction: COVID-19 is a global public health emergency that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, coinfection of COVID-19 and TB is often encountered, whic...Introduction: COVID-19 is a global public health emergency that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, coinfection of COVID-19 and TB is often encountered, which increases the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of COVID-19/TB coinfection at the Epidemic treatment center (ETC) in Saint-Louis (Senegal) and to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and outcome profile of co-infected patients. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive cohort study based on the records of COVID-19/ TB co-infected patients who were hospitalized at the ETC in Saint-Louis (Senegal) over an 18-month period from March 2020 to September 2021. Results: Out of a total of 454 hospitalizations, we collected records of 9 patients co-infected with COVID-19/TB, resulting in a prevalence of 2%. The study included patients with a median age of 34 years (range: 10-86 years), with a male predominance (7 cases) and a sex ratio of 3.5. The majority of patients (88.9%) had severe forms of COVID-19. Dyspnea and cough were reported in all patients (100%). Pulmonary TB was the most frequent localization, with 9 cases. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by nasopharyngeal PCR in all patients (100%). Bacilloscopy was positive in 3 out of 5 cases. One patient tested positive for GeneXpert<sup>?</sup> MTB/RIF without rifampicin resistance. All patients were prescribed the hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination and anti-tuberculosis treatment. Out of the nine patients, four recovered (44.4%) and five died (55.5%). Conclusion: COVID-19/TB coinfection had a low prevalence in our cohort, but was associated with a high mortality due to the frequent occurrence of severe forms of the disease.展开更多
Introduction: Rabies is a serious disease, as it is always fatal, but it can be prevented by sero-vaccination. It is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Asia and Africa. The aim of this study was to assess knowled...Introduction: Rabies is a serious disease, as it is always fatal, but it can be prevented by sero-vaccination. It is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Asia and Africa. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies and to determine the factors associated with them among people aged 18 and over in the commune of Niakhène. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical survey of subjects aged 18 and over living in the commune of Niakhène. A sample of 300 individuals was drawn from a two-stage cluster survey stratified by age and sex. Bivariate analysis was performed using association tests. Results: The mean age of respondents was 35.3 ± 16.9 years. It was noted that 67% (201) of respondents had a good knowledge of rabies. The results showed that 7.3% (22) of respondents owned a dog. Of the 278 people who did not own a dog, 78.4% (218) said they would have vaccinated their dog if they had had one. It should be noted that 83.7% (251) of respondents said they would go to a health facility if an animal bit them. None of the dog owners had vaccinated their dogs against rabies. Of the 41 people exposed to rabies, 39% went to a health facility. The age and education of the respondents had statistically significant associations with knowledge of rabies. Respondents’ age and education were statistically significantly related to whether they had vaccinated a domestic dog. The age, education and economic well-being quintile of respondents’ households had statistically significant associations with the use of a health facility in the event of being bitten or scratched by an animal vector. The education of respondents who had been bitten by an animal vector was statistically significantly associated with the use of a health facility. Conclusion: It would be imperative for human and animal health authorities to collaborate in a “One Health” approach in order to increase knowledge and promote the adoption of good practices in rabies prevention.展开更多
Introduction: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has been proposed in several countries as the main preventive measure despite very limited data, particularly in dialysis patients. We conducted this study to...Introduction: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has been proposed in several countries as the main preventive measure despite very limited data, particularly in dialysis patients. We conducted this study to assess the immunological response to vaccination in Senegalese hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective study, in two dialysis centers in Dakar from March 30<sup>th</sup> to August 30<sup>th</sup>, 2021 including patients on hemodialysis for >6 months, vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 according to the vaccination schedule recommended by WHO. A vaccine response was considered positive when seroconversion was observed after one dose of vaccine. The clinical efficacy of immunization was defined as the absence of new COVID-19 infection in patients who received a complete vaccination. Results: Among the 81 patients included in the study, 7.4% had anti-Spike IgM antibodies before their first vaccination. Seroprevalence of IgM antibodies was 38.3% one month after the first vaccine dose (at M1) and 8.6% one month after the second dose (at M4). Anti-Spike IgG antibodies were present in 40.3% of patients before vaccination, in 90.1% at M1, and in 59.7% at M4. Among patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, 10.2% had IgM antibodies at M0, 31.6% at M1, and 10.5% at M4 post-vaccination. Similarly, seroprevalences of IgG antibodies in this subgroup were 31.5%, 61.3%, and 50.0% respectively at M0, M1, and M4 post-vaccination. A comparison of seroconversion rates between M0 and M4 showed significant differences only for IgG in COVID-19 naive patients. Mean duration in dialysis and the existence of previous COVID-19 infection were associated with patients’ vaccinal response after the two doses. Age, gender and the use of immunosuppressive treatment did not influence post-vaccinal antibody production. Conclusion: Vaccination against COVID-19 in Senegalese hemodialysis patients induced a low seroconversion rate but it was well tolerated. Moreover, the induced protection was neither strong nor durable, particularly in patients with longer duration in dialysis.展开更多
Introduction: Postpartum depression is the most common psychiatric disorder affecting women in the perinatal period. According to the WHO, it affects 10% - 15% of women who have just given birth. In Africa, and partic...Introduction: Postpartum depression is the most common psychiatric disorder affecting women in the perinatal period. According to the WHO, it affects 10% - 15% of women who have just given birth. In Africa, and particularly in Senegal, epidemiological studies focusing exclusively on postpartum depression are rare or non-existent. For this reason, we conducted this screening study on postpartum depression to assess the socio-demographic characteristics and associated factors. Methods: This was a prospective cross- sectional study with descriptive and analytical aims. It was carried out in the twelve Dakar referral health centres during the period August 2021 to June 2022. Results: At the end of our survey we had recruited one hundred and twenty-two (122) participants with a PPD prevalence rate of 25.41%. The most common age group was 24 - 29 years. 40% of the participants were of Fulani ethnicity, followed by Wolof. Married women made up 93% of the sample. The school enrolment rate was 89%. Most participants were not in paid employment. Domestic violence was present in 14% of couples. 28% of mothers reported experiencing a stressful life event during their pregnancy. 22% of the women had a chronic medical condition, of which 55% had high blood pressure. 1% of the women reported a personal psychiatric history and 5% a family psychiatric history. Most women had between two and four healthy living children. The pregnancy was unwanted in 17% of cases and 12% of participants had a complication. 6% were dissatisfied with the quality of their antenatal care. The caesarean section rate was 18%. In terms of associated factors, eight factors were identified in a bivariate analysis: single marital status, lack of support from partner, domestic violence, conflict with in-laws, and the occurrence of a stressful life event during pregnancy, the presence of a personal medical history, lack of satisfaction with pregnancy follow-up, and mode of delivery by caesarean section. Conclusion: Our study showed the high prevalence of PPD (25.41%) and identified associated risk factors. Among these factors, two were strongly associated with postpartum depression: lack of satisfaction with pregnancy care and experiencing a stressful life event during pregnancy. Systematic screening or identification of risk factors during pregnancy is necessary for comprehensive treatment based on a biopsychosocial approach.展开更多
Introduction: Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Its treatment uses synthetic antithyroid drugs but the use of aggressive radical therapy such as surgery or non-aggressive therapy such as io...Introduction: Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Its treatment uses synthetic antithyroid drugs but the use of aggressive radical therapy such as surgery or non-aggressive therapy such as iodine-131 is not uncommon. Treatment of Graves’ disease with radioactive iodine or iratherapy is a simple, inexpensive, well-tolerated treatment. It was introduced in Senegal in 2016. We report through this work the preliminary assessment of the only nuclear medicine service in Senegal in the management of Graves’ disease by iodine-131. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of the first cases of Graves’ disease treated with iratherapy in Senegal. Socio-demographic, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects were studied. Radiation protection rules have been implemented and contraception has been effective for six months in women of childbearing age. Results: 25 patients were collected with a mean age of 45 years, twenty women (80%), a family goiter in 24% and a psycho-affective context in 64% of cases. Thyrotoxicosis syndrome was associated with goiter in 68% of patients and exophthalmos in 64%. Thyroid ultrasound performed in 20 patients showed vascular goiter in 80% and thyroid scintigraphy in 3 patients, homogeneous and diffuse hyperfixation. TRAK dosed in 8 patients was still positive. All patients had received first-line medical treatment. The average duration of this treatment was more than 18 months in 92%. The empirically used iodine-131 activity averaged 15.35 mCi. Oral corticosteroid therapy was prescribed in 7 patients for the prevention of malignant orbitopathy. No early side effects were noted. The remission rate at 3 months was 52% and at 6 months was 88% to 92%. Conclusion: The effectiveness of radioactive iodine, in particular ablative doses in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, is no longer to be demonstrated. Taking into account our socioeconomic context, iratherapy should be a treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism with a good quality/price ratio and excellent tolerance.展开更多
Food safety has become a major concern for consumers, as well as a priority for regulatory authorities. Faced with the growing industrial and domestic use of food additives, many questions are being asked and concerns...Food safety has become a major concern for consumers, as well as a priority for regulatory authorities. Faced with the growing industrial and domestic use of food additives, many questions are being asked and concerns are being felt by consumers around the world. Consumer perception defines the acceptability or rejection of food products, and has an impact on consumption patterns and behavior. To assess the level of knowledge and perception of food additives, a pilot study was carried out on a sample of 200 people in Dakar and Saint-Louis. A questionnaire was used to assess the acceptance or rejection, use and impact of food additives by consumers in Senegal. The results revealed several aspects. On the whole, the people surveyed expressed great mistrust and even rejection of these substances added to food products. This consumer perception is shared throughout the world, as indicated in numerous surveys. It also emerges from this study that, although most consumers are aware of the existence of these additives and their uses in the home, they feel that the use of these substances in industrial production is too excessive. What’s more, consumers associate food additives with numerous pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, stroke and even sexual impotence. For some of these indexed pathologies, scientific studies have reached the same conclusions, although controversy still persists. On the other hand, for some of the other adverse effects mentioned, no cause-and-effect relationship has been scientifically demonstrated. In these latter cases, it seems that negative communication, misinformation and misconceptions have a major influence on consumer perception of food additives.展开更多
Protein is essential for the growth and maintenance of the body. They play a crucial role in different biological processes. This study focuses on comparing the protein contents of local rice grown in the Senegal Rive...Protein is essential for the growth and maintenance of the body. They play a crucial role in different biological processes. This study focuses on comparing the protein contents of local rice grown in the Senegal River valley and rice imported from Asia. The objective is to evaluate the importance of the protein nutritional value of local rice compared to imported rice. Protein contents were determined using the Kjeldahl method. The results of the protein assays show that local rice varieties such as Sahel 108 and Sahel 134 grown in the Thilène basins had protein percentages comparable to those of imported rice. The protein percentages were 15.19% ± 0.91% for the Sahel 108 variety and 16.62% ± 0.01% for the Sahel 134 variety compared to 15.8% ± 0.01% on average for imported rice. Thus from the point of view of protein content, local rice has a nutritional value identical to that of imported rice which it can validly replace. It is important in Senegal to encourage local production, which would make it possible to reduce imports on the one hand and to make quality rice available to the local Senegalese market on the other. Sahel varieties with high protein contents deserve large-scale development to meet the country’s protein needs.展开更多
In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed...In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.展开更多
Sorghum is a vital commodity and greatly contributes to the daily calorie needs for millions of the inhabitants in Senegal, West Africa. Yet, sorghum productivity and profitability are impacted by diseases. In the 202...Sorghum is a vital commodity and greatly contributes to the daily calorie needs for millions of the inhabitants in Senegal, West Africa. Yet, sorghum productivity and profitability are impacted by diseases. In the 2022 growing season, 122 farmers’ fields across 7 regions, notably Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kolda, Tambacounda, and Thies were surveyed for foliar and panicle diseases. During the survey, stops were made at 30 km intervals and at each stop, 2 - 5 fields were evaluated. In each field, 40 plants mostly at soft to early hard dough stages of development were assessed using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. A total of 13 diseases, including leaf blight, anthracnose, Zonate leaf spot, Sooty stripe, rough leaf spot, oval leaf spot, long smut, grain mold, and covered kernel smut were documented. The most predominant diseases were leaf blight, anthracnose, and zonate leaf spot. The prevalence of leaf blight was 100%, while anthracnose and zonate leaf spot were found in 93 out of the 122 fields surveyed, indicating a 76% prevalence, respectively. Across the regions, the prevalence of rough leaf spot was 47%, covered kernel smut (32%), oval leaf spot (19%) and target leaf spot (19%). Mean incidence of leaf blight was high in all regions, ranging from 94% (Kaolack) to 100% (Fatick and Tambacounda). The highest mean incidence of anthracnose (62%) and covered kernel smut (16%) was noted in Tambacounda region. In the region of Thies, the highest mean incidence of zonate leaf spot (49%) was recorded. The mean severity of leaf blight (37%) was highest on plants assessed in the region of Kaffrine, followed by those in the regions of Kaolack, Tambacounda, and Kolda. Anthracnose infection was most intense on plants evaluated in Kolda, while zonate leaf spot was most severe in the region of Tambacounda. Fields with incidences of 85% and above were considered as “hotspots” to evaluate sorghum germplasm for disease resistance. This survey is significant because the information obtained will be beneficial to plant pathologists, sorghum producers, government officials, and funding agencies to prioritize research projects that ensure productivity and food security.展开更多
Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a malformation of the heart present at birth and resulting from a developmental defect during embryonic life. The aim was to assess CHD in rural areas. Methodology: This...Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a malformation of the heart present at birth and resulting from a developmental defect during embryonic life. The aim was to assess CHD in rural areas. Methodology: This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of 2 years in rural Senegal. Results: During the study period, we collected 79 patients with CHD, representing a hospital prevalence of 2.6%. The mean age at diagnosis was 17.05 months and the sex ratio was 1.19. The mean birth weight was 2826 g. The main comorbidities were anaemia (54.43%) and respiratory infections 38 cases (48.10%). Respiratory distress was the most common sign with 98.73%. Radiological cardiomegaly was noted in 86.7%. The most frequent CHD were interventricular septal defect (IVD) 21.51% and atrial septal defect (ASD) 8.86%. No patient was able to receive surgical treatment. Seven children died (8.86%) and 21 children were lost to follow-up (26.58%). On Doppler echocardiography, 16.45% of the patients had pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Conclusion: In light of this work, emphasis should be placed on the quality of antenatal consultations, the quality of management and the regular availability of echocardiography and a cardio-paediatrician in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.展开更多
Animal genetic resources are playing a vital role in livestock production and are essential to food security. The present study aims to contribute to a better understanding genetic local sheep breeds and to elucidate ...Animal genetic resources are playing a vital role in livestock production and are essential to food security. The present study aims to contribute to a better understanding genetic local sheep breeds and to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships through the evolution of the SRY gene in four different lineages of Ladoum sheep raised in Senegal. After a brief analysis of genetic diversity, the phylogenetic relationships and molecular dating were inferred through haplotype networks and four phylogenetic reconstruction methods. The different haplotype networks are constructed with NETWORK ver. 5.0.0.0 using the Median-Joining method. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The robustness of the nodes in phylogenetic trees of the three first methods was assessed by 1000 bootstraps. For Bayesian inference, the posterior probability distribution of the trees was estimated by 4 MCMC chains. 5,000,000 generations were performed for each of the chains by sampling the different parameters every 1000 generations. Results show a low polymorphism. Haplotypic diversity is much higher than the average nucleotide divergence between all pairs of haplotypes. The majority and central haplotype indicates a close relationship between “Batling” and “Tyson” individuals. “Birahim” lineage is very distinct from the rest. Phylogenetic trees confirm two genetically separate clades between “Birahim” and the other lineages. The period of divergence between “Birahim” lineage versus the common ancestor of the other three lineages was 2504 years ago. The polyphyly revealed in “Birahim” lindicates that this lineage does not contain the common ancestor of all individuals who compose it. It could therefore be derived from two or more sheep breeds with a common ancestor, Ovis aries. The monophyletic clade appears to be a group including a common ancestor and all of its genetic descendants. This group, bringing together the other three lineages, is in the process of being structured into sub-lineages. This study is the first to show that there are only two genetic lines within ladoum sheep in Senegal.展开更多
Purpose: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and management characteristics of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Thies, Senegal. Methods: This was a prospective study that included consecutively from Octobe...Purpose: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and management characteristics of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Thies, Senegal. Methods: This was a prospective study that included consecutively from October 1<sup>st</sup>, 2018 to March 03<sup>rd</sup>, 2019, patients aged 18 years or older admitted for an ACS at the DIABCARMET department of the Saint Jean de Dieu Hospital in Thies. Results: Of the 516 patients admitted, 29 had ACS, the prevalence was 5.62%. The average age of the patients was 64.2 ± 11.6 years. Nineteen patients (65.5%) were male and 10 (34.5%) were female, the sex ratio was 1.91. The number of direct admissions was 18 (62%) versus 11 patients (38%) referred. The mode of transport was a private vehicle in 19 patients (65.5%), an ambulance in 7 patients (24.1%) and public transport in 3 patients (10.3%). STEMI (ST segment elevation myocardial infarction) was the most common presentation observed in 19 patients (65.5%). Fifteen patients (51.7%) were admitted before the 12<sup>th</sup> hour. Of the 19 patients with STEMI, 11 (57.9%) had arrived in hospital before the 12<sup>th</sup> hour and 10 patients had streptokinase thrombolysis. No patients received primary PCI. Ten patients (34.5%) had heart failure and five patients (17.2%) died during hospitalization. Conclusion: Delayed consultation and high mortality characterize ACS in Thies. Prevention must be the rule.展开更多
Background: In 2019, the WHO estimated that over 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and over 820,000 deaths attributable to hepatitis B. Most people living with HBV are unawa...Background: In 2019, the WHO estimated that over 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and over 820,000 deaths attributable to hepatitis B. Most people living with HBV are unaware of their immune status and live in endemic areas. This is the case of Benin and Senegal, which have little data on the disease. Objective: This study aimed to provide epidemiological furthers on hepatitis B in Dakar and Cotonou according to WHO recommendations about “obtaining data for action”. Materials and Methods: Our study took place at the Medical Biology Laboratory of the Idrissa Pouye General Hospital (LBM-HOGIP) in Dakar, Senegal. Participants were selected at the LBM-HOGIP of Dakar or at the LBMs of the health centres of the Archdiocese of Cotonou respectively from November to December 2019 and February to March 2020. All participants were tested for hepatitis B virus antigen (HBsAg) using a microparticle chemiluminescence immunoassay assay. Other risk factors including blood transfusion, haemodialysis, tattooing, cultural or clan scarification, piercing, injecting drug use, unprotected sex and surgical procedures were also investigated. Informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study was approved by the ethics committees in Senegal and Benin. For the biological tests, Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics software were used for the analysis of the results. Results: A total of 470 participants were recruited including 234 in Cotonou and 236 in Dakar. The median age in Cotonou was 29 years with extremes of 10 and 65 years, and 38 years in Dakar with extremes of 6 and 93 years. The prevalence of HBsAg was 12.39% in Cotonou and 19.91% in Dakar. The most affected age groups were 20 - 29 in Dakar and 30 - 39 in Cotonou. Except for piercing, none of the other risk factors considered in our study were found to be associated with HBV transmission in our populations. Conclusion: Our study is hospital-based and revealed high prevalence of HBsAg. These prevalences were higher in men.展开更多
Background: In Africa, malaria-endemic regions have not been spared from COVID-19 outbreak which emerged in the first quarter of 2020. This pandemic has shown clinical and therapeutic similarities with malaria. This f...Background: In Africa, malaria-endemic regions have not been spared from COVID-19 outbreak which emerged in the first quarter of 2020. This pandemic has shown clinical and therapeutic similarities with malaria. This following study sought to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the malaria diagnosis. Method: A review of laboratory registers and an exploitation of the District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) to collect information on the diagnosis of malaria by microscopy and by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), but also that of COVID-19 was done from 2017 to 2021 at the Thierno Mouhamadoul Mansour Hospital in Mbour, Senegal. Results: In 2017, 199 Thick drops (TDs) and 1852 RDTs were performed for malaria diagnosis. In 2018, it was 2352 malaria tests with 2138 RDTs and 214 TDs, before reaching a peak of 3943 tests in 2019 including 3742 RDTs and 201 TDs. By 2020, 2263 tests were performed with 2097 malaria RDTs, 158 TDs and 8 COVID RDTs. The latter increased significantly in 2021, reaching 444 COVID RDTs, while TDs and malaria RDT kept decreasing to 147 and 1036 respectively. Positive TDs were higher in 2020 (11.4%) compared to 2017 (3.5%), 2018 (1.4%), 2019 (6.5%) and 2021 (6.8%). For malaria RDTs, a decrease in the number of positive tests was noted between 2017 (4.5%) and 2021 (1.3%). The COVID RDTs were all negative in 2020, 29.5% were positive and 4.1% were undetermined in 2021. Conclusion: COVID-19 has led to changes in efforts to diagnose malaria as well as an increase in malaria prevalence directed towards children under 5 years of age.展开更多
Oral cavity cancers are part of head and neck cancers. They have become frequent in the world in general and Senegal in particular. This study evaluates microsatellite instability tumors in oral cavity cancers in Sene...Oral cavity cancers are part of head and neck cancers. They have become frequent in the world in general and Senegal in particular. This study evaluates microsatellite instability tumors in oral cavity cancers in Senegal. Forty cancerous tissues, 20 healthy tissues, and 12 blood tissues were included in this study. These tissues were collected from each patient during the biopsy after obtaining consent. DNA extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing were carried out to obtain sequences. Mutation surveyor, Bioedit and Dnasp software were used to perform our analyses. High instability was found in 57.5% of patients with cancer. Moreover, 90% of the patients had the same motif on healthy and cancerous tissue. Furthermore, 26.12%, 20.72%, and 11.71% polymorphic sites were found in cancerous, healthy and blood tissue respectively. Thus, a similarity between cancerous and healthy tissues seems to exist. This implies that instability of the Bat 26 microsatellite could occur early in the occurrence of oral cavity cancers.展开更多
Tuberculosis is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Neuro-meningeal involvement is rare but represents one of the most severe forms with high morbidity and mortality. We report the case ...Tuberculosis is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Neuro-meningeal involvement is rare but represents one of the most severe forms with high morbidity and mortality. We report the case of an ischemic stroke complicating neuromeningeal and pulmonary tuberculosis in a four-month-old infant at the National Hospital Center of children Albert Royer (Senegal). The case was a four-month-old, male infant with no history. His vaccination was up to date according to Senegal’s expanded vaccination program. There was no notion of tuberculosis contagion. He was seen for a prolonged fever for more than a month and chronic cough. He had moderate malnutrition. Neurological examination revealed coma, meningeal syndrome, generalized tonic convulsions and hypertonia. The pupils were in bilateral miosis. Osteotendinous reflexes were abolished with a bilateral Babinski sign. He also had severe respiratory distress, bilateral pulmonary condensation syndrome. Brain computed tomography was in favor of an ischemic stroke. The test GeneXpert MTB/RIF was positive on cerebrospinal fluid and gastric tubing fluid. The curative treatment was based on a quadruple therapy based on rifampicin, isoniazid, pirazinamide and ethambutol. The evolution was unfavorable with the death of the patient.展开更多
Introduction: GBS is a rare condition in children. The risk factors for GBS are present in Africa;however, the majority of studies reported are case series. The objective of our work was to evaluate the epidemiologica...Introduction: GBS is a rare condition in children. The risk factors for GBS are present in Africa;however, the majority of studies reported are case series. The objective of our work was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary profile of GBS cases. Material and Method: This was a prospective longitudinal study, lasting 24 months between November 2019 and November 2021. All patients aged 2 - 18 years diagnosed with GBS according to the Brighton criteria (level 2) were included in our study. Patients with incomplete or unexploitable records were excluded. Results: Over a 24-month period, 16 cases of GBS were collected. These included 12 boys (75%) and 4 girls (25%). The demyelinating form (ADIP) was found in 9 children (43.75%) and the axonal form in 7 patients (37.5%), 5 of whom had pure motor involvement (AMAN) and 2 with sensory-motor involvement (AMSAN). Corticosteroid therapy was more effective in treating pain and in demyelinating forms. Three deaths were noted and all had AMAN. Conclusion: GBS poses a management problem in our context of a country with limited resources. Corticosteroid therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of pain and demyelinating forms of the disease and should be considered for use in GBS.展开更多
Background/Objectives: Global ageing is associated with an increase in the frequency of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is often complex to manage postoperatively. The aim of this study was to describe postop...Background/Objectives: Global ageing is associated with an increase in the frequency of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is often complex to manage postoperatively. The aim of this study was to describe postoperative complications of Lower limb arteriopathy in geriatric units. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive study from July 2019 to June 2022 of patients aged at least 65 years hospitalized in the geriatric unit of the FANN hospital for postoperative management of a Lower limb arteriopathy. Sociodemographic, clinical and evolutionary characteristics were collected and analyzed using Epi info version 7.2.6 software. Results: Forty patients met the criteria, representing 7.69% of hospital admissions. The average age was 77.5 years, with women in majority (75%). The mean time to geriatric admission after surgery was 9 ± 3 days. Poly pathologies (≥3 comorbidities) were present in 55% of patients. Cardiovascular risk factors were dominated by high blood pressure (85%), followed by mellitus diabetes (52.5%) and dyslipidemia (12.5%). Other associated comorbidities were dominated by heart disease (40%), followed by ischemic stroke (27.5%) and major cognitive impairment (27.5%). Excessive chronic arterial disease of the limbs was the predominant vascular diagnosis (80%) and amputation was the most common surgical procedure (62.5%), especially of the thigh (42.4%). Symptoms included refusal to eat (70%) and mental confusion (70%). The geriatric syndromes were mainly acute loss of functional independence (97.5%) and malnutrition (77.5%). The average number of acute diagnoses on admission was 4 ± 1, represented mainly by infectious diseases (31.5%), dominated by superinfection of the amputation stump (55%) and pulmonary infection (25%). Mortality rate was 22.5%. Conclusion: Post-surgical complications are frequent in the geriatric population, with a high mortality rate. Prior geriatric assessment would optimize postoperative results.展开更多
The drought recorded in 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the Sahara and Sahel region has greatly affected the population as well as the economies and the eco-systems of this area. In 2007, the African Union launched a...The drought recorded in 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the Sahara and Sahel region has greatly affected the population as well as the economies and the eco-systems of this area. In 2007, the African Union launched a Pan-African program, the Great Green Wall for the Sahara, the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI) to reverse land degradation and desertification by planting a wall of trees stretching from Dakar to Djibouti. The objective is to improve food security, and support local people to adapt to climate change. This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the reforestation program in Senegal, fifteen years after it was launched. This study uses a time series of satellite-derived vegetation cover and climatic parameters data to analyze the sustainability of these interventions. Change detection approaches were applied to identify and characterize the drives of the eventual changes. A comparative analysis of reforestation on climatic parameters was explored through the temporal analysis of the vegetation index over the periods 2000-2008 and 2009-2020. An increase in vegetation activity was noted through the NDVI at the interannual (+2% to +8%) and seasonal (+1.5% to 7% for the wet season and 1% to 4% for the dry season) scale and a positive and significant evolution is noted on the trace of the GGW. Also, the period 2009-2020 recorded an increase in rainfall of 2% to 8% of the average value 2000-2020 and 4% to 8% of the rainy season. Soil moisture is the climatic parameter that has increased the most, with an increase of 25% to 54% of the 2000-2020 average, i.e. between 20 mm and 70 mm more. This study shows a significant improvement in the relationship between NDVI and climate parameters after the different reforestation actions of the GGW.展开更多
文摘This study describes the floristic composition and structure of a woody stand in the Senegalese Sahel, paying particular attention to the edaphic factors of its floristic composition. A stratified inventory considering the different relief units was adopted. Woody vegetation was surveyed using a dendrometric approach. The results obtained show that the flora is dominated by a few species adapted to drought, such as Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Calotropis procera Ait. and Boscia senegalensis (Pers.). The distribution of this flora and the structure of the ligneous plants are linked to the topography. In the lowlands, the flora is more diversified and the ligneous plants reach their optimum level of development compared with the higher relief areas. In the lowlands, there are a few woody species which, in the past, were indicative of better climatic conditions. These are Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.), Commiphora africana (A. Rich.), Feretia apodanthera Del., Loeseneriella africana (A. Smith), Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich). It is important that their reintroduction into reforestation projects takes account of their edaphic preference.
文摘Introduction: COVID-19 is a global public health emergency that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, coinfection of COVID-19 and TB is often encountered, which increases the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of COVID-19/TB coinfection at the Epidemic treatment center (ETC) in Saint-Louis (Senegal) and to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and outcome profile of co-infected patients. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive cohort study based on the records of COVID-19/ TB co-infected patients who were hospitalized at the ETC in Saint-Louis (Senegal) over an 18-month period from March 2020 to September 2021. Results: Out of a total of 454 hospitalizations, we collected records of 9 patients co-infected with COVID-19/TB, resulting in a prevalence of 2%. The study included patients with a median age of 34 years (range: 10-86 years), with a male predominance (7 cases) and a sex ratio of 3.5. The majority of patients (88.9%) had severe forms of COVID-19. Dyspnea and cough were reported in all patients (100%). Pulmonary TB was the most frequent localization, with 9 cases. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by nasopharyngeal PCR in all patients (100%). Bacilloscopy was positive in 3 out of 5 cases. One patient tested positive for GeneXpert<sup>?</sup> MTB/RIF without rifampicin resistance. All patients were prescribed the hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination and anti-tuberculosis treatment. Out of the nine patients, four recovered (44.4%) and five died (55.5%). Conclusion: COVID-19/TB coinfection had a low prevalence in our cohort, but was associated with a high mortality due to the frequent occurrence of severe forms of the disease.
文摘Introduction: Rabies is a serious disease, as it is always fatal, but it can be prevented by sero-vaccination. It is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Asia and Africa. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies and to determine the factors associated with them among people aged 18 and over in the commune of Niakhène. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical survey of subjects aged 18 and over living in the commune of Niakhène. A sample of 300 individuals was drawn from a two-stage cluster survey stratified by age and sex. Bivariate analysis was performed using association tests. Results: The mean age of respondents was 35.3 ± 16.9 years. It was noted that 67% (201) of respondents had a good knowledge of rabies. The results showed that 7.3% (22) of respondents owned a dog. Of the 278 people who did not own a dog, 78.4% (218) said they would have vaccinated their dog if they had had one. It should be noted that 83.7% (251) of respondents said they would go to a health facility if an animal bit them. None of the dog owners had vaccinated their dogs against rabies. Of the 41 people exposed to rabies, 39% went to a health facility. The age and education of the respondents had statistically significant associations with knowledge of rabies. Respondents’ age and education were statistically significantly related to whether they had vaccinated a domestic dog. The age, education and economic well-being quintile of respondents’ households had statistically significant associations with the use of a health facility in the event of being bitten or scratched by an animal vector. The education of respondents who had been bitten by an animal vector was statistically significantly associated with the use of a health facility. Conclusion: It would be imperative for human and animal health authorities to collaborate in a “One Health” approach in order to increase knowledge and promote the adoption of good practices in rabies prevention.
文摘Introduction: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has been proposed in several countries as the main preventive measure despite very limited data, particularly in dialysis patients. We conducted this study to assess the immunological response to vaccination in Senegalese hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective study, in two dialysis centers in Dakar from March 30<sup>th</sup> to August 30<sup>th</sup>, 2021 including patients on hemodialysis for >6 months, vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 according to the vaccination schedule recommended by WHO. A vaccine response was considered positive when seroconversion was observed after one dose of vaccine. The clinical efficacy of immunization was defined as the absence of new COVID-19 infection in patients who received a complete vaccination. Results: Among the 81 patients included in the study, 7.4% had anti-Spike IgM antibodies before their first vaccination. Seroprevalence of IgM antibodies was 38.3% one month after the first vaccine dose (at M1) and 8.6% one month after the second dose (at M4). Anti-Spike IgG antibodies were present in 40.3% of patients before vaccination, in 90.1% at M1, and in 59.7% at M4. Among patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, 10.2% had IgM antibodies at M0, 31.6% at M1, and 10.5% at M4 post-vaccination. Similarly, seroprevalences of IgG antibodies in this subgroup were 31.5%, 61.3%, and 50.0% respectively at M0, M1, and M4 post-vaccination. A comparison of seroconversion rates between M0 and M4 showed significant differences only for IgG in COVID-19 naive patients. Mean duration in dialysis and the existence of previous COVID-19 infection were associated with patients’ vaccinal response after the two doses. Age, gender and the use of immunosuppressive treatment did not influence post-vaccinal antibody production. Conclusion: Vaccination against COVID-19 in Senegalese hemodialysis patients induced a low seroconversion rate but it was well tolerated. Moreover, the induced protection was neither strong nor durable, particularly in patients with longer duration in dialysis.
文摘Introduction: Postpartum depression is the most common psychiatric disorder affecting women in the perinatal period. According to the WHO, it affects 10% - 15% of women who have just given birth. In Africa, and particularly in Senegal, epidemiological studies focusing exclusively on postpartum depression are rare or non-existent. For this reason, we conducted this screening study on postpartum depression to assess the socio-demographic characteristics and associated factors. Methods: This was a prospective cross- sectional study with descriptive and analytical aims. It was carried out in the twelve Dakar referral health centres during the period August 2021 to June 2022. Results: At the end of our survey we had recruited one hundred and twenty-two (122) participants with a PPD prevalence rate of 25.41%. The most common age group was 24 - 29 years. 40% of the participants were of Fulani ethnicity, followed by Wolof. Married women made up 93% of the sample. The school enrolment rate was 89%. Most participants were not in paid employment. Domestic violence was present in 14% of couples. 28% of mothers reported experiencing a stressful life event during their pregnancy. 22% of the women had a chronic medical condition, of which 55% had high blood pressure. 1% of the women reported a personal psychiatric history and 5% a family psychiatric history. Most women had between two and four healthy living children. The pregnancy was unwanted in 17% of cases and 12% of participants had a complication. 6% were dissatisfied with the quality of their antenatal care. The caesarean section rate was 18%. In terms of associated factors, eight factors were identified in a bivariate analysis: single marital status, lack of support from partner, domestic violence, conflict with in-laws, and the occurrence of a stressful life event during pregnancy, the presence of a personal medical history, lack of satisfaction with pregnancy follow-up, and mode of delivery by caesarean section. Conclusion: Our study showed the high prevalence of PPD (25.41%) and identified associated risk factors. Among these factors, two were strongly associated with postpartum depression: lack of satisfaction with pregnancy care and experiencing a stressful life event during pregnancy. Systematic screening or identification of risk factors during pregnancy is necessary for comprehensive treatment based on a biopsychosocial approach.
文摘Introduction: Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Its treatment uses synthetic antithyroid drugs but the use of aggressive radical therapy such as surgery or non-aggressive therapy such as iodine-131 is not uncommon. Treatment of Graves’ disease with radioactive iodine or iratherapy is a simple, inexpensive, well-tolerated treatment. It was introduced in Senegal in 2016. We report through this work the preliminary assessment of the only nuclear medicine service in Senegal in the management of Graves’ disease by iodine-131. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of the first cases of Graves’ disease treated with iratherapy in Senegal. Socio-demographic, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects were studied. Radiation protection rules have been implemented and contraception has been effective for six months in women of childbearing age. Results: 25 patients were collected with a mean age of 45 years, twenty women (80%), a family goiter in 24% and a psycho-affective context in 64% of cases. Thyrotoxicosis syndrome was associated with goiter in 68% of patients and exophthalmos in 64%. Thyroid ultrasound performed in 20 patients showed vascular goiter in 80% and thyroid scintigraphy in 3 patients, homogeneous and diffuse hyperfixation. TRAK dosed in 8 patients was still positive. All patients had received first-line medical treatment. The average duration of this treatment was more than 18 months in 92%. The empirically used iodine-131 activity averaged 15.35 mCi. Oral corticosteroid therapy was prescribed in 7 patients for the prevention of malignant orbitopathy. No early side effects were noted. The remission rate at 3 months was 52% and at 6 months was 88% to 92%. Conclusion: The effectiveness of radioactive iodine, in particular ablative doses in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, is no longer to be demonstrated. Taking into account our socioeconomic context, iratherapy should be a treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism with a good quality/price ratio and excellent tolerance.
文摘Food safety has become a major concern for consumers, as well as a priority for regulatory authorities. Faced with the growing industrial and domestic use of food additives, many questions are being asked and concerns are being felt by consumers around the world. Consumer perception defines the acceptability or rejection of food products, and has an impact on consumption patterns and behavior. To assess the level of knowledge and perception of food additives, a pilot study was carried out on a sample of 200 people in Dakar and Saint-Louis. A questionnaire was used to assess the acceptance or rejection, use and impact of food additives by consumers in Senegal. The results revealed several aspects. On the whole, the people surveyed expressed great mistrust and even rejection of these substances added to food products. This consumer perception is shared throughout the world, as indicated in numerous surveys. It also emerges from this study that, although most consumers are aware of the existence of these additives and their uses in the home, they feel that the use of these substances in industrial production is too excessive. What’s more, consumers associate food additives with numerous pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, stroke and even sexual impotence. For some of these indexed pathologies, scientific studies have reached the same conclusions, although controversy still persists. On the other hand, for some of the other adverse effects mentioned, no cause-and-effect relationship has been scientifically demonstrated. In these latter cases, it seems that negative communication, misinformation and misconceptions have a major influence on consumer perception of food additives.
文摘Protein is essential for the growth and maintenance of the body. They play a crucial role in different biological processes. This study focuses on comparing the protein contents of local rice grown in the Senegal River valley and rice imported from Asia. The objective is to evaluate the importance of the protein nutritional value of local rice compared to imported rice. Protein contents were determined using the Kjeldahl method. The results of the protein assays show that local rice varieties such as Sahel 108 and Sahel 134 grown in the Thilène basins had protein percentages comparable to those of imported rice. The protein percentages were 15.19% ± 0.91% for the Sahel 108 variety and 16.62% ± 0.01% for the Sahel 134 variety compared to 15.8% ± 0.01% on average for imported rice. Thus from the point of view of protein content, local rice has a nutritional value identical to that of imported rice which it can validly replace. It is important in Senegal to encourage local production, which would make it possible to reduce imports on the one hand and to make quality rice available to the local Senegalese market on the other. Sahel varieties with high protein contents deserve large-scale development to meet the country’s protein needs.
文摘In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.
文摘Sorghum is a vital commodity and greatly contributes to the daily calorie needs for millions of the inhabitants in Senegal, West Africa. Yet, sorghum productivity and profitability are impacted by diseases. In the 2022 growing season, 122 farmers’ fields across 7 regions, notably Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kolda, Tambacounda, and Thies were surveyed for foliar and panicle diseases. During the survey, stops were made at 30 km intervals and at each stop, 2 - 5 fields were evaluated. In each field, 40 plants mostly at soft to early hard dough stages of development were assessed using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. A total of 13 diseases, including leaf blight, anthracnose, Zonate leaf spot, Sooty stripe, rough leaf spot, oval leaf spot, long smut, grain mold, and covered kernel smut were documented. The most predominant diseases were leaf blight, anthracnose, and zonate leaf spot. The prevalence of leaf blight was 100%, while anthracnose and zonate leaf spot were found in 93 out of the 122 fields surveyed, indicating a 76% prevalence, respectively. Across the regions, the prevalence of rough leaf spot was 47%, covered kernel smut (32%), oval leaf spot (19%) and target leaf spot (19%). Mean incidence of leaf blight was high in all regions, ranging from 94% (Kaolack) to 100% (Fatick and Tambacounda). The highest mean incidence of anthracnose (62%) and covered kernel smut (16%) was noted in Tambacounda region. In the region of Thies, the highest mean incidence of zonate leaf spot (49%) was recorded. The mean severity of leaf blight (37%) was highest on plants assessed in the region of Kaffrine, followed by those in the regions of Kaolack, Tambacounda, and Kolda. Anthracnose infection was most intense on plants evaluated in Kolda, while zonate leaf spot was most severe in the region of Tambacounda. Fields with incidences of 85% and above were considered as “hotspots” to evaluate sorghum germplasm for disease resistance. This survey is significant because the information obtained will be beneficial to plant pathologists, sorghum producers, government officials, and funding agencies to prioritize research projects that ensure productivity and food security.
文摘Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a malformation of the heart present at birth and resulting from a developmental defect during embryonic life. The aim was to assess CHD in rural areas. Methodology: This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of 2 years in rural Senegal. Results: During the study period, we collected 79 patients with CHD, representing a hospital prevalence of 2.6%. The mean age at diagnosis was 17.05 months and the sex ratio was 1.19. The mean birth weight was 2826 g. The main comorbidities were anaemia (54.43%) and respiratory infections 38 cases (48.10%). Respiratory distress was the most common sign with 98.73%. Radiological cardiomegaly was noted in 86.7%. The most frequent CHD were interventricular septal defect (IVD) 21.51% and atrial septal defect (ASD) 8.86%. No patient was able to receive surgical treatment. Seven children died (8.86%) and 21 children were lost to follow-up (26.58%). On Doppler echocardiography, 16.45% of the patients had pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Conclusion: In light of this work, emphasis should be placed on the quality of antenatal consultations, the quality of management and the regular availability of echocardiography and a cardio-paediatrician in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.
文摘Animal genetic resources are playing a vital role in livestock production and are essential to food security. The present study aims to contribute to a better understanding genetic local sheep breeds and to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships through the evolution of the SRY gene in four different lineages of Ladoum sheep raised in Senegal. After a brief analysis of genetic diversity, the phylogenetic relationships and molecular dating were inferred through haplotype networks and four phylogenetic reconstruction methods. The different haplotype networks are constructed with NETWORK ver. 5.0.0.0 using the Median-Joining method. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The robustness of the nodes in phylogenetic trees of the three first methods was assessed by 1000 bootstraps. For Bayesian inference, the posterior probability distribution of the trees was estimated by 4 MCMC chains. 5,000,000 generations were performed for each of the chains by sampling the different parameters every 1000 generations. Results show a low polymorphism. Haplotypic diversity is much higher than the average nucleotide divergence between all pairs of haplotypes. The majority and central haplotype indicates a close relationship between “Batling” and “Tyson” individuals. “Birahim” lineage is very distinct from the rest. Phylogenetic trees confirm two genetically separate clades between “Birahim” and the other lineages. The period of divergence between “Birahim” lineage versus the common ancestor of the other three lineages was 2504 years ago. The polyphyly revealed in “Birahim” lindicates that this lineage does not contain the common ancestor of all individuals who compose it. It could therefore be derived from two or more sheep breeds with a common ancestor, Ovis aries. The monophyletic clade appears to be a group including a common ancestor and all of its genetic descendants. This group, bringing together the other three lineages, is in the process of being structured into sub-lineages. This study is the first to show that there are only two genetic lines within ladoum sheep in Senegal.
文摘Purpose: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and management characteristics of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Thies, Senegal. Methods: This was a prospective study that included consecutively from October 1<sup>st</sup>, 2018 to March 03<sup>rd</sup>, 2019, patients aged 18 years or older admitted for an ACS at the DIABCARMET department of the Saint Jean de Dieu Hospital in Thies. Results: Of the 516 patients admitted, 29 had ACS, the prevalence was 5.62%. The average age of the patients was 64.2 ± 11.6 years. Nineteen patients (65.5%) were male and 10 (34.5%) were female, the sex ratio was 1.91. The number of direct admissions was 18 (62%) versus 11 patients (38%) referred. The mode of transport was a private vehicle in 19 patients (65.5%), an ambulance in 7 patients (24.1%) and public transport in 3 patients (10.3%). STEMI (ST segment elevation myocardial infarction) was the most common presentation observed in 19 patients (65.5%). Fifteen patients (51.7%) were admitted before the 12<sup>th</sup> hour. Of the 19 patients with STEMI, 11 (57.9%) had arrived in hospital before the 12<sup>th</sup> hour and 10 patients had streptokinase thrombolysis. No patients received primary PCI. Ten patients (34.5%) had heart failure and five patients (17.2%) died during hospitalization. Conclusion: Delayed consultation and high mortality characterize ACS in Thies. Prevention must be the rule.
文摘Background: In 2019, the WHO estimated that over 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and over 820,000 deaths attributable to hepatitis B. Most people living with HBV are unaware of their immune status and live in endemic areas. This is the case of Benin and Senegal, which have little data on the disease. Objective: This study aimed to provide epidemiological furthers on hepatitis B in Dakar and Cotonou according to WHO recommendations about “obtaining data for action”. Materials and Methods: Our study took place at the Medical Biology Laboratory of the Idrissa Pouye General Hospital (LBM-HOGIP) in Dakar, Senegal. Participants were selected at the LBM-HOGIP of Dakar or at the LBMs of the health centres of the Archdiocese of Cotonou respectively from November to December 2019 and February to March 2020. All participants were tested for hepatitis B virus antigen (HBsAg) using a microparticle chemiluminescence immunoassay assay. Other risk factors including blood transfusion, haemodialysis, tattooing, cultural or clan scarification, piercing, injecting drug use, unprotected sex and surgical procedures were also investigated. Informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study was approved by the ethics committees in Senegal and Benin. For the biological tests, Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics software were used for the analysis of the results. Results: A total of 470 participants were recruited including 234 in Cotonou and 236 in Dakar. The median age in Cotonou was 29 years with extremes of 10 and 65 years, and 38 years in Dakar with extremes of 6 and 93 years. The prevalence of HBsAg was 12.39% in Cotonou and 19.91% in Dakar. The most affected age groups were 20 - 29 in Dakar and 30 - 39 in Cotonou. Except for piercing, none of the other risk factors considered in our study were found to be associated with HBV transmission in our populations. Conclusion: Our study is hospital-based and revealed high prevalence of HBsAg. These prevalences were higher in men.
文摘Background: In Africa, malaria-endemic regions have not been spared from COVID-19 outbreak which emerged in the first quarter of 2020. This pandemic has shown clinical and therapeutic similarities with malaria. This following study sought to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the malaria diagnosis. Method: A review of laboratory registers and an exploitation of the District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) to collect information on the diagnosis of malaria by microscopy and by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), but also that of COVID-19 was done from 2017 to 2021 at the Thierno Mouhamadoul Mansour Hospital in Mbour, Senegal. Results: In 2017, 199 Thick drops (TDs) and 1852 RDTs were performed for malaria diagnosis. In 2018, it was 2352 malaria tests with 2138 RDTs and 214 TDs, before reaching a peak of 3943 tests in 2019 including 3742 RDTs and 201 TDs. By 2020, 2263 tests were performed with 2097 malaria RDTs, 158 TDs and 8 COVID RDTs. The latter increased significantly in 2021, reaching 444 COVID RDTs, while TDs and malaria RDT kept decreasing to 147 and 1036 respectively. Positive TDs were higher in 2020 (11.4%) compared to 2017 (3.5%), 2018 (1.4%), 2019 (6.5%) and 2021 (6.8%). For malaria RDTs, a decrease in the number of positive tests was noted between 2017 (4.5%) and 2021 (1.3%). The COVID RDTs were all negative in 2020, 29.5% were positive and 4.1% were undetermined in 2021. Conclusion: COVID-19 has led to changes in efforts to diagnose malaria as well as an increase in malaria prevalence directed towards children under 5 years of age.
文摘Oral cavity cancers are part of head and neck cancers. They have become frequent in the world in general and Senegal in particular. This study evaluates microsatellite instability tumors in oral cavity cancers in Senegal. Forty cancerous tissues, 20 healthy tissues, and 12 blood tissues were included in this study. These tissues were collected from each patient during the biopsy after obtaining consent. DNA extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing were carried out to obtain sequences. Mutation surveyor, Bioedit and Dnasp software were used to perform our analyses. High instability was found in 57.5% of patients with cancer. Moreover, 90% of the patients had the same motif on healthy and cancerous tissue. Furthermore, 26.12%, 20.72%, and 11.71% polymorphic sites were found in cancerous, healthy and blood tissue respectively. Thus, a similarity between cancerous and healthy tissues seems to exist. This implies that instability of the Bat 26 microsatellite could occur early in the occurrence of oral cavity cancers.
文摘Tuberculosis is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Neuro-meningeal involvement is rare but represents one of the most severe forms with high morbidity and mortality. We report the case of an ischemic stroke complicating neuromeningeal and pulmonary tuberculosis in a four-month-old infant at the National Hospital Center of children Albert Royer (Senegal). The case was a four-month-old, male infant with no history. His vaccination was up to date according to Senegal’s expanded vaccination program. There was no notion of tuberculosis contagion. He was seen for a prolonged fever for more than a month and chronic cough. He had moderate malnutrition. Neurological examination revealed coma, meningeal syndrome, generalized tonic convulsions and hypertonia. The pupils were in bilateral miosis. Osteotendinous reflexes were abolished with a bilateral Babinski sign. He also had severe respiratory distress, bilateral pulmonary condensation syndrome. Brain computed tomography was in favor of an ischemic stroke. The test GeneXpert MTB/RIF was positive on cerebrospinal fluid and gastric tubing fluid. The curative treatment was based on a quadruple therapy based on rifampicin, isoniazid, pirazinamide and ethambutol. The evolution was unfavorable with the death of the patient.
文摘Introduction: GBS is a rare condition in children. The risk factors for GBS are present in Africa;however, the majority of studies reported are case series. The objective of our work was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary profile of GBS cases. Material and Method: This was a prospective longitudinal study, lasting 24 months between November 2019 and November 2021. All patients aged 2 - 18 years diagnosed with GBS according to the Brighton criteria (level 2) were included in our study. Patients with incomplete or unexploitable records were excluded. Results: Over a 24-month period, 16 cases of GBS were collected. These included 12 boys (75%) and 4 girls (25%). The demyelinating form (ADIP) was found in 9 children (43.75%) and the axonal form in 7 patients (37.5%), 5 of whom had pure motor involvement (AMAN) and 2 with sensory-motor involvement (AMSAN). Corticosteroid therapy was more effective in treating pain and in demyelinating forms. Three deaths were noted and all had AMAN. Conclusion: GBS poses a management problem in our context of a country with limited resources. Corticosteroid therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of pain and demyelinating forms of the disease and should be considered for use in GBS.
文摘Background/Objectives: Global ageing is associated with an increase in the frequency of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is often complex to manage postoperatively. The aim of this study was to describe postoperative complications of Lower limb arteriopathy in geriatric units. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive study from July 2019 to June 2022 of patients aged at least 65 years hospitalized in the geriatric unit of the FANN hospital for postoperative management of a Lower limb arteriopathy. Sociodemographic, clinical and evolutionary characteristics were collected and analyzed using Epi info version 7.2.6 software. Results: Forty patients met the criteria, representing 7.69% of hospital admissions. The average age was 77.5 years, with women in majority (75%). The mean time to geriatric admission after surgery was 9 ± 3 days. Poly pathologies (≥3 comorbidities) were present in 55% of patients. Cardiovascular risk factors were dominated by high blood pressure (85%), followed by mellitus diabetes (52.5%) and dyslipidemia (12.5%). Other associated comorbidities were dominated by heart disease (40%), followed by ischemic stroke (27.5%) and major cognitive impairment (27.5%). Excessive chronic arterial disease of the limbs was the predominant vascular diagnosis (80%) and amputation was the most common surgical procedure (62.5%), especially of the thigh (42.4%). Symptoms included refusal to eat (70%) and mental confusion (70%). The geriatric syndromes were mainly acute loss of functional independence (97.5%) and malnutrition (77.5%). The average number of acute diagnoses on admission was 4 ± 1, represented mainly by infectious diseases (31.5%), dominated by superinfection of the amputation stump (55%) and pulmonary infection (25%). Mortality rate was 22.5%. Conclusion: Post-surgical complications are frequent in the geriatric population, with a high mortality rate. Prior geriatric assessment would optimize postoperative results.
文摘The drought recorded in 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the Sahara and Sahel region has greatly affected the population as well as the economies and the eco-systems of this area. In 2007, the African Union launched a Pan-African program, the Great Green Wall for the Sahara, the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI) to reverse land degradation and desertification by planting a wall of trees stretching from Dakar to Djibouti. The objective is to improve food security, and support local people to adapt to climate change. This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the reforestation program in Senegal, fifteen years after it was launched. This study uses a time series of satellite-derived vegetation cover and climatic parameters data to analyze the sustainability of these interventions. Change detection approaches were applied to identify and characterize the drives of the eventual changes. A comparative analysis of reforestation on climatic parameters was explored through the temporal analysis of the vegetation index over the periods 2000-2008 and 2009-2020. An increase in vegetation activity was noted through the NDVI at the interannual (+2% to +8%) and seasonal (+1.5% to 7% for the wet season and 1% to 4% for the dry season) scale and a positive and significant evolution is noted on the trace of the GGW. Also, the period 2009-2020 recorded an increase in rainfall of 2% to 8% of the average value 2000-2020 and 4% to 8% of the rainy season. Soil moisture is the climatic parameter that has increased the most, with an increase of 25% to 54% of the 2000-2020 average, i.e. between 20 mm and 70 mm more. This study shows a significant improvement in the relationship between NDVI and climate parameters after the different reforestation actions of the GGW.
