Background:Short tandem repeats(STRs)were recently found to have significant impacts on gene expression and diseases in humans,but their roles on gene expression and complex traits in pigs remain unexplored.This study...Background:Short tandem repeats(STRs)were recently found to have significant impacts on gene expression and diseases in humans,but their roles on gene expression and complex traits in pigs remain unexplored.This study investigates the effects of STRs on gene expression in liver tissues based on the whole-genome sequences and RNA-Seq data of a discovery cohort of 260 F6 individuals and a validation population of 296 F7 individuals from a heterogeneous population generated from crosses among eight pig breeds.Results:We identified 5203 and 5868 significantly expression STRs(eSTRs,FDR<1%)in the F6 and F7 populations,respectively,most of which could be reciprocally validated(π1=0.92).The eSTRs explained 27.5%of the cisheritability of gene expression traits on average.We further identified 235 and 298 fine-mapped STRs through the Bayesian fine-mapping approach in the F6 and F7 pigs,respectively,which were significantly enriched in intron,ATAC peak,compartment A and H3K4me3 regions.We identified 20 fine-mapped STRs located in 100 kb windows upstream and downstream of published complex trait-associated SNPs,which colocalized with epigenetic markers such as H3K27ac and ATAC peaks.These included eSTR of the CLPB,PGLS,PSMD6 and DHDH genes,which are linked with genome-wide association study(GWAS)SNPs for blood-related traits,leg conformation,growth-related traits,and meat quality traits,respectively.Conclusions:This study provides insights into the effects of STRs on gene expression traits.The identified eSTRs are valuable resources for prioritizing causal STRs for complex traits in pigs.展开更多
Objective To establish the northwest database of short tandem repeat(STR) loci in forensic medicine. Methods Bloodstains or whole blood samples were collected from the unrelated prisoners in Xi’an city. Genetic distr...Objective To establish the northwest database of short tandem repeat(STR) loci in forensic medicine. Methods Bloodstains or whole blood samples were collected from the unrelated prisoners in Xi’an city. Genetic distribution for 13 STR loci and amelogenin locus were determined in prisons based on GeneScan. One primer for each locus was labeled with the fluorescent by 5 FAM, JOE, or NED. The forensic database were generated by using multiple amplification, GeneScan, genotype, and genetic distribution analysis. Results 113 alleles and 302 genotypes were observed, with the corresponding frequency between 0.0050-0.5250 and 0.0100-0.4100. The mean H was 0.7667. The accumulative DP was 0.9999999,. The accumulative EPP was 0.9999999. The scope of PIC was 0.6036- 0.8562 . PM was less than 10 -11 . The observed and expected genotype frequencies were evaluated using χ 2 test and all were in accordance with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium ( P > 0.05 ). Conclusion STR loci is an ideal genetic marker with powerful polymorphism and stable heredity. It can be used for individual identification and paternity in forensic medicine. The forensic DNA database model can be established successfully.展开更多
The Tibetan macaque, which is endemic to China,is currently listed as a Near Endangered primate species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)(2017). Short tandem repeats(STRs) refer to repetitive...The Tibetan macaque, which is endemic to China,is currently listed as a Near Endangered primate species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)(2017). Short tandem repeats(STRs) refer to repetitive elements of genome sequence that range in length from 1–6 bp. They are found in many organisms and are widely applied in population genetic studies. To clarify the distribution characteristics of genome-wide STRs and understand their variation among Tibetan macaques,we conducted a genome-wide survey of STRs with next-generation sequencing of five macaque samples.A total of 1077 790 perfect STRs were mined from our assembly, with an N50 of 4 966 bp. Mono-nucleotide repeats were the most abundant, followed by tetraand di-nucleotide repeats. Analysis of GC content and repeats showed consistent results with other macaques. Furthermore, using STR analysis software(lob STR), we found that the proportion of base pair deletions in the STRs was greater than that of insertions in the five Tibetan macaque individuals(P<0.05, t-test). We also found a greater number of homozygous STRs than heterozygous STRs(P<0.05,t-test), with the Emei and Jianyang Tibetan macaques showing more heterozygous loci than Huangshan Tibetan macaques. The proportion of insertions and mean variation of alleles in the Emei and Jianyang individuals were slightly higher than those in the Huangshan individuals, thus revealing differences in STR allele size between the two populations.The polymorphic STR loci identified based on the reference genome showed good amplification efficiency and could be used to study population genetics in Tibetan macaques. The neighbor-joining tree classified the five macaques into two different branches according to their geographical origin,indicating high genetic differentiation between the Huangshan and Sichuan populations. We elucidated the distribution characteristics of STRs in the Tibetan macaque genome and provided an effective method for screening polymorphic STRs. Our results also lay a foundation for future genetic variation studies of macaques.展开更多
Objective To study the allele genetic polymorphism of five short tandem repeat(STR) loci on X-chromosome in Ewenke population of north China and to provide basic data for forensic identification. Methods Genomic DNA w...Objective To study the allele genetic polymorphism of five short tandem repeat(STR) loci on X-chromosome in Ewenke population of north China and to provide basic data for forensic identification. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA-whole blood of Ewenke population by Chelex-100. The DNA samples were amplified by PCR and were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. The sequence length variations of DXS6799,DXS8378,DXS101,HPRTB,and DXS6789 loci on X-chromosome in 98 unrelated Ewenke individuals were investigated. Results All five loci analyzed showed high polymorphism and genetic stability. The data of the five X-chromosome STR loci in Ewenke ethnic group of China was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by Chi-square test. Conclusion Allele polymorphism of five X-chromosome STR loci can be used as a genetic marker for forensic identification and population genetic research.展开更多
Interest in DNA analysis using short tandem repeats (STR) as finger printing tools in forensic medicine has gained tremendous application, as expression of these nuclear factors have enhanced forensic examination. Her...Interest in DNA analysis using short tandem repeats (STR) as finger printing tools in forensic medicine has gained tremendous application, as expression of these nuclear factors have enhanced forensic examination. Here we used this Biochemical characterization after conventional extraction process, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresiss and a sequencer to distinguish and resolve parental dispute. The differential migration of labeled DNA fragments which attains excitation energy with a laser elicits fluorescent light of different wavelength depending on the dye used. A data collection software (Genemapper) collects raw data (spectrograph) and converts it to an electropherogram that is interpreted. By comparing the DNA profiles, inclusion and exclusion criteria were elucidated to resolve disputes. The inherent discriminating power of STRs used in analysis enhances resolution of cell mixtures, genetic aberration, substantiation of tissue origin and provides genetic distinction which is a robust and reliable approach in resolving parental disputes.展开更多
Objective:To find a simple and rapid way for the prenatal diagnosis of phenylkeonuria(PKU) during the first trimester in order to precvent inborn PKU patients as early as possible.Methods:DNA was extracted respeclivel...Objective:To find a simple and rapid way for the prenatal diagnosis of phenylkeonuria(PKU) during the first trimester in order to precvent inborn PKU patients as early as possible.Methods:DNA was extracted respeclively from the blood sampleps of members in 9 families with classic form of PKU were analyzed and prenatal diagmosis were conducted using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) together with denaturing gradient gel elecytrophoresis (DGGE)and silver dyeing,Results:We identified 1 embryo with PKU,2 normal individuals and 5 carriers among 9 subjects.Conclusion:Prenatal diagnosis for PKU by STR is available in the first trimesler,This procedure was promising and would be widely used in CHinese population.展开更多
Context:As the increasing number of pet canines,the identification of canine has attracted much attentions in the forensic field,however,the genetic diversities of pet canines still remained unknown.Aims:To explore ge...Context:As the increasing number of pet canines,the identification of canine has attracted much attentions in the forensic field,however,the genetic diversities of pet canines still remained unknown.Aims:To explore genetic polymorphisms of 19 short tandem repeat(STR)loci and genetic relationships between the two studied canine groups and reference group.Subjects and Methods:In the present study,genetic polymorphisms of 19 STR loci and a sex-linked zinc finger locus were analyzed in a total of 594 canines in Standard Poodle and Bichon Frise groups from China.Results:A total of 166,159 alleles were observed in the Standard Poodle,Bichon Frise groups with the corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0030-0.6108 to 0.0012-0.6148,respectively.The combined discrimination power and probability of exclusion of 19 STR loci in Standard Poodle and Bichon Frise groups were 0.9999999999999497,0.999962884;and 0.99999999999999995,0.999965955,respectively.Furthermore,the genetic distances between the two canine groups and Labrador retriever group were calculated,and the results indicated that Standard Poodle and Bichon Frise groups showed a closer genetic relationship,while the two canine groups had distant genetic relationships with Labrador retriever group.The result of population genetic structure revealed that genetic component distributions in the three canine groups were different.The predicted accuracies of the constructed random forest prediction model for three validation sets(25%individuals randomly selected from three populations with 808 individuals)were higher than 0.9,especially for the individuals in validation set from the Bichon Frise group is 1.Conclusions:The 19 STR loci could be used for individual identification,canine breed identification and paternity testing in the two canine groups.展开更多
Objective:To investigate 38 Y-chromosome short tandem repeat(Y-STR)genetic polymorphisms in Beijing Han and analyze the genetic distance with neighboring or linguistically similar populations.Materials and Methods:In ...Objective:To investigate 38 Y-chromosome short tandem repeat(Y-STR)genetic polymorphisms in Beijing Han and analyze the genetic distance with neighboring or linguistically similar populations.Materials and Methods:In the study,we selected 531 unrelated male individuals of Beijing Han,and the results were statistically analyzed by testing with GSTAR™41Y reagents.Results:The allele peak heights were balanced among the Y loci,the amplified fragment ranged from 100 to 500 bps.A total of 531 haplotypes were detected in 531 samples.Eight null genotypes were observed on locus DYS448.One and three double alleles were observed on single-copy locus DYS576 and DYS19,respectively.DYS385 a/b,DYF387S1 a/b,and DYS527 a/b were more common in double copies,but 3,13,and 11 triple alleles were detected,respectively.The gene diversity values of Y-STRs except DYS391,DYS438,and DYS645 were>0.5.Twenty-seven Y-STRs of Beijing Han population were selected for genetic distance comparison with 17 populations including Changchun Han,with Rst values ranging from 0.0002 to 0.1703.Conclusion:The 38 Y-STRs in this study have strong male lineage identification ability and have great potential for individual identification,kinship identification,Y-STR database construction,and genetic relationship research.展开更多
Complex kinship identification such as half‑sibling identification is a difficult task in forensic biology Here we represented an approach in dealing with half‑sisters from different mothers,with the combination of au...Complex kinship identification such as half‑sibling identification is a difficult task in forensic biology Here we represented an approach in dealing with half‑sisters from different mothers,with the combination of autosomal and X chromosomal short‑tandem repeats(STRs)data.X chromosomal STRs can offer additional information,especially in some cases where autosomal STRs alone may not provide enough information for an accurate opinion.In this case,half‑sister or unrelated relationship between two women(S_(1)and S_(2))with different mothers were distinguished.23 autosomal and 31 X chromosomal STRs of S_(1),S_(2),S_(1)’s mother(M1),S_(2)’s mother(M2)and S_(1)’s grandmother(G1)were profiled with three different commercial kits.As to X‑chromosome STRs,likelihood ratios(LRs)were calculated by FamLinkX with consideration of linkage,linkage disequilibrium,and mutations.When only the profiles of the two individuals(S_(1)and S_(2))were available,LRs between S_(1)and S_(2)were 1.1110×10^(2)based on 23 autosomal STRs and 3.2257 om107 based on 31 X chromosomal STRs.When the maternal genotypes were taken into consideration,LRs increased to 2.5297×10^(3)and 3.0563×10^(18).Therefore,both the DNA profiles of each mothers and X chromosomal STRs are important in dealing with the identification of half‑sisters from different mothers.展开更多
Poaching and trans-boundary trafficking of tigers and body parts are threatening the world’s last remaining wild tigers.Development of an efficient molecular genetic assay for tracing the origins of confiscated speci...Poaching and trans-boundary trafficking of tigers and body parts are threatening the world’s last remaining wild tigers.Development of an efficient molecular genetic assay for tracing the origins of confiscated specimens will assist in law enforcement and wildlife forensics for this iconic flagship species.We developed a multiplex genotyping system“tigrisPlex”to simultaneously assess 22 short tandem repeat(STR,or microsatellite)loci and a gender-identifying SRY gene,all amplified in 4 reactions using as little as 1 ng of template DNA.With DNA samples used for between-run calibration,the system generates STR genotypes that are directly compatible with voucher tiger subspecies genetic profiles,hence making it possible to identify subspecies via bi-parentally inherited markers.We applied“tigrisPlex”to 12 confiscated specimens from Russia and identified 6 individuals(3 females and 3 males),each represented by duplicated samples and all designated as Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)with high confidence.This STR multiplex system can serve as an effective and versatile approach for genetic profiling of both wild and captive tigers as well as confiscated tiger products,fulfilling various conservation needs for identifying the origins of tiger samples.展开更多
China is a multinational country composed of 56 ethnic groups of which the Han Chinese accounts for 91.60%.Qinghai Province is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,has an area of 72.12 km2,and...China is a multinational country composed of 56 ethnic groups of which the Han Chinese accounts for 91.60%.Qinghai Province is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,has an area of 72.12 km2,and is the fourth largest province in China.In the present study,we investigated the genetic polymorphisms of 20 short tandem repeat (STR) loci in a Qinghai Han population,as well as its genetic relationships with other populations.A total of 273 alleles were identified in 2 000 individuals at 20 loci,and the allelic frequency ranged from 0.0002 to 0.5327.The 20 STR loci showed a relatively high polymorphic rate in the studied group.Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged 0.613 0-0.907 5 and 0.614 8-0.920 0,respectively.The combined power of discrimination,and the probability of exclusion in duo and trio cases were 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 34,0.9999960 and 0.9999999965,respectively.Analyses of interpopulation differentiation revealed that the most significant differences were found between the Qinghai Han and Malaysian,while no significant differences were found between the Qinghai Han and Han people from Shaanxi and Jiangsu.The results of principal component analysis,multidimensional scaling analysis and phylogenetic reconstructions also suggested the close relationships between the Qinghai Han and other two Han populations.The present results,therefore,indicated that these 20 STR loci could be used for paternity testing and individual identification in forensic applications,and may also provide information for the studies of genetic relationships between Qinghai Han and other groups.展开更多
In recent years,paternity testing in ethnic minority areas in China increases rapidly.However,the number of existing genetic markers does not meet the needs.The objective is to study the information of 22 genetic mark...In recent years,paternity testing in ethnic minority areas in China increases rapidly.However,the number of existing genetic markers does not meet the needs.The objective is to study the information of 22 genetic markers in Mongolian,Tibetan,and Uygur Nationality.The genetic polymorphism of 22 short tandem repeat(STR)loci(D10S1435,D11S2368,D12S391,D13S325,D14S608,D15S659,D16S539,D17S1290,D18S535,D19S253,D1S1656,D20S470,D21S1270,D22GATA198B05,D2S1338,D3S3045,D4S2366,D5S2500,D6S477,D7S3048,D8S1132,and D9S925)was estimated in 259 Uyghur,251 Tibetan,and 250 Inner Mongolian individuals from China who were all unrelated.Allele frequencies and forensic parameters were evaluated.The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(HWE)of each locus and the linkage disequilibrium(LD)for all pairwise STR loci were tested.Additionally,the Nei's genetic distance was used to estimate the genetic heterogeneity between Tibetan,Uyghur,Mongolian,Chinese Northern Han and Chinese Li population.The 22 loci showed high genetic polymorphism in the three ethnic groups.An exact test for the genotype distribution of the markers showed no significant deviation from HWE.These 22 STR loci could be treated as independent loci at the population level in these three ethnic groups.Relatively short genetic distances were found between the Mongolian and Han and Uygur populations.The 22 loci had no LD in the three ethnic groups and showed high heterozygosity,providing genetic information and forensic statistics for the Uyghur,Tibetan,and Inner Mongolian groups.These 22 STR loci will be useful for identification and kinship analysis in these three populations in China.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the application of autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)loci using the ITO method and discriminant function algorithm for full‑sibling(FS)identification.A total of 342 pairs of full siblin...This study aimed to investigate the application of autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)loci using the ITO method and discriminant function algorithm for full‑sibling(FS)identification.A total of 342 pairs of full siblings(FSs)and 3900 pairs of unrelated individuals(UIs)were genotyped at 51 STR loci.The groups were in accordance with discrimination power(DP)values and the number of loci,and the values of FS index(FSI)of FSs and UIs were calculated by the ITO method.The discriminant functions of FS–UI were established using the Fisher’s discriminant analysis method with SPSS 19.0 software.All the lgFSI values in the FS and UI groups followed a normal distribution,and there were significant differences between the two pairs.A higher average DP value was associated with a more significant difference,as was a greater number of STR loci detected.Receiver operator characteristic curves showed that the accuracy of FS identification can be affected by both locus polymorphism and the number of loci detected.Comparing the rate of false positives and false negatives of discriminant function between the two groups,a higher average DP value and larger number of loci detected were associated with a lower rate of miscarriage of justice and were more helpful for FS–UI identification.The ITO‑based discriminant analysis method has high applicability in FS–UI tests.Testing of a greater number of STR loci promotes FS identification.展开更多
Analysis of X‑chromosome short tandem repeats(STRs)is very helpful in deficiency paternity testing.Here,we reported a case of kinship analysis that showed a potentially erroneous inclusion of paternal sisters between ...Analysis of X‑chromosome short tandem repeats(STRs)is very helpful in deficiency paternity testing.Here,we reported a case of kinship analysis that showed a potentially erroneous inclusion of paternal sisters between two women.The two women shared alleles at 18 X‑chromosomal STR loci spanned from 14.76cM(DXS6807)to 184.19cM(DXS7423).When their relatives were not available for testing,biostatistical analysis for the 18 X‑chromosomal STR loci and 24 autosomal STR loci revealed the most possible relationship between the two women was paternal sisters.However,when the father of one woman was available,the other father‑daughter possibility was excluded.In the end,the likelihood ratio of STR marker and mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)sequences confirmed the two women were maternal sisters.This case emphasizes a cautionary interpretation of X chromosomal marker in deficiency paternity cases with female offspring.Even though large parts of the X‑chromosome haplotypes shared by two females,additional relatives and extended DNA typing(such as mtDNA)may be needed further to ascertain whether they are paternal or maternal sisters.展开更多
We investigated the polymorphisms of 23 Y‑short tandem repeat(STR)loci in a Han population in the Beijing region.Blood samples were collected from 255 unrelated Han males.DNA templates were amplified using the PowerPl...We investigated the polymorphisms of 23 Y‑short tandem repeat(STR)loci in a Han population in the Beijing region.Blood samples were collected from 255 unrelated Han males.DNA templates were amplified using the PowerPlex®Y23 system,and the amplification products were detected with a 3130 genetic analyzer.A total of 254 haplotypes were detected from the 255 unrelated Han males in the Beijing region.The gene diversity of these 23 Y‑STR loci was 0.3952–0.9721.The haplotype diversity was 0.99996 and discrimination capacity(DC)was more than 99.6%.The 23 Y‑STR loci used in this study are highly polymorphic in Han individuals in the Beijing region and are therefore suitable for paternal kinship identification.Studying allelic deletions such as DYS448 and DYS549 are important for examining Y‑STR polymorphisms and forensic testing.展开更多
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short tandemly repeated DNA sequences that involve a repetitive unit of 1–6 bp. Because of their polymorphisms and high muta- tion rates, STRs are widely used in biological research. S...Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short tandemly repeated DNA sequences that involve a repetitive unit of 1–6 bp. Because of their polymorphisms and high muta- tion rates, STRs are widely used in biological research. Strand-slippage replication is the predominant mutation mechanism of STRs, and the stepwise mutation model is regarded as the main mutation model. STR mutation rates can be influenced by many factors. Moreover, some trinucleotide repeats are associated with human neurodegenerative diseases. In order to deepen our knowledge of these diseases and broaden STR application, it is essential to understand the STR mutation pro- cess in detail. In this review, we focus on the current known information about STR mutation.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31790413)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760657)。
文摘Background:Short tandem repeats(STRs)were recently found to have significant impacts on gene expression and diseases in humans,but their roles on gene expression and complex traits in pigs remain unexplored.This study investigates the effects of STRs on gene expression in liver tissues based on the whole-genome sequences and RNA-Seq data of a discovery cohort of 260 F6 individuals and a validation population of 296 F7 individuals from a heterogeneous population generated from crosses among eight pig breeds.Results:We identified 5203 and 5868 significantly expression STRs(eSTRs,FDR<1%)in the F6 and F7 populations,respectively,most of which could be reciprocally validated(π1=0.92).The eSTRs explained 27.5%of the cisheritability of gene expression traits on average.We further identified 235 and 298 fine-mapped STRs through the Bayesian fine-mapping approach in the F6 and F7 pigs,respectively,which were significantly enriched in intron,ATAC peak,compartment A and H3K4me3 regions.We identified 20 fine-mapped STRs located in 100 kb windows upstream and downstream of published complex trait-associated SNPs,which colocalized with epigenetic markers such as H3K27ac and ATAC peaks.These included eSTR of the CLPB,PGLS,PSMD6 and DHDH genes,which are linked with genome-wide association study(GWAS)SNPs for blood-related traits,leg conformation,growth-related traits,and meat quality traits,respectively.Conclusions:This study provides insights into the effects of STRs on gene expression traits.The identified eSTRs are valuable resources for prioritizing causal STRs for complex traits in pigs.
基金ThisworkwassupportedbytheScientificResearchItemofXi’ancity (No .2 0 0 2 3 9)
文摘Objective To establish the northwest database of short tandem repeat(STR) loci in forensic medicine. Methods Bloodstains or whole blood samples were collected from the unrelated prisoners in Xi’an city. Genetic distribution for 13 STR loci and amelogenin locus were determined in prisons based on GeneScan. One primer for each locus was labeled with the fluorescent by 5 FAM, JOE, or NED. The forensic database were generated by using multiple amplification, GeneScan, genotype, and genetic distribution analysis. Results 113 alleles and 302 genotypes were observed, with the corresponding frequency between 0.0050-0.5250 and 0.0100-0.4100. The mean H was 0.7667. The accumulative DP was 0.9999999,. The accumulative EPP was 0.9999999. The scope of PIC was 0.6036- 0.8562 . PM was less than 10 -11 . The observed and expected genotype frequencies were evaluated using χ 2 test and all were in accordance with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium ( P > 0.05 ). Conclusion STR loci is an ideal genetic marker with powerful polymorphism and stable heredity. It can be used for individual identification and paternity in forensic medicine. The forensic DNA database model can be established successfully.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31530068)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770415)Sichuan Application Foundation Project(2015JY0268)
文摘The Tibetan macaque, which is endemic to China,is currently listed as a Near Endangered primate species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)(2017). Short tandem repeats(STRs) refer to repetitive elements of genome sequence that range in length from 1–6 bp. They are found in many organisms and are widely applied in population genetic studies. To clarify the distribution characteristics of genome-wide STRs and understand their variation among Tibetan macaques,we conducted a genome-wide survey of STRs with next-generation sequencing of five macaque samples.A total of 1077 790 perfect STRs were mined from our assembly, with an N50 of 4 966 bp. Mono-nucleotide repeats were the most abundant, followed by tetraand di-nucleotide repeats. Analysis of GC content and repeats showed consistent results with other macaques. Furthermore, using STR analysis software(lob STR), we found that the proportion of base pair deletions in the STRs was greater than that of insertions in the five Tibetan macaque individuals(P<0.05, t-test). We also found a greater number of homozygous STRs than heterozygous STRs(P<0.05,t-test), with the Emei and Jianyang Tibetan macaques showing more heterozygous loci than Huangshan Tibetan macaques. The proportion of insertions and mean variation of alleles in the Emei and Jianyang individuals were slightly higher than those in the Huangshan individuals, thus revealing differences in STR allele size between the two populations.The polymorphic STR loci identified based on the reference genome showed good amplification efficiency and could be used to study population genetics in Tibetan macaques. The neighbor-joining tree classified the five macaques into two different branches according to their geographical origin,indicating high genetic differentiation between the Huangshan and Sichuan populations. We elucidated the distribution characteristics of STRs in the Tibetan macaque genome and provided an effective method for screening polymorphic STRs. Our results also lay a foundation for future genetic variation studies of macaques.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(39970401).
文摘Objective To study the allele genetic polymorphism of five short tandem repeat(STR) loci on X-chromosome in Ewenke population of north China and to provide basic data for forensic identification. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA-whole blood of Ewenke population by Chelex-100. The DNA samples were amplified by PCR and were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. The sequence length variations of DXS6799,DXS8378,DXS101,HPRTB,and DXS6789 loci on X-chromosome in 98 unrelated Ewenke individuals were investigated. Results All five loci analyzed showed high polymorphism and genetic stability. The data of the five X-chromosome STR loci in Ewenke ethnic group of China was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by Chi-square test. Conclusion Allele polymorphism of five X-chromosome STR loci can be used as a genetic marker for forensic identification and population genetic research.
文摘Interest in DNA analysis using short tandem repeats (STR) as finger printing tools in forensic medicine has gained tremendous application, as expression of these nuclear factors have enhanced forensic examination. Here we used this Biochemical characterization after conventional extraction process, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresiss and a sequencer to distinguish and resolve parental dispute. The differential migration of labeled DNA fragments which attains excitation energy with a laser elicits fluorescent light of different wavelength depending on the dye used. A data collection software (Genemapper) collects raw data (spectrograph) and converts it to an electropherogram that is interpreted. By comparing the DNA profiles, inclusion and exclusion criteria were elucidated to resolve disputes. The inherent discriminating power of STRs used in analysis enhances resolution of cell mixtures, genetic aberration, substantiation of tissue origin and provides genetic distinction which is a robust and reliable approach in resolving parental disputes.
文摘Objective:To find a simple and rapid way for the prenatal diagnosis of phenylkeonuria(PKU) during the first trimester in order to precvent inborn PKU patients as early as possible.Methods:DNA was extracted respeclively from the blood sampleps of members in 9 families with classic form of PKU were analyzed and prenatal diagmosis were conducted using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) together with denaturing gradient gel elecytrophoresis (DGGE)and silver dyeing,Results:We identified 1 embryo with PKU,2 normal individuals and 5 carriers among 9 subjects.Conclusion:Prenatal diagnosis for PKU by STR is available in the first trimesler,This procedure was promising and would be widely used in CHinese population.
基金supported by Shaanxi Science and Technology Co‑ordination and Innovation Project under Grant(number 2015KTCL03‑03)。
文摘Context:As the increasing number of pet canines,the identification of canine has attracted much attentions in the forensic field,however,the genetic diversities of pet canines still remained unknown.Aims:To explore genetic polymorphisms of 19 short tandem repeat(STR)loci and genetic relationships between the two studied canine groups and reference group.Subjects and Methods:In the present study,genetic polymorphisms of 19 STR loci and a sex-linked zinc finger locus were analyzed in a total of 594 canines in Standard Poodle and Bichon Frise groups from China.Results:A total of 166,159 alleles were observed in the Standard Poodle,Bichon Frise groups with the corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0030-0.6108 to 0.0012-0.6148,respectively.The combined discrimination power and probability of exclusion of 19 STR loci in Standard Poodle and Bichon Frise groups were 0.9999999999999497,0.999962884;and 0.99999999999999995,0.999965955,respectively.Furthermore,the genetic distances between the two canine groups and Labrador retriever group were calculated,and the results indicated that Standard Poodle and Bichon Frise groups showed a closer genetic relationship,while the two canine groups had distant genetic relationships with Labrador retriever group.The result of population genetic structure revealed that genetic component distributions in the three canine groups were different.The predicted accuracies of the constructed random forest prediction model for three validation sets(25%individuals randomly selected from three populations with 808 individuals)were higher than 0.9,especially for the individuals in validation set from the Bichon Frise group is 1.Conclusions:The 19 STR loci could be used for individual identification,canine breed identification and paternity testing in the two canine groups.
基金supported by opening research grants from Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine,Key Lab of Forensic Science,Ministry of Justice,PR.China(Academy of Forensic Science)(No.KF202111)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Objective:To investigate 38 Y-chromosome short tandem repeat(Y-STR)genetic polymorphisms in Beijing Han and analyze the genetic distance with neighboring or linguistically similar populations.Materials and Methods:In the study,we selected 531 unrelated male individuals of Beijing Han,and the results were statistically analyzed by testing with GSTAR™41Y reagents.Results:The allele peak heights were balanced among the Y loci,the amplified fragment ranged from 100 to 500 bps.A total of 531 haplotypes were detected in 531 samples.Eight null genotypes were observed on locus DYS448.One and three double alleles were observed on single-copy locus DYS576 and DYS19,respectively.DYS385 a/b,DYF387S1 a/b,and DYS527 a/b were more common in double copies,but 3,13,and 11 triple alleles were detected,respectively.The gene diversity values of Y-STRs except DYS391,DYS438,and DYS645 were>0.5.Twenty-seven Y-STRs of Beijing Han population were selected for genetic distance comparison with 17 populations including Changchun Han,with Rst values ranging from 0.0002 to 0.1703.Conclusion:The 38 Y-STRs in this study have strong male lineage identification ability and have great potential for individual identification,kinship identification,Y-STR database construction,and genetic relationship research.
基金This work was financially supported by the project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education(No.19YJA820050).
文摘Complex kinship identification such as half‑sibling identification is a difficult task in forensic biology Here we represented an approach in dealing with half‑sisters from different mothers,with the combination of autosomal and X chromosomal short‑tandem repeats(STRs)data.X chromosomal STRs can offer additional information,especially in some cases where autosomal STRs alone may not provide enough information for an accurate opinion.In this case,half‑sister or unrelated relationship between two women(S_(1)and S_(2))with different mothers were distinguished.23 autosomal and 31 X chromosomal STRs of S_(1),S_(2),S_(1)’s mother(M1),S_(2)’s mother(M2)and S_(1)’s grandmother(G1)were profiled with three different commercial kits.As to X‑chromosome STRs,likelihood ratios(LRs)were calculated by FamLinkX with consideration of linkage,linkage disequilibrium,and mutations.When only the profiles of the two individuals(S_(1)and S_(2))were available,LRs between S_(1)and S_(2)were 1.1110×10^(2)based on 23 autosomal STRs and 3.2257 om107 based on 31 X chromosomal STRs.When the maternal genotypes were taken into consideration,LRs increased to 2.5297×10^(3)and 3.0563×10^(18).Therefore,both the DNA profiles of each mothers and X chromosomal STRs are important in dealing with the identification of half‑sisters from different mothers.
基金This research was supported by the Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at Peking University(PKU)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.31271320,No.31471179).We thank Zhi Dong,Yan Zhuang,Yuechen Liu,Lin Miao and Galina Nemkova for technical assistance.Reference tiger samples for calibration were kindly provided by Dr Stephen O’Brien under a Material Transfer Agreement signed between PKU and the National Cancer Institute,USA,and in full compliance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.We also thank Dale Miquelle for helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
文摘Poaching and trans-boundary trafficking of tigers and body parts are threatening the world’s last remaining wild tigers.Development of an efficient molecular genetic assay for tracing the origins of confiscated specimens will assist in law enforcement and wildlife forensics for this iconic flagship species.We developed a multiplex genotyping system“tigrisPlex”to simultaneously assess 22 short tandem repeat(STR,or microsatellite)loci and a gender-identifying SRY gene,all amplified in 4 reactions using as little as 1 ng of template DNA.With DNA samples used for between-run calibration,the system generates STR genotypes that are directly compatible with voucher tiger subspecies genetic profiles,hence making it possible to identify subspecies via bi-parentally inherited markers.We applied“tigrisPlex”to 12 confiscated specimens from Russia and identified 6 individuals(3 females and 3 males),each represented by duplicated samples and all designated as Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)with high confidence.This STR multiplex system can serve as an effective and versatile approach for genetic profiling of both wild and captive tigers as well as confiscated tiger products,fulfilling various conservation needs for identifying the origins of tiger samples.
基金This project was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China[grant number xjj2018165]and the Key Project for Science Research and Development of Shaanxi Province(2018SF-119).
文摘China is a multinational country composed of 56 ethnic groups of which the Han Chinese accounts for 91.60%.Qinghai Province is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,has an area of 72.12 km2,and is the fourth largest province in China.In the present study,we investigated the genetic polymorphisms of 20 short tandem repeat (STR) loci in a Qinghai Han population,as well as its genetic relationships with other populations.A total of 273 alleles were identified in 2 000 individuals at 20 loci,and the allelic frequency ranged from 0.0002 to 0.5327.The 20 STR loci showed a relatively high polymorphic rate in the studied group.Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged 0.613 0-0.907 5 and 0.614 8-0.920 0,respectively.The combined power of discrimination,and the probability of exclusion in duo and trio cases were 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 34,0.9999960 and 0.9999999965,respectively.Analyses of interpopulation differentiation revealed that the most significant differences were found between the Qinghai Han and Malaysian,while no significant differences were found between the Qinghai Han and Han people from Shaanxi and Jiangsu.The results of principal component analysis,multidimensional scaling analysis and phylogenetic reconstructions also suggested the close relationships between the Qinghai Han and other two Han populations.The present results,therefore,indicated that these 20 STR loci could be used for paternity testing and individual identification in forensic applications,and may also provide information for the studies of genetic relationships between Qinghai Han and other groups.
基金This study was supported by the Ministry of Education,Humanities and Social Science research projects(grant number 13YJA8200031).
文摘In recent years,paternity testing in ethnic minority areas in China increases rapidly.However,the number of existing genetic markers does not meet the needs.The objective is to study the information of 22 genetic markers in Mongolian,Tibetan,and Uygur Nationality.The genetic polymorphism of 22 short tandem repeat(STR)loci(D10S1435,D11S2368,D12S391,D13S325,D14S608,D15S659,D16S539,D17S1290,D18S535,D19S253,D1S1656,D20S470,D21S1270,D22GATA198B05,D2S1338,D3S3045,D4S2366,D5S2500,D6S477,D7S3048,D8S1132,and D9S925)was estimated in 259 Uyghur,251 Tibetan,and 250 Inner Mongolian individuals from China who were all unrelated.Allele frequencies and forensic parameters were evaluated.The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(HWE)of each locus and the linkage disequilibrium(LD)for all pairwise STR loci were tested.Additionally,the Nei's genetic distance was used to estimate the genetic heterogeneity between Tibetan,Uyghur,Mongolian,Chinese Northern Han and Chinese Li population.The 22 loci showed high genetic polymorphism in the three ethnic groups.An exact test for the genotype distribution of the markers showed no significant deviation from HWE.These 22 STR loci could be treated as independent loci at the population level in these three ethnic groups.Relatively short genetic distances were found between the Mongolian and Han and Uygur populations.The 22 loci had no LD in the three ethnic groups and showed high heterozygosity,providing genetic information and forensic statistics for the Uyghur,Tibetan,and Inner Mongolian groups.These 22 STR loci will be useful for identification and kinship analysis in these three populations in China.
基金the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics,Ministry of Public Security(2017FGKFKT03).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the application of autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)loci using the ITO method and discriminant function algorithm for full‑sibling(FS)identification.A total of 342 pairs of full siblings(FSs)and 3900 pairs of unrelated individuals(UIs)were genotyped at 51 STR loci.The groups were in accordance with discrimination power(DP)values and the number of loci,and the values of FS index(FSI)of FSs and UIs were calculated by the ITO method.The discriminant functions of FS–UI were established using the Fisher’s discriminant analysis method with SPSS 19.0 software.All the lgFSI values in the FS and UI groups followed a normal distribution,and there were significant differences between the two pairs.A higher average DP value was associated with a more significant difference,as was a greater number of STR loci detected.Receiver operator characteristic curves showed that the accuracy of FS identification can be affected by both locus polymorphism and the number of loci detected.Comparing the rate of false positives and false negatives of discriminant function between the two groups,a higher average DP value and larger number of loci detected were associated with a lower rate of miscarriage of justice and were more helpful for FS–UI identification.The ITO‑based discriminant analysis method has high applicability in FS–UI tests.Testing of a greater number of STR loci promotes FS identification.
基金This study was supported by the grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81373245)cultivation of Medical Young Teachers of College basic research of Sun Yat‑sen University(14ykpy02).The authors are grateful to the voluntary donors for their cases.
文摘Analysis of X‑chromosome short tandem repeats(STRs)is very helpful in deficiency paternity testing.Here,we reported a case of kinship analysis that showed a potentially erroneous inclusion of paternal sisters between two women.The two women shared alleles at 18 X‑chromosomal STR loci spanned from 14.76cM(DXS6807)to 184.19cM(DXS7423).When their relatives were not available for testing,biostatistical analysis for the 18 X‑chromosomal STR loci and 24 autosomal STR loci revealed the most possible relationship between the two women was paternal sisters.However,when the father of one woman was available,the other father‑daughter possibility was excluded.In the end,the likelihood ratio of STR marker and mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)sequences confirmed the two women were maternal sisters.This case emphasizes a cautionary interpretation of X chromosomal marker in deficiency paternity cases with female offspring.Even though large parts of the X‑chromosome haplotypes shared by two females,additional relatives and extended DNA typing(such as mtDNA)may be needed further to ascertain whether they are paternal or maternal sisters.
文摘We investigated the polymorphisms of 23 Y‑short tandem repeat(STR)loci in a Han population in the Beijing region.Blood samples were collected from 255 unrelated Han males.DNA templates were amplified using the PowerPlex®Y23 system,and the amplification products were detected with a 3130 genetic analyzer.A total of 254 haplotypes were detected from the 255 unrelated Han males in the Beijing region.The gene diversity of these 23 Y‑STR loci was 0.3952–0.9721.The haplotype diversity was 0.99996 and discrimination capacity(DC)was more than 99.6%.The 23 Y‑STR loci used in this study are highly polymorphic in Han individuals in the Beijing region and are therefore suitable for paternal kinship identification.Studying allelic deletions such as DYS448 and DYS549 are important for examining Y‑STR polymorphisms and forensic testing.
文摘Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short tandemly repeated DNA sequences that involve a repetitive unit of 1–6 bp. Because of their polymorphisms and high muta- tion rates, STRs are widely used in biological research. Strand-slippage replication is the predominant mutation mechanism of STRs, and the stepwise mutation model is regarded as the main mutation model. STR mutation rates can be influenced by many factors. Moreover, some trinucleotide repeats are associated with human neurodegenerative diseases. In order to deepen our knowledge of these diseases and broaden STR application, it is essential to understand the STR mutation pro- cess in detail. In this review, we focus on the current known information about STR mutation.
