On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General...On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly,Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the UN Tareq M.A.M.Albanai and Permanent Representative of Austria to the UN Alexander Marschik.展开更多
Every day walking consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the gait pattern to negotiate obstacles.After spinal cord injury,stepping over an obstacle becomes challenging.Stepping over an obstacle requires senso...Every day walking consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the gait pattern to negotiate obstacles.After spinal cord injury,stepping over an obstacle becomes challenging.Stepping over an obstacle requires sensorimotor transformations in several structures of the brain,including the parietal cortex,premotor cortex,and motor cortex.Sensory information and planning are transformed into motor commands,which are sent from the motor cortex to spinal neuronal circuits to alter limb trajectory,coordinate the limbs,and maintain balance.After spinal cord injury,bidirectional communication between the brain and spinal cord is disrupted and animals,including humans,fail to voluntarily modify limb trajectory to step over an obstacle.Therefore,in this review,we discuss the neuromechanical control of stepping over an obstacle,why it fails after spinal cord injury,and how it recovers to a certain extent.展开更多
Objective To provide reference for better landing of the negotiated drugs in the future.Methods Relevant data on the negotiated drugs in designated medical institutions and retail pharmacies from the website of the Me...Objective To provide reference for better landing of the negotiated drugs in the future.Methods Relevant data on the negotiated drugs in designated medical institutions and retail pharmacies from the website of the Medical Security Bureau was obtained,and then the allocation and problems of negotiated drugs were summarized and analyzed.Results and Conclusion The main problem for the landing of negotiated drugs is the difficulty of using them in medical institutions.First,there is a small number of designated medical institutions that can use some negotiated drugs.Second,the negotiated drugs vary greatly in the designated medical institutions.Lastly,some designated retail pharmacies do not supply the negotiated drugs.The difficulties in using the negotiated drugs can include subjective reasons and objective reasons.Retail pharmacies are not the official places where patients can use the negotiated drugs.Besides,if medical institutions do not supply and use negotiated drugs,it will pose a great risk to drug safety.Negotiated drugs should be used in designated medical institutions ultimately,which is conducive to safeguarding the rational drug use for patients.展开更多
Studies in international business negotiation acquire unprecedented significance,as globalization closely connects various business fields into a dynamic whole.Cultural factors play a vital role in international busin...Studies in international business negotiation acquire unprecedented significance,as globalization closely connects various business fields into a dynamic whole.Cultural factors play a vital role in international business negotiation.This paper begins with a brief introduction to business negotiation,international business negotiation and significance of cultural barriers to international business negotiation.It then explores two fundamental cultural differences of China and western countries:value differences and thinking-pattern differences,which pose cultural barriers.The author then puts forward three strategies to help remove the cultural barriers and achieve successful negotiations.展开更多
As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application...As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application of appropriate strategies is necessary for negotiators to reach an agreement smoothly. However, the non-verbal communication plays an important role to some extent in real international business negotiations. This article tends to explore the application of non-verbal strategies in the international business negotiations.展开更多
Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex I parties. Since 2007, the transparency of mit...Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex I parties. Since 2007, the transparency of mitigation actions by developing countries, the submission frequency of national communications cored on national inventory and the relevant international consultation and analysis have become the key issues in climate negotiations. Relevant responsibilities of developing countries showed an increasing trend. Through the analysis of these different requirements, particularly on technical review system of national inventories on developed countries and of the current situation of China's inventory development, the challenges faced by China are identified and the corresponding countermeasures are also put forward, including improving institutional arrangements and statistic system, building country-specific and comprehensive database and preparing for time-series inventory development.展开更多
With the development of the society, it is indispensable to negotiate with other countries. With the implementation of the Belt and the Road initiative, the negotiations among different nations are getting increased. ...With the development of the society, it is indispensable to negotiate with other countries. With the implementation of the Belt and the Road initiative, the negotiations among different nations are getting increased. Due to the cultural differences,there are so many contradictions and conflicts in the international negotiations. The article focuses on the differences between Chinese and western cultures in the international negotiations. The primary problem we are facing is to settle the matters and facilitate the success of the business negotiations.展开更多
In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change ...In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change negotiations from 2009 to 2012.Their collaboration echoed the perception of neorealism in international relations(IR) studies that states will seek "external balancing" for maximizing national "relative gains".China and India are expected to continue their cooperation on climate change issues when sharing the same structural position as big economies and big emitters,the same pressure in carbon emission reductions,and the same goal of improving living standards for their citizens.Encountering the devastating impacts of climate change and the deadlock in responsibility division in current global climate change governance,this work seeks to shed light on the evolving multilateral governance environment and its complex implications for Sino-Indian relations from an IR perspective.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to generate insights into the role of states in the international climate change negotiations and implementation of climatic agreements by considering their internal factors based on rec...The objective of this paper is to generate insights into the role of states in the international climate change negotiations and implementation of climatic agreements by considering their internal factors based on recent climate change conferences. In this paper, the notion of swing states and recognition are used to determine influential drivers in Poland as it played out a different role over climate change agreements recently. The case study of Poland demonstrates how international obligations, domestic factors, and formation of policy can change the function of a state at international negotiations such as Katowice Conference of Parties—COP24—in December 2018. This research through reference to qualitative indices elaborates how the position of Poland in the recent international climate change negotiations—Cop24—has been shaped? In the conference of parties 24, Poland approached other developed countries that shared its tendency for cutting emission, delivered signals of political attention and solidarity in finding a common landing ground. In sum, the framework of analysis and our results revealed the importance of economic interest, domestic political interests, and passive public awareness to set up to the task in the international agreements such as Katowice negotiation by Poland. To be clearer, the most influential factor of Poland in affecting its role in international climatic negotiations is internal political and economic interests.展开更多
The success of international business relationships depends on effective business negotiations. Negotiators need to be well prepared. Understanding how to achieve international business negotiation outcomes and the fa...The success of international business relationships depends on effective business negotiations. Negotiators need to be well prepared. Understanding how to achieve international business negotiation outcomes and the factors relevant to the process will allow negotiators to be more successful.展开更多
In international economic and trade negotiations, business English communication skills are extremely important and an important factor affecting the success of negotiations. Based on this, the meaning and characteris...In international economic and trade negotiations, business English communication skills are extremely important and an important factor affecting the success of negotiations. Based on this, the meaning and characteristics of business English and its role in international trade were elaborated in this study, and the obstacles of business English communication skills in international trade negotiations were deeply studied, then optimization strategies for the current problems were put forward, aiming at providing some theoretical reference for the development of foreign economic and trade in China.展开更多
With the growing popularity of intercultural communication, business English Negotiation between China and the United States has also increased. Negotiators will meet many communication barriers of language and cultur...With the growing popularity of intercultural communication, business English Negotiation between China and the United States has also increased. Negotiators will meet many communication barriers of language and culture during the process.If handled improperly, it will affect the outcome of the negotiations and the following cooperation. Thus, a profound understanding of the characteristics of business English negotiations and cultural barriers is indispensible.For different obstacles, summing up the appropriate negotiation strategies can be twice the result with half the effort, which will actively promote business English communication and negotiation.展开更多
This paper will introduce euphemistic expression, business negotiation, and some euphemistic expressions with different sentence patterns according to different situations in business negotiations. Application of euph...This paper will introduce euphemistic expression, business negotiation, and some euphemistic expressions with different sentence patterns according to different situations in business negotiations. Application of euphemistic expressions can not only reduce language slip, increase language techniques, display the virtue of personality, but also soften the tension of climate, and establish a favorable, cooperating re lationship. It can importantly increase the likeliness of the negotiation's success.展开更多
Globalization has become a hot topic in the world economy realm.As international trade booms worldwide,especially in China,it requires negotiators despite their genders,regions,ethics or ages to sit together around th...Globalization has become a hot topic in the world economy realm.As international trade booms worldwide,especially in China,it requires negotiators despite their genders,regions,ethics or ages to sit together around the table and achieve their goals.Various problems do occur in this process.This paper is going to study the potential problems in cross-culture business ne gotiations and put forward some workable suggestions and recommendations for Chinese negotiators with the view to clearing the situation up.展开更多
With the development of economic globalization,the economic cooperation between different countries is keeping intight touch.As the second largest economy in the world,China is strengthening economic cooperation with ...With the development of economic globalization,the economic cooperation between different countries is keeping intight touch.As the second largest economy in the world,China is strengthening economic cooperation with America.It is inevitablethat intercultural communication is becoming high frequent.So it is important to overcome cultural conflicts and enhance the mutu-al understand.展开更多
With the development of global economy, more and more business negotiations are proceeding in which conflicts and disputes are inevitable. Business negotiations involve interpersonal relationships, which is usually ex...With the development of global economy, more and more business negotiations are proceeding in which conflicts and disputes are inevitable. Business negotiations involve interpersonal relationships, which is usually expressed by mood and modality. Modal verbs, as an essential approach for expressing politeness with rich meanings of modality, are widely employed in business negotiations.This paper focuses on analyzing the polite usages of modal verbs in business negotiations by Politeness Principle. Based on this theory, three interpersonal functions expressed by modal verbs are to be studied: Cost-and-Benefit, Humor and Choice.展开更多
文摘On February 28,CIIS President Chen Bo,along with scholars in relevant fields,met with Co-chairs of the Intergovernmental Negotiations on the United Nations Security Council Reform of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly,Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the UN Tareq M.A.M.Albanai and Permanent Representative of Austria to the UN Alexander Marschik.
文摘Every day walking consists of frequent voluntary modifications in the gait pattern to negotiate obstacles.After spinal cord injury,stepping over an obstacle becomes challenging.Stepping over an obstacle requires sensorimotor transformations in several structures of the brain,including the parietal cortex,premotor cortex,and motor cortex.Sensory information and planning are transformed into motor commands,which are sent from the motor cortex to spinal neuronal circuits to alter limb trajectory,coordinate the limbs,and maintain balance.After spinal cord injury,bidirectional communication between the brain and spinal cord is disrupted and animals,including humans,fail to voluntarily modify limb trajectory to step over an obstacle.Therefore,in this review,we discuss the neuromechanical control of stepping over an obstacle,why it fails after spinal cord injury,and how it recovers to a certain extent.
文摘Objective To provide reference for better landing of the negotiated drugs in the future.Methods Relevant data on the negotiated drugs in designated medical institutions and retail pharmacies from the website of the Medical Security Bureau was obtained,and then the allocation and problems of negotiated drugs were summarized and analyzed.Results and Conclusion The main problem for the landing of negotiated drugs is the difficulty of using them in medical institutions.First,there is a small number of designated medical institutions that can use some negotiated drugs.Second,the negotiated drugs vary greatly in the designated medical institutions.Lastly,some designated retail pharmacies do not supply the negotiated drugs.The difficulties in using the negotiated drugs can include subjective reasons and objective reasons.Retail pharmacies are not the official places where patients can use the negotiated drugs.Besides,if medical institutions do not supply and use negotiated drugs,it will pose a great risk to drug safety.Negotiated drugs should be used in designated medical institutions ultimately,which is conducive to safeguarding the rational drug use for patients.
文摘Studies in international business negotiation acquire unprecedented significance,as globalization closely connects various business fields into a dynamic whole.Cultural factors play a vital role in international business negotiation.This paper begins with a brief introduction to business negotiation,international business negotiation and significance of cultural barriers to international business negotiation.It then explores two fundamental cultural differences of China and western countries:value differences and thinking-pattern differences,which pose cultural barriers.The author then puts forward three strategies to help remove the cultural barriers and achieve successful negotiations.
文摘As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application of appropriate strategies is necessary for negotiators to reach an agreement smoothly. However, the non-verbal communication plays an important role to some extent in real international business negotiations. This article tends to explore the application of non-verbal strategies in the international business negotiations.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Infrastructure Program (No.2012BAC20B02)
文摘Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex I parties. Since 2007, the transparency of mitigation actions by developing countries, the submission frequency of national communications cored on national inventory and the relevant international consultation and analysis have become the key issues in climate negotiations. Relevant responsibilities of developing countries showed an increasing trend. Through the analysis of these different requirements, particularly on technical review system of national inventories on developed countries and of the current situation of China's inventory development, the challenges faced by China are identified and the corresponding countermeasures are also put forward, including improving institutional arrangements and statistic system, building country-specific and comprehensive database and preparing for time-series inventory development.
文摘With the development of the society, it is indispensable to negotiate with other countries. With the implementation of the Belt and the Road initiative, the negotiations among different nations are getting increased. Due to the cultural differences,there are so many contradictions and conflicts in the international negotiations. The article focuses on the differences between Chinese and western cultures in the international negotiations. The primary problem we are facing is to settle the matters and facilitate the success of the business negotiations.
文摘In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change negotiations from 2009 to 2012.Their collaboration echoed the perception of neorealism in international relations(IR) studies that states will seek "external balancing" for maximizing national "relative gains".China and India are expected to continue their cooperation on climate change issues when sharing the same structural position as big economies and big emitters,the same pressure in carbon emission reductions,and the same goal of improving living standards for their citizens.Encountering the devastating impacts of climate change and the deadlock in responsibility division in current global climate change governance,this work seeks to shed light on the evolving multilateral governance environment and its complex implications for Sino-Indian relations from an IR perspective.
文摘The objective of this paper is to generate insights into the role of states in the international climate change negotiations and implementation of climatic agreements by considering their internal factors based on recent climate change conferences. In this paper, the notion of swing states and recognition are used to determine influential drivers in Poland as it played out a different role over climate change agreements recently. The case study of Poland demonstrates how international obligations, domestic factors, and formation of policy can change the function of a state at international negotiations such as Katowice Conference of Parties—COP24—in December 2018. This research through reference to qualitative indices elaborates how the position of Poland in the recent international climate change negotiations—Cop24—has been shaped? In the conference of parties 24, Poland approached other developed countries that shared its tendency for cutting emission, delivered signals of political attention and solidarity in finding a common landing ground. In sum, the framework of analysis and our results revealed the importance of economic interest, domestic political interests, and passive public awareness to set up to the task in the international agreements such as Katowice negotiation by Poland. To be clearer, the most influential factor of Poland in affecting its role in international climatic negotiations is internal political and economic interests.
文摘The success of international business relationships depends on effective business negotiations. Negotiators need to be well prepared. Understanding how to achieve international business negotiation outcomes and the factors relevant to the process will allow negotiators to be more successful.
文摘In international economic and trade negotiations, business English communication skills are extremely important and an important factor affecting the success of negotiations. Based on this, the meaning and characteristics of business English and its role in international trade were elaborated in this study, and the obstacles of business English communication skills in international trade negotiations were deeply studied, then optimization strategies for the current problems were put forward, aiming at providing some theoretical reference for the development of foreign economic and trade in China.
文摘With the growing popularity of intercultural communication, business English Negotiation between China and the United States has also increased. Negotiators will meet many communication barriers of language and culture during the process.If handled improperly, it will affect the outcome of the negotiations and the following cooperation. Thus, a profound understanding of the characteristics of business English negotiations and cultural barriers is indispensible.For different obstacles, summing up the appropriate negotiation strategies can be twice the result with half the effort, which will actively promote business English communication and negotiation.
文摘This paper will introduce euphemistic expression, business negotiation, and some euphemistic expressions with different sentence patterns according to different situations in business negotiations. Application of euphemistic expressions can not only reduce language slip, increase language techniques, display the virtue of personality, but also soften the tension of climate, and establish a favorable, cooperating re lationship. It can importantly increase the likeliness of the negotiation's success.
文摘Globalization has become a hot topic in the world economy realm.As international trade booms worldwide,especially in China,it requires negotiators despite their genders,regions,ethics or ages to sit together around the table and achieve their goals.Various problems do occur in this process.This paper is going to study the potential problems in cross-culture business ne gotiations and put forward some workable suggestions and recommendations for Chinese negotiators with the view to clearing the situation up.
文摘With the development of economic globalization,the economic cooperation between different countries is keeping intight touch.As the second largest economy in the world,China is strengthening economic cooperation with America.It is inevitablethat intercultural communication is becoming high frequent.So it is important to overcome cultural conflicts and enhance the mutu-al understand.
文摘With the development of global economy, more and more business negotiations are proceeding in which conflicts and disputes are inevitable. Business negotiations involve interpersonal relationships, which is usually expressed by mood and modality. Modal verbs, as an essential approach for expressing politeness with rich meanings of modality, are widely employed in business negotiations.This paper focuses on analyzing the polite usages of modal verbs in business negotiations by Politeness Principle. Based on this theory, three interpersonal functions expressed by modal verbs are to be studied: Cost-and-Benefit, Humor and Choice.
