The human state in human-machine systems should be monitored to improve system performance.In monitoring it is preferable to use physiological cues such as skin tem-perature.The sensing capabilities of human skin were...The human state in human-machine systems should be monitored to improve system performance.In monitoring it is preferable to use physiological cues such as skin tem-perature.The sensing capabilities of human skin were analyzed.The sensing system of human skin was modeled,and inspired the design of a Nano-Skin for physiologi-cal measurement in dynamic human-machine contact for human state recognition.The Nano-Skin involves a flexible bottom layer,sensors,special integrated circuit,inter-connection between sensors and special integrated circuit,and flexible top layer.The requirements for the sensors of a Nano-Skin are summarized,and compared with com-mon sensors,MEMS sensors,and nano sensors.A Nano-Skin with deposited platinum was manufactured.The manufacturing process is shown to be feasible and repeatable.The Nano Skin with deposited platinum was used to measure skin temperature.Its per-formance was investigated using experiments.The results verified that the accuracy of the Nano-Skin sensors will not be lower than Pt 10002.Smaller sensors in a Nano-Skin generally have better performance.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Previous studies have not specifically measured skin characteristics at common sites of pressure ulcers in high-risk elderly patients. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify th...<strong>Background:</strong> Previous studies have not specifically measured skin characteristics at common sites of pressure ulcers in high-risk elderly patients. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the physiological skin characteristics at common pressure ulcer sites and their relationship with pressure ulcer risk and demographic/laboratory data in bedridden elderly Japanese patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> This study involved 55 elderly Japanese patients in a long-term care hospital and 25 female Japanese university students. Skin surface temperature, epidermal water content, transepidermal water loss, skin erythema/redness, skin elasticity, and skin thickness were measured using noninvasive devices. The sacral and both heel areas (sites predisposed to pressure ulcers) and mid-to-lower back area (control site) were observed. <strong>Results:</strong> Elderly patients showed a low epidermal water content at both heels (right heel, 14.8 ± 9.1 arbitrary units, AU.;left heel, 14.4 ± 8.3 AU). Transepidermal water loss remained acceptable at all sites in older patients despite the presence of dry skin (back, 7.1 ± 1.8 g/hm<sup>2</sup>;sacrum, 7.4 ± 3.0 g/hm<sup>2</sup>;right heel, 17.7 ± 7.1 g/hm<sup>2</sup>;left heel, 19.4 ± 8.1 g/hm<sup>2</sup>). Back (0.61 ± 0.13 AU) and sacral (0.67 ± 0.11 AU) skin elasticity and sacral skin thickness (0.97 ± 0.56 cm) were significantly lower than those of healthy young people (0.86 ± 0.04 AU, 0.87 ± 0.05 AU, and 2.27 ± 0.84 cm, respectively;<em>p</em> < 0.001 for all sites). Moderate positive correlations were observed between back skin elasticity and serum albumin level (r = 0.445, <em>p</em> < 0.001), and between sacral skin thickness and BMI (r = 0.506, <em>p</em> < 0.001) in older patients. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our findings showed that skin thickness and elasticity should be prioritized when evaluating pressure ulcer risk at the sacral region in bedridden elderly Japanese patients. Moreover, skin moisturization should be considered to minimize the risk at the heels in such patients.展开更多
The aim of this study is to develop a model of fluid and heat transfer in a biological tissue taking into account the exact structure of the related microvascular network,and to analyze the influence of structural cha...The aim of this study is to develop a model of fluid and heat transfer in a biological tissue taking into account the exact structure of the related microvascular network,and to analyze the influence of structural changes of such a network induced by diabetes.A cubic region representing local skin tissue is selected as the computational domain,which in turn includes two intravascular and extravascular sub-domains.To save computational resources,the capillary network is reduced to a 1D pipeline model and embedded into the extravascular region.On the basis of the immersed boundary method(IBM)strategy,fluid and heat fluxes across a capillary wall are distributed to the surrounding tissue nodes by a delta function.We consider both steady and periodic blood pressure conditions at the entrances of the capillary network.Under steady blood pressure conditions,both the interstitial fluid pressure and tissue temperature around the capillary network are larger than those in other places.When the periodic blood pressure condition is considered,tissue temperature tends to fluctuate with the same frequency of the forcing,but the related waveform displays a smaller amplitude and a certain time(phase)delay.When the connectivity of capillary network is diminished,the capacity of blood redistribution through the capillary network becomes weaker and a subset of the vessel branches lose blood flow,which further aggravates the amplitude attenuation and time delay of the skin temperature fluctuation.展开更多
Stress is a normal reaction of the human organism which triggered in situations that require a certain level of activation.This reaction has both positive and negative effects on everyone’s life.Therefore,stress mana...Stress is a normal reaction of the human organism which triggered in situations that require a certain level of activation.This reaction has both positive and negative effects on everyone’s life.Therefore,stress management is of vital importance in maintaining the psychological balance of a person.Thermal-based imaging technique is becoming popular among researchers due to its non-contact conductive nature.Moreover,thermal-based imaging has shown promising results in detecting stress in a non-contact and non-invasive manner.Compared to other non-contact stress detection methods such as pupil dilation,keystroke behavior,social media interaction and voice modulation,thermal-based imaging provides better features with clear boundaries and requires no heavy methodology.This paper presented a brief review of previous work on thermal imaging related stress detection in humans.This paper also presented the stages of stress detection based on thermal face signatures such as dataset type,thermal image face detection,feature descriptors and classification performance comparisons are presented.This paper can help future researchers to understand stress detection based on thermal imaging by presenting the popular methods previous researchers use for stress detection based on thermal images.展开更多
In the past, the planetary radiation balance served to quantify the atmospheric greenhouse effect by the difference between the globally averaged near-surface temperature of and the respective effective radiation temp...In the past, the planetary radiation balance served to quantify the atmospheric greenhouse effect by the difference between the globally averaged near-surface temperature of and the respective effective radiation temperature of the Earth without atmosphere of resulting in . Since such a “thought experiment” prohibits any rigorous assessment of its results, this study considered the Moon as a testbed for the Earth in the absence of its atmosphere. Since the angular velocity of Moon’s rotation is 27.4 times slower than that of the Earth, the forcing method, the force-restore method, and a multilayer-force-restore method, used in climate modeling during the past four decades, were alternatively applied to address the influence of the angular velocity in determining the Moon’s globally averaged skin (or slab) temperature, . The multilayer-force-restore method always provides?the highest values for , followed by the force-restore method and the forcing method, but the differences are marginal. Assuming a solar albedo of , a relative emissivity , and a solar constant of and applying the multilayer-force-restore method yielded and for the Moon. Using the same values for α, ε, and S, but assuming the Earth’s angular velocity for the Moon yielded and quantifying the effect of the terrestrial atmosphere by . A sensitivity study for a solar albedo of commonly assumed for the Earth in the absence of its atmosphere yielded , , and . This means that the atmospheric effect would be more than twice as large as the aforementioned difference of 33 K. To generalize the findings, twelve synodic months (i.e., 354 Earth days) and 365 Earth days, where , a Sun-zenith-distance dependent solar albedo, and the variation of the solar radiation in dependence of the actual orbit position and the tilt angle of the corresponding rotation axis to the ecliptic were considered. The case of Moon’s true angular velocity yielded and . Whereas Earth’s 27.4 times higher angular velocity yielded , and . In both cases, the effective radiation temperature is ,?because the computed global albedo is . Thus, the effective radiation temperature yields flawed results when used for quantifying the atmospheric greenhouse effect.展开更多
We investigated the effectiveness and usefulness of a novel tool: the Power Tree?, for body massage in 10 healthy female volunteers (age range, 24 - 55 years;mean age, 40.5 years) by evaluating several dermatological ...We investigated the effectiveness and usefulness of a novel tool: the Power Tree?, for body massage in 10 healthy female volunteers (age range, 24 - 55 years;mean age, 40.5 years) by evaluating several dermatological and psychological parameters, such as the amount of dermal collagen, the skin temperature, the level of salivary amylase and the scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI). After 60-minute Power Tree?-mediated body massage, both the dermal collagen score determined from the DermaLab? images and skin temperature measured by infrared thermography were found to have increased significantly in several body sites compared to those before the treatment (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Although the level of stress estimated by the amount of amylase in the saliva was not significantly different pre- and post-procedure (p = 0.3), the treatment significantly reduced both the state anxiety (SA) and trait anxiety (TA) scores on the STAI (p < 0.001 for the SA, p < 0.01 for the TA). The treatment with this device was smoothly performed without any burden on the therapists during the present study. These data suggest that the newly-developed device is a powerful and useful tool for reflexology when used for full body massage therapy, and massage therapy using this device may produce beneficial, physiological effects as well as psychosocial improvements.展开更多
The indoor thermal history of residents in the hot summer and cold winter climate zone in China have undergone a significant change in recent years,which also changes their seasonal thermal adaptations and this has fo...The indoor thermal history of residents in the hot summer and cold winter climate zone in China have undergone a significant change in recent years,which also changes their seasonal thermal adaptations and this has formed feed-back effects to the increasing usage of air conditioning units in this area.To study the seasonal variations of thermal adaptation,the thermal comfort experiments were conducted on two groups of participants.Each groups included 20 participants who had indoor history mainly with natural ventilation(NV group)and air-conditioning(AC group),respectively.The results demonstrated that the thermal sensation vote(TSV)in warm environments did not differ between AC and NV subjects in summer.However,the TSV of AC subjects were much lower than that of NV subjects in the same standard effective temperature and skin temperature in a cold environment in winter.Overall,the participants who spent most of their time in AC space in winter showed a low level of thermal adaptation with a narrower acceptable skin temperature range of 32.6-33.5℃.Thus,this study presents the basic information regarding the seasonal effects on human thermal adaptation due to different long-term indoor thermal histories.展开更多
Objective:This clinical study was performed to examine the influence of heat-producing acupuncture(HPA)treatment on the local skin temperature of Zusanli(足三里ST36)acupoint in healthy participants.Methods:30 healthy ...Objective:This clinical study was performed to examine the influence of heat-producing acupuncture(HPA)treatment on the local skin temperature of Zusanli(足三里ST36)acupoint in healthy participants.Methods:30 healthy participants received four successive sessions of heat-producing acupuncture(HPA),non-acupoint HPA(NAHPA),normal stable acupuncture(Norm)and non-invasive sham acupuncture(Sham)on the ST36 acupoint in random order.Within each treatment session,the local skin temperature of ST36 acupoint and basal body temperature of each participant were measured at 1 min before needle insertion(T1 B),just after needle insertion and manipulation(T0),5 min after needle insertion(T5)and 5 min after needle removal(T5 A).Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)scores of the participants’perceived needling and heat sensation felt during the acupuncture treatment period(T0-T5)were also recorded on a scale of 1 to 10.Results:Intra-session group statistical analyses of the different time points in the HPA treatment session group demonstrates that ST36 local skin temperature remained relatively stable between T1 B and T0,increased significantly between T0 and T5 and decreased significantly between T5 and T5 A.For intersession group statistical analysis of all treatment session groups,the increase in local skin temperature of ST36 acupoint between T0 and T5 in the HPA treatment session group was significantly higher than those of the NAHPA treatment session group(P<0.01),Norm treatment session group(P<0.01)and Sham treatment session group(P<0.01).The decrease in local skin temperature of ST36 acupoint between T5 and T5 A in the HPA treatment session group was also significantly more than those of NAHPA treatment session group(P<0.05),Norm treatment session group(P<0.01)and Sham treatment session group(P<0.001).Conclusion:Our study provides evidence that HPA treatment performed significantly better than the other three treatments in elevating the local skin temperature of ST36 acupoint temporarily.Our results also align with those of many previous clinical studies on HPA and related acupuncture manipulations.展开更多
Individual thermal comfort models based on physiological parameters could improve the efficiency of the personal thermal comfort control system.However,the effect of thermal history has not been fully addressed in the...Individual thermal comfort models based on physiological parameters could improve the efficiency of the personal thermal comfort control system.However,the effect of thermal history has not been fully addressed in these models.In this study,climate chamber experiments were conducted in winter using 32 subjects who have different indoor and outdoor thermal histories.Two kinds of thermal conditions were investigated:the temperature dropping(24-16℃)and severe cold(12℃)conditions.A simplified method using historical air temperature to quantify the thermal history was proposed and used to predict thermal comfort and thermal demand from physical or physiological parameters.Results show the accuracies of individual thermal sensation prediction was low to about 30%by using the PMV index in cold environments of this study.Base on the sensitivity and reliability of physiological responses,five local skin temperatures(at hand,calf,head,arm and thigh)and the heart rate are optimal input parameters for the individual thermal comfort model.With the proposed historical air temperature as an additional input,the general accuracies using classification tree model C5.0 were increased up by 15.5%for thermal comfort prediction and up by 29.8%for thermal demand prediction.Thus,when predicting thermal demands in winter,the factor of thermal history should be considered.展开更多
Purpose-Detecting emotion on user experience of web applications and browsing is important in many ways.Web designers and developers find such approach quite useful in enhancing navigational features of webpages,and b...Purpose-Detecting emotion on user experience of web applications and browsing is important in many ways.Web designers and developers find such approach quite useful in enhancing navigational features of webpages,and biomedical personnel regularly use computer simulations to monitor and control the behaviour of patients.On the other hand,law enforcement agents rely on human physiological functions to determine the likelihood of falsehood in interrogations.Quite often,online user experience is studied via tangible measures such as task completion time,surveys and comprehensive tests from which data attributes are generated.Prediction of users’emotion and behaviour in some of these cases depends mostly on task completion time and number of clicks per given time interval.However,such approaches are generally subjective and rely heavily on distributional assumptions making the results prone to recording errors.Design/methodology/approach-The authors propose a novel method-a window dynamic control system that addresses the foregoing issues.Primary data were obtained from laboratory experiments during which forty-four volunteers had their synchronised physiological readings,skin conductance response(SCR),skin temperature(ST),eye movement behaviour and users’activity attributes taken using biosensors.The windowbased dynamic control system(PHYCOB I)is integrated to the biosensor which collects secondary data attributes from these synchronised physiological readings and uses them for two purposes.For both detection of optimal emotional responses and users’stress levels.The method’s novelty derives from its ability to integrate physiological readings and eye movement records to identify hidden correlates on a webpage.Findings-Results show that the control system detects basic emotions and outperforms other conventional models in terms of both accuracy and reliability,when subjected to model comparison that is,the average recoverable natural structures for the three models with respect to accuracy and reliability are more consistent within the window-based control system environment than with the conventional methods.Research limitations/implications-The paper is limited to using a window control system to detect emotions on webpages,while integrated to biosensors and eye-tracker.Originality/value-The originality of the proposed model is its resistance to overfitting and its ability to automatically assess human emotion(stress levels)while dealing with specific web contents.The latter is particularly important in that it can be used to predict which contents of webpages cause stress-induced emotions to users when involved in online activities.展开更多
基金supported by NSF CMMI Sensors and Sensing Systems(SSS)program through a CAREER Award(#0954579)。
文摘The human state in human-machine systems should be monitored to improve system performance.In monitoring it is preferable to use physiological cues such as skin tem-perature.The sensing capabilities of human skin were analyzed.The sensing system of human skin was modeled,and inspired the design of a Nano-Skin for physiologi-cal measurement in dynamic human-machine contact for human state recognition.The Nano-Skin involves a flexible bottom layer,sensors,special integrated circuit,inter-connection between sensors and special integrated circuit,and flexible top layer.The requirements for the sensors of a Nano-Skin are summarized,and compared with com-mon sensors,MEMS sensors,and nano sensors.A Nano-Skin with deposited platinum was manufactured.The manufacturing process is shown to be feasible and repeatable.The Nano Skin with deposited platinum was used to measure skin temperature.Its per-formance was investigated using experiments.The results verified that the accuracy of the Nano-Skin sensors will not be lower than Pt 10002.Smaller sensors in a Nano-Skin generally have better performance.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Previous studies have not specifically measured skin characteristics at common sites of pressure ulcers in high-risk elderly patients. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the physiological skin characteristics at common pressure ulcer sites and their relationship with pressure ulcer risk and demographic/laboratory data in bedridden elderly Japanese patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> This study involved 55 elderly Japanese patients in a long-term care hospital and 25 female Japanese university students. Skin surface temperature, epidermal water content, transepidermal water loss, skin erythema/redness, skin elasticity, and skin thickness were measured using noninvasive devices. The sacral and both heel areas (sites predisposed to pressure ulcers) and mid-to-lower back area (control site) were observed. <strong>Results:</strong> Elderly patients showed a low epidermal water content at both heels (right heel, 14.8 ± 9.1 arbitrary units, AU.;left heel, 14.4 ± 8.3 AU). Transepidermal water loss remained acceptable at all sites in older patients despite the presence of dry skin (back, 7.1 ± 1.8 g/hm<sup>2</sup>;sacrum, 7.4 ± 3.0 g/hm<sup>2</sup>;right heel, 17.7 ± 7.1 g/hm<sup>2</sup>;left heel, 19.4 ± 8.1 g/hm<sup>2</sup>). Back (0.61 ± 0.13 AU) and sacral (0.67 ± 0.11 AU) skin elasticity and sacral skin thickness (0.97 ± 0.56 cm) were significantly lower than those of healthy young people (0.86 ± 0.04 AU, 0.87 ± 0.05 AU, and 2.27 ± 0.84 cm, respectively;<em>p</em> < 0.001 for all sites). Moderate positive correlations were observed between back skin elasticity and serum albumin level (r = 0.445, <em>p</em> < 0.001), and between sacral skin thickness and BMI (r = 0.506, <em>p</em> < 0.001) in older patients. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our findings showed that skin thickness and elasticity should be prioritized when evaluating pressure ulcer risk at the sacral region in bedridden elderly Japanese patients. Moreover, skin moisturization should be considered to minimize the risk at the heels in such patients.
基金This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.51576033)Dalian Innovative Funding of Science and Technology(2018J12SN076)NSFC No 11602053.
文摘The aim of this study is to develop a model of fluid and heat transfer in a biological tissue taking into account the exact structure of the related microvascular network,and to analyze the influence of structural changes of such a network induced by diabetes.A cubic region representing local skin tissue is selected as the computational domain,which in turn includes two intravascular and extravascular sub-domains.To save computational resources,the capillary network is reduced to a 1D pipeline model and embedded into the extravascular region.On the basis of the immersed boundary method(IBM)strategy,fluid and heat fluxes across a capillary wall are distributed to the surrounding tissue nodes by a delta function.We consider both steady and periodic blood pressure conditions at the entrances of the capillary network.Under steady blood pressure conditions,both the interstitial fluid pressure and tissue temperature around the capillary network are larger than those in other places.When the periodic blood pressure condition is considered,tissue temperature tends to fluctuate with the same frequency of the forcing,but the related waveform displays a smaller amplitude and a certain time(phase)delay.When the connectivity of capillary network is diminished,the capacity of blood redistribution through the capillary network becomes weaker and a subset of the vessel branches lose blood flow,which further aggravates the amplitude attenuation and time delay of the skin temperature fluctuation.
基金the Research University Grant by Universiti Sains Malaysia[1001/PKOMP/8014001].
文摘Stress is a normal reaction of the human organism which triggered in situations that require a certain level of activation.This reaction has both positive and negative effects on everyone’s life.Therefore,stress management is of vital importance in maintaining the psychological balance of a person.Thermal-based imaging technique is becoming popular among researchers due to its non-contact conductive nature.Moreover,thermal-based imaging has shown promising results in detecting stress in a non-contact and non-invasive manner.Compared to other non-contact stress detection methods such as pupil dilation,keystroke behavior,social media interaction and voice modulation,thermal-based imaging provides better features with clear boundaries and requires no heavy methodology.This paper presented a brief review of previous work on thermal imaging related stress detection in humans.This paper also presented the stages of stress detection based on thermal face signatures such as dataset type,thermal image face detection,feature descriptors and classification performance comparisons are presented.This paper can help future researchers to understand stress detection based on thermal imaging by presenting the popular methods previous researchers use for stress detection based on thermal images.
文摘In the past, the planetary radiation balance served to quantify the atmospheric greenhouse effect by the difference between the globally averaged near-surface temperature of and the respective effective radiation temperature of the Earth without atmosphere of resulting in . Since such a “thought experiment” prohibits any rigorous assessment of its results, this study considered the Moon as a testbed for the Earth in the absence of its atmosphere. Since the angular velocity of Moon’s rotation is 27.4 times slower than that of the Earth, the forcing method, the force-restore method, and a multilayer-force-restore method, used in climate modeling during the past four decades, were alternatively applied to address the influence of the angular velocity in determining the Moon’s globally averaged skin (or slab) temperature, . The multilayer-force-restore method always provides?the highest values for , followed by the force-restore method and the forcing method, but the differences are marginal. Assuming a solar albedo of , a relative emissivity , and a solar constant of and applying the multilayer-force-restore method yielded and for the Moon. Using the same values for α, ε, and S, but assuming the Earth’s angular velocity for the Moon yielded and quantifying the effect of the terrestrial atmosphere by . A sensitivity study for a solar albedo of commonly assumed for the Earth in the absence of its atmosphere yielded , , and . This means that the atmospheric effect would be more than twice as large as the aforementioned difference of 33 K. To generalize the findings, twelve synodic months (i.e., 354 Earth days) and 365 Earth days, where , a Sun-zenith-distance dependent solar albedo, and the variation of the solar radiation in dependence of the actual orbit position and the tilt angle of the corresponding rotation axis to the ecliptic were considered. The case of Moon’s true angular velocity yielded and . Whereas Earth’s 27.4 times higher angular velocity yielded , and . In both cases, the effective radiation temperature is ,?because the computed global albedo is . Thus, the effective radiation temperature yields flawed results when used for quantifying the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
文摘We investigated the effectiveness and usefulness of a novel tool: the Power Tree?, for body massage in 10 healthy female volunteers (age range, 24 - 55 years;mean age, 40.5 years) by evaluating several dermatological and psychological parameters, such as the amount of dermal collagen, the skin temperature, the level of salivary amylase and the scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI). After 60-minute Power Tree?-mediated body massage, both the dermal collagen score determined from the DermaLab? images and skin temperature measured by infrared thermography were found to have increased significantly in several body sites compared to those before the treatment (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Although the level of stress estimated by the amount of amylase in the saliva was not significantly different pre- and post-procedure (p = 0.3), the treatment significantly reduced both the state anxiety (SA) and trait anxiety (TA) scores on the STAI (p < 0.001 for the SA, p < 0.01 for the TA). The treatment with this device was smoothly performed without any burden on the therapists during the present study. These data suggest that the newly-developed device is a powerful and useful tool for reflexology when used for full body massage therapy, and massage therapy using this device may produce beneficial, physiological effects as well as psychosocial improvements.
基金supported by the High-end Foreign Experts Recruitment Plan of China(Grant No.G2021165006L),and the 111 Project(Grant No.B13041).
文摘The indoor thermal history of residents in the hot summer and cold winter climate zone in China have undergone a significant change in recent years,which also changes their seasonal thermal adaptations and this has formed feed-back effects to the increasing usage of air conditioning units in this area.To study the seasonal variations of thermal adaptation,the thermal comfort experiments were conducted on two groups of participants.Each groups included 20 participants who had indoor history mainly with natural ventilation(NV group)and air-conditioning(AC group),respectively.The results demonstrated that the thermal sensation vote(TSV)in warm environments did not differ between AC and NV subjects in summer.However,the TSV of AC subjects were much lower than that of NV subjects in the same standard effective temperature and skin temperature in a cold environment in winter.Overall,the participants who spent most of their time in AC space in winter showed a low level of thermal adaptation with a narrower acceptable skin temperature range of 32.6-33.5℃.Thus,this study presents the basic information regarding the seasonal effects on human thermal adaptation due to different long-term indoor thermal histories.
文摘Objective:This clinical study was performed to examine the influence of heat-producing acupuncture(HPA)treatment on the local skin temperature of Zusanli(足三里ST36)acupoint in healthy participants.Methods:30 healthy participants received four successive sessions of heat-producing acupuncture(HPA),non-acupoint HPA(NAHPA),normal stable acupuncture(Norm)and non-invasive sham acupuncture(Sham)on the ST36 acupoint in random order.Within each treatment session,the local skin temperature of ST36 acupoint and basal body temperature of each participant were measured at 1 min before needle insertion(T1 B),just after needle insertion and manipulation(T0),5 min after needle insertion(T5)and 5 min after needle removal(T5 A).Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)scores of the participants’perceived needling and heat sensation felt during the acupuncture treatment period(T0-T5)were also recorded on a scale of 1 to 10.Results:Intra-session group statistical analyses of the different time points in the HPA treatment session group demonstrates that ST36 local skin temperature remained relatively stable between T1 B and T0,increased significantly between T0 and T5 and decreased significantly between T5 and T5 A.For intersession group statistical analysis of all treatment session groups,the increase in local skin temperature of ST36 acupoint between T0 and T5 in the HPA treatment session group was significantly higher than those of the NAHPA treatment session group(P<0.01),Norm treatment session group(P<0.01)and Sham treatment session group(P<0.01).The decrease in local skin temperature of ST36 acupoint between T5 and T5 A in the HPA treatment session group was also significantly more than those of NAHPA treatment session group(P<0.05),Norm treatment session group(P<0.01)and Sham treatment session group(P<0.001).Conclusion:Our study provides evidence that HPA treatment performed significantly better than the other three treatments in elevating the local skin temperature of ST36 acupoint temporarily.Our results also align with those of many previous clinical studies on HPA and related acupuncture manipulations.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFE0100300-05)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2020CDCGJ027)+2 种基金the 111 Project(No.B13041)Academy of Finland(No.329306)The author,Yuxin Wu,would like to thank the Chinese Scholarship Council(No.201806050244)for their sponsorship of a research visiting study aboard at Aalto University in Finland.
文摘Individual thermal comfort models based on physiological parameters could improve the efficiency of the personal thermal comfort control system.However,the effect of thermal history has not been fully addressed in these models.In this study,climate chamber experiments were conducted in winter using 32 subjects who have different indoor and outdoor thermal histories.Two kinds of thermal conditions were investigated:the temperature dropping(24-16℃)and severe cold(12℃)conditions.A simplified method using historical air temperature to quantify the thermal history was proposed and used to predict thermal comfort and thermal demand from physical or physiological parameters.Results show the accuracies of individual thermal sensation prediction was low to about 30%by using the PMV index in cold environments of this study.Base on the sensitivity and reliability of physiological responses,five local skin temperatures(at hand,calf,head,arm and thigh)and the heart rate are optimal input parameters for the individual thermal comfort model.With the proposed historical air temperature as an additional input,the general accuracies using classification tree model C5.0 were increased up by 15.5%for thermal comfort prediction and up by 29.8%for thermal demand prediction.Thus,when predicting thermal demands in winter,the factor of thermal history should be considered.
文摘Purpose-Detecting emotion on user experience of web applications and browsing is important in many ways.Web designers and developers find such approach quite useful in enhancing navigational features of webpages,and biomedical personnel regularly use computer simulations to monitor and control the behaviour of patients.On the other hand,law enforcement agents rely on human physiological functions to determine the likelihood of falsehood in interrogations.Quite often,online user experience is studied via tangible measures such as task completion time,surveys and comprehensive tests from which data attributes are generated.Prediction of users’emotion and behaviour in some of these cases depends mostly on task completion time and number of clicks per given time interval.However,such approaches are generally subjective and rely heavily on distributional assumptions making the results prone to recording errors.Design/methodology/approach-The authors propose a novel method-a window dynamic control system that addresses the foregoing issues.Primary data were obtained from laboratory experiments during which forty-four volunteers had their synchronised physiological readings,skin conductance response(SCR),skin temperature(ST),eye movement behaviour and users’activity attributes taken using biosensors.The windowbased dynamic control system(PHYCOB I)is integrated to the biosensor which collects secondary data attributes from these synchronised physiological readings and uses them for two purposes.For both detection of optimal emotional responses and users’stress levels.The method’s novelty derives from its ability to integrate physiological readings and eye movement records to identify hidden correlates on a webpage.Findings-Results show that the control system detects basic emotions and outperforms other conventional models in terms of both accuracy and reliability,when subjected to model comparison that is,the average recoverable natural structures for the three models with respect to accuracy and reliability are more consistent within the window-based control system environment than with the conventional methods.Research limitations/implications-The paper is limited to using a window control system to detect emotions on webpages,while integrated to biosensors and eye-tracker.Originality/value-The originality of the proposed model is its resistance to overfitting and its ability to automatically assess human emotion(stress levels)while dealing with specific web contents.The latter is particularly important in that it can be used to predict which contents of webpages cause stress-induced emotions to users when involved in online activities.
