In Northern Nigeria, irrigation systems are operated manually. Agriculture has over the years been practiced primitively by farmers, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This is due to the absence of intelligent technolo...In Northern Nigeria, irrigation systems are operated manually. Agriculture has over the years been practiced primitively by farmers, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This is due to the absence of intelligent technological know-how where its practice could be leveraged upon. Agricultural practice is constrained by some major challenges ranging from traditional way of farming, understating of concepts, practices, policy, environmental and financial factors. The aim of this study was to optimize an IoT-based model for smart agriculture and irrigation water management. The objectives of the study were to: design, implement, test and evaluate the performance of the optimized IoT-based model for smart agriculture and irrigation water management. The method used in the study was the prototyping model. The system was designed using balsamiq application tools. The system has a login page, dashboard, system USE-CASE diagrams, actuators page, sensor page and application interface design. Justinmind tool was used to show the flow of information in the system, which included data input and output, data stores and all the sub-processes the data moves through. The Optimized IoT model was implemented using four core platforms namely, ReactJS Frontend Application development platform, Amazon web services IoT Core backend, Arduino Development platform for developing sensor nodes and Python programming language for the actuator node based on Raspberry Pi board. When compared with the existing system, the results show that the optimized system is better than the existing system in accuracy of measurement, irrigation water management, operation node, platform access, real-time video, user friendly and efficiency. The study successfully optimized an IoT-based model for smart agriculture and irrigation water management. The study introduced the modern way of irrigation farming in the 21<sup>st</sup> century against the traditional or primitive way of irrigation farming that involved intensive human participation.展开更多
Naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs have very low oil recovery efficiency owing to their wettability and tightness of matrix.However,smart water can enhance oil recovery by changing the wettability of the carbona...Naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs have very low oil recovery efficiency owing to their wettability and tightness of matrix.However,smart water can enhance oil recovery by changing the wettability of the carbonate rock surface from oilwet to water-wet,and the addition of surfactants can also change surface wettability.In the present study,the effects of a solution of modified seawater with some surfactants,namely C12 TAB,SDS,and TritonX-100(TX-100),on the wettability of carbonate rock were investigated through contact angle measurements.Oil recovery was studied using spontaneous imbibition tests at 25,70,and 90°C,followed by thermal gravity analysis to measure the amount of adsorbed material on the carbonate surface.The results indicated that Ca2+,Mg2+,and SO42-.ions may alter the carbonate rock wettability from oil-wet to water-wet,with further water wettability obtained at higher concentrations of the ions in modified seawater.Removal of NaCl from the imbibing fluid resulted in a reduced contact angle and significantly enhanced oil recovery.Low oil recoveries were obtained with modified seawater at 25 and 70°C,but once the temperature was increased to 90°C,the oil recovery in the spontaneous imbibition experiment increased dramatically.Application of smart water with C12 TAB surfactant at 0.1 wt%changed the contact angle from 161°to 52°and enhanced oil recovery to 72%,while the presence of the anionic surfactant SDS at 0.1 wt%in the smart water increased oil recovery to 64.5%.The TGA analysis results indicated that the adsorbed materials on the carbonate surface were minimal for the solution containing seawater with C12 TAB at 0.1 wt%(SW+CTAB(0.1 wt%)).Based on the experimental results,a mechanism was proposed for wettability alteration of carbonate rocks using smart water with SDS and C12 TAB surfactants.展开更多
Most fractured carbonate oil reservoirs have oil-wet rocks.Therefore,the process of imbibing water from the fractures into the matrix is usually poor or basically does not exist due to negative capillary pressure.To a...Most fractured carbonate oil reservoirs have oil-wet rocks.Therefore,the process of imbibing water from the fractures into the matrix is usually poor or basically does not exist due to negative capillary pressure.To achieve appropriate ultimate oil recovery in these reservoirs,a water-based enhanced oil recovery method must be capable of altering the wettability of matrix blocks.Previous studies showed that carbonated water can alter wettability of carbonate oil-wet rocks toward less oil-wet or neutral wettability conditions,but the degree of modification is not high enough to allow water to imbibe spontaneously into the matrix blocks at an effective rate.In this study,we manipulated carbonated brine chemistry to enhance its wettability alteration features and hence to improve water imbibition rate and ultimate oil recovery upon spontaneous imbibition in dolomite rocks.First,the contact angle and interfacial tension(IFT)of brine/crude oil systems were measured for several synthetic brine samples with different compositions.Thereafter,two solutions with a significant difference in WAI(wettability alteration index)but approximately equal brine/oil IFT were chosen for spontaneous imbibition experiments.In the next step,spontaneous imbibition experiments at ambient and high pressures were conducted to evaluate the ability of carbonated smart water in enhancing the spontaneous imbibition rate and ultimate oil recovery in dolomite rocks.Experimental results showed that an appropriate adjustment of the imbibition brine(i.e.,carbonated smart water)chemistry improves imbibition rate of carbonated water in oil-wet dolomite rocks as well as the ultimate oil recovery.展开更多
This work was conducted to study the risk of formation damage as the result of mineral scales deposition during smart waterflooding into carbonate core sample,as well as the influence of injected water salinity and io...This work was conducted to study the risk of formation damage as the result of mineral scales deposition during smart waterflooding into carbonate core sample,as well as the influence of injected water salinity and ionic composition on mineral scaling and precipitation.The reservoir flowing conditions were simulated by a new laboratory core-flooding procedure,which took into count of the effect of in-situ contact time(CT)of injected water and formation water on scaling.After the optimum CT was determined,extent of permeability decline was studied by the change in the salinity and ionic composition of injection seawater.The scaled core sample was analyzed visually by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)to study the crystal morphology of the scale.Under the experimental conditions,extent of permeability decline caused by CaSO_(4) and CaSO_(3) composite scales ranged from 61% to 79.1% of the initial permeability.The salinity and the ionic composition of injected smart water,and CT of the mixing waters had significant effects on the co-precipitation of CaSO_(4) and CaSO_(3) scales.The SEM images reveal that the loss of permeability is mainly caused by the accumulation and growth perpendicular to the pore wall of scale crystals.展开更多
Smart water flooding,as a popular method to change the wettability of carbonate rocks,is one of the interesting and challenging issues in reservoir engineering.In addition,the recent studies show that nanoparticles ha...Smart water flooding,as a popular method to change the wettability of carbonate rocks,is one of the interesting and challenging issues in reservoir engineering.In addition,the recent studies show that nanoparticles have a great potential for application in EOR processes.However,little research has been conducted on the use of smart water with nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery.In this study,stability,contact angle and IFT measurements and multi-step core flooding tests were designed to investigate the effect of the ionic composition of smart water containing SO4^2- and Ca^2+ ions in the presence of nanofluid on EOR processes.The amine/organosiloxane@Al2O3/SiO2(AOAS) nanocomposite previously synthesized using co-precipitation-hydrothermal method has been used here.However,for the first time the application of this nanocomposite along with smart water has been studied in this research.Results show that by increasing the concentrations of calcium and sulfate ions in smart water,oil recovery is improved by 9% and 10%,respectively,compared to seawater.In addition,the use of smart water and nanofluids simultaneously is very effective on increasing oil recovery.Finally,the best performance was observed in smart water containing two times of sulfate ions concentration(SW2 S) with nanofluids,showing increased efficiency of about 7.5%.展开更多
After the attacks on September 11, 2001 and the follow-up risk assessments by utilities across the United States, securing the water distribution system against malevolent attack became a strategic goal for the U.S. E...After the attacks on September 11, 2001 and the follow-up risk assessments by utilities across the United States, securing the water distribution system against malevolent attack became a strategic goal for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Following 3 years of development work on a Contamination Warning System (CWS) at the Greater Cincinnati Water Works, four major cities across the United States were selected to enhance the CWS development conducted by the USEPA. One of the major efforts undertaken was to develop a process to seamlessly process “Big Data” sets in real time from different sources (online water quality monitoring, consumer complaints, enhanced security, public health surveillance, and sampling and analysis) and graphically display actionable information for operators to evaluate and respond to appropriately. The most significant finding that arose from the development and implementation of the “dashboard” were the dual benefits observed by all four utilities: the ability to enhance their operations and improve the regulatory compliance of their water distribution systems. Challenge: While most of the utilities had systems in place for SCADA, Work Order Management, Laboratory Management, 311 Call Center Management, Hydraulic Models, Public Health Monitoring, and GIS, these systems were not integrated, resulting in duplicate data entry, which made it difficult to trace back to a “single source of truth.” Each one of these data sources can produce a wealth of raw data. For most utilities, very little of this data is being translated into actionable information as utilities cannot overwhelm their staffs with manually processing the mountains of data generated. Instead, utilities prefer to provide their staffs with actionable information that is easily understood and provides the basis for rapid decision-making. Smart grid systems were developed so utilities can essentially find the actionable needle in the haystack of data. Utilities can then focus on rapidly evaluating the new information, compare it known activities occurring in the system, and identify the correct level of response required. Solution: CH2M HILL was engaged to design, implement, integrate, and deploy a unified spatial dashboard/smart grid system. This system included the processes, technology, automation, and governance necessary to link together the disparate systems in real time and fuse these data streams to the GIS. The overall solution mapped the business process involved with the data collection, the information flow requirements, and the system and application requirements. With these fundamentals defined, system integration was implemented to ensure that the individual systems worked together, eliminating need for duplicate data entry and manual processing. The spatial dashboard was developed on top of the integration platform, allowing the underlying component data streams to be visualized in a spatial setting. Result: With the smart grid system in place, the utilities had a straightforward method to determine the true operating conditions of their systems in real time, quickly identify a potential non-compliance problem in the early stages, and improve system security. The smart grid system has freed staff to focus on improving water quality through the automation of many mundane daily tasks. The system also plays an integral role in monitoring and optimizing the utilities’ daily operations and has been relied on during recovery operations, such as those in response to recent Superstorm Sandy. CH2M HILL is starting to identify the processes needed to expand the application of the smart grid system to include real-time water demands using AMI/AMR and real-time energy loads from pumping facilities. Once the smart grid system has been expanded to include Quality-Quantity-Energy, CH2M HILL can apply optimization engines to provide utility operations staffs with a true optimization tool for their water systems.展开更多
文摘In Northern Nigeria, irrigation systems are operated manually. Agriculture has over the years been practiced primitively by farmers, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This is due to the absence of intelligent technological know-how where its practice could be leveraged upon. Agricultural practice is constrained by some major challenges ranging from traditional way of farming, understating of concepts, practices, policy, environmental and financial factors. The aim of this study was to optimize an IoT-based model for smart agriculture and irrigation water management. The objectives of the study were to: design, implement, test and evaluate the performance of the optimized IoT-based model for smart agriculture and irrigation water management. The method used in the study was the prototyping model. The system was designed using balsamiq application tools. The system has a login page, dashboard, system USE-CASE diagrams, actuators page, sensor page and application interface design. Justinmind tool was used to show the flow of information in the system, which included data input and output, data stores and all the sub-processes the data moves through. The Optimized IoT model was implemented using four core platforms namely, ReactJS Frontend Application development platform, Amazon web services IoT Core backend, Arduino Development platform for developing sensor nodes and Python programming language for the actuator node based on Raspberry Pi board. When compared with the existing system, the results show that the optimized system is better than the existing system in accuracy of measurement, irrigation water management, operation node, platform access, real-time video, user friendly and efficiency. The study successfully optimized an IoT-based model for smart agriculture and irrigation water management. The study introduced the modern way of irrigation farming in the 21<sup>st</sup> century against the traditional or primitive way of irrigation farming that involved intensive human participation.
文摘Naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs have very low oil recovery efficiency owing to their wettability and tightness of matrix.However,smart water can enhance oil recovery by changing the wettability of the carbonate rock surface from oilwet to water-wet,and the addition of surfactants can also change surface wettability.In the present study,the effects of a solution of modified seawater with some surfactants,namely C12 TAB,SDS,and TritonX-100(TX-100),on the wettability of carbonate rock were investigated through contact angle measurements.Oil recovery was studied using spontaneous imbibition tests at 25,70,and 90°C,followed by thermal gravity analysis to measure the amount of adsorbed material on the carbonate surface.The results indicated that Ca2+,Mg2+,and SO42-.ions may alter the carbonate rock wettability from oil-wet to water-wet,with further water wettability obtained at higher concentrations of the ions in modified seawater.Removal of NaCl from the imbibing fluid resulted in a reduced contact angle and significantly enhanced oil recovery.Low oil recoveries were obtained with modified seawater at 25 and 70°C,but once the temperature was increased to 90°C,the oil recovery in the spontaneous imbibition experiment increased dramatically.Application of smart water with C12 TAB surfactant at 0.1 wt%changed the contact angle from 161°to 52°and enhanced oil recovery to 72%,while the presence of the anionic surfactant SDS at 0.1 wt%in the smart water increased oil recovery to 64.5%.The TGA analysis results indicated that the adsorbed materials on the carbonate surface were minimal for the solution containing seawater with C12 TAB at 0.1 wt%(SW+CTAB(0.1 wt%)).Based on the experimental results,a mechanism was proposed for wettability alteration of carbonate rocks using smart water with SDS and C12 TAB surfactants.
基金financial support from National Iranian South Oil Company(NISOC)
文摘Most fractured carbonate oil reservoirs have oil-wet rocks.Therefore,the process of imbibing water from the fractures into the matrix is usually poor or basically does not exist due to negative capillary pressure.To achieve appropriate ultimate oil recovery in these reservoirs,a water-based enhanced oil recovery method must be capable of altering the wettability of matrix blocks.Previous studies showed that carbonated water can alter wettability of carbonate oil-wet rocks toward less oil-wet or neutral wettability conditions,but the degree of modification is not high enough to allow water to imbibe spontaneously into the matrix blocks at an effective rate.In this study,we manipulated carbonated brine chemistry to enhance its wettability alteration features and hence to improve water imbibition rate and ultimate oil recovery upon spontaneous imbibition in dolomite rocks.First,the contact angle and interfacial tension(IFT)of brine/crude oil systems were measured for several synthetic brine samples with different compositions.Thereafter,two solutions with a significant difference in WAI(wettability alteration index)but approximately equal brine/oil IFT were chosen for spontaneous imbibition experiments.In the next step,spontaneous imbibition experiments at ambient and high pressures were conducted to evaluate the ability of carbonated smart water in enhancing the spontaneous imbibition rate and ultimate oil recovery in dolomite rocks.Experimental results showed that an appropriate adjustment of the imbibition brine(i.e.,carbonated smart water)chemistry improves imbibition rate of carbonated water in oil-wet dolomite rocks as well as the ultimate oil recovery.
文摘This work was conducted to study the risk of formation damage as the result of mineral scales deposition during smart waterflooding into carbonate core sample,as well as the influence of injected water salinity and ionic composition on mineral scaling and precipitation.The reservoir flowing conditions were simulated by a new laboratory core-flooding procedure,which took into count of the effect of in-situ contact time(CT)of injected water and formation water on scaling.After the optimum CT was determined,extent of permeability decline was studied by the change in the salinity and ionic composition of injection seawater.The scaled core sample was analyzed visually by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)to study the crystal morphology of the scale.Under the experimental conditions,extent of permeability decline caused by CaSO_(4) and CaSO_(3) composite scales ranged from 61% to 79.1% of the initial permeability.The salinity and the ionic composition of injected smart water,and CT of the mixing waters had significant effects on the co-precipitation of CaSO_(4) and CaSO_(3) scales.The SEM images reveal that the loss of permeability is mainly caused by the accumulation and growth perpendicular to the pore wall of scale crystals.
基金the National Iranian Oil Company and Tarbiat Modares University for their support throughout this study。
文摘Smart water flooding,as a popular method to change the wettability of carbonate rocks,is one of the interesting and challenging issues in reservoir engineering.In addition,the recent studies show that nanoparticles have a great potential for application in EOR processes.However,little research has been conducted on the use of smart water with nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery.In this study,stability,contact angle and IFT measurements and multi-step core flooding tests were designed to investigate the effect of the ionic composition of smart water containing SO4^2- and Ca^2+ ions in the presence of nanofluid on EOR processes.The amine/organosiloxane@Al2O3/SiO2(AOAS) nanocomposite previously synthesized using co-precipitation-hydrothermal method has been used here.However,for the first time the application of this nanocomposite along with smart water has been studied in this research.Results show that by increasing the concentrations of calcium and sulfate ions in smart water,oil recovery is improved by 9% and 10%,respectively,compared to seawater.In addition,the use of smart water and nanofluids simultaneously is very effective on increasing oil recovery.Finally,the best performance was observed in smart water containing two times of sulfate ions concentration(SW2 S) with nanofluids,showing increased efficiency of about 7.5%.
文摘After the attacks on September 11, 2001 and the follow-up risk assessments by utilities across the United States, securing the water distribution system against malevolent attack became a strategic goal for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Following 3 years of development work on a Contamination Warning System (CWS) at the Greater Cincinnati Water Works, four major cities across the United States were selected to enhance the CWS development conducted by the USEPA. One of the major efforts undertaken was to develop a process to seamlessly process “Big Data” sets in real time from different sources (online water quality monitoring, consumer complaints, enhanced security, public health surveillance, and sampling and analysis) and graphically display actionable information for operators to evaluate and respond to appropriately. The most significant finding that arose from the development and implementation of the “dashboard” were the dual benefits observed by all four utilities: the ability to enhance their operations and improve the regulatory compliance of their water distribution systems. Challenge: While most of the utilities had systems in place for SCADA, Work Order Management, Laboratory Management, 311 Call Center Management, Hydraulic Models, Public Health Monitoring, and GIS, these systems were not integrated, resulting in duplicate data entry, which made it difficult to trace back to a “single source of truth.” Each one of these data sources can produce a wealth of raw data. For most utilities, very little of this data is being translated into actionable information as utilities cannot overwhelm their staffs with manually processing the mountains of data generated. Instead, utilities prefer to provide their staffs with actionable information that is easily understood and provides the basis for rapid decision-making. Smart grid systems were developed so utilities can essentially find the actionable needle in the haystack of data. Utilities can then focus on rapidly evaluating the new information, compare it known activities occurring in the system, and identify the correct level of response required. Solution: CH2M HILL was engaged to design, implement, integrate, and deploy a unified spatial dashboard/smart grid system. This system included the processes, technology, automation, and governance necessary to link together the disparate systems in real time and fuse these data streams to the GIS. The overall solution mapped the business process involved with the data collection, the information flow requirements, and the system and application requirements. With these fundamentals defined, system integration was implemented to ensure that the individual systems worked together, eliminating need for duplicate data entry and manual processing. The spatial dashboard was developed on top of the integration platform, allowing the underlying component data streams to be visualized in a spatial setting. Result: With the smart grid system in place, the utilities had a straightforward method to determine the true operating conditions of their systems in real time, quickly identify a potential non-compliance problem in the early stages, and improve system security. The smart grid system has freed staff to focus on improving water quality through the automation of many mundane daily tasks. The system also plays an integral role in monitoring and optimizing the utilities’ daily operations and has been relied on during recovery operations, such as those in response to recent Superstorm Sandy. CH2M HILL is starting to identify the processes needed to expand the application of the smart grid system to include real-time water demands using AMI/AMR and real-time energy loads from pumping facilities. Once the smart grid system has been expanded to include Quality-Quantity-Energy, CH2M HILL can apply optimization engines to provide utility operations staffs with a true optimization tool for their water systems.
