The aim of this study is to determine the effects of cigarette smoking on carboxylhaemoglobin (COHb) and calcium levels in apparently healthy male cigarette smokers in Benin City, Nigeria. Thirty active cigarette smok...The aim of this study is to determine the effects of cigarette smoking on carboxylhaemoglobin (COHb) and calcium levels in apparently healthy male cigarette smokers in Benin City, Nigeria. Thirty active cigarette smokers and thirty healthy, non-smokers within the same age range participated in this study. Serum COHb level was estimated using ELISA reagent from Calbiotech, USA, while calcium concentration was estimated spectrophotometrically with commercially purchased kit from Randox, UK. Results showed higher concentration of COHb but lower concentration of calcium level among the cigarette smokers when compared with the non-smokers. There were no statistically significant differences observed in COHb levels between smokers with regard to smoking duration (<5 yrs vs. ≥5 yrs;p = 0.893) and number of sticks of cigarette per day (<5 sticks/day vs. ≥5 sticks/day;p = 0.256). In contrast, significantly higher mean COHb level was found in subjects who smoked “always” compared with those who smoked “occasionally” (p = 0.04) and those who smoked “rarely” (p = 0.006). On the other hand, the smokers’ serum calcium level was not affected by smoking duration, frequency and number of sticks consumed. In conclusion, the present study confirms that cigarette smoking contributes to abnormally high COHb levels, which is associated with adverse health consequences from carbon-monoxide poisoning in the body. In addition, cigarette smoking may interfere with the mechanisms responsible for the absorption of calcium in the gastro-intestinal tract, thus leading to poor absorption as well as low levels of calcium in the body.展开更多
AIM:To determine the levels of salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis.METHODS:Sixty-nine individuals were recruited into this study after obtaining informed consent.They...AIM:To determine the levels of salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis.METHODS:Sixty-nine individuals were recruited into this study after obtaining informed consent.They were subdivided into three groups that consisted of 20(aged 46 ± 11 years) cigarette smokers with periodontitis(S+P);24(40 ± 12 years) smokers without periodontitis(S-P);and 25(53 ± 11 years) non-smokers with periodontitis(NS+P).An oral and maxillofacial surgeon used radiographs for periodontal probing for the diagnosis of periodontitis.The smokers included subjects who smoked at least six cigarettes per day and all the periodontitis patients were newly diagnosed.About 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was expectorated by each subject into plain sample bottles.Salivary immunoglobulin levels were estimated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Student's t test was used to deter-mine significant differences between the means.Values of P < 0.05 were regarded as significant.RESULTS:No significant differences were observed in the mean salivary levels of the immunoglobulin classes(IgG,IgA,IgM and IgE) when S+P was compared with S-P.Mean salivary levels of IgA(520.0 ± 155.1 ng/mL vs 670.0 ± 110 ng/mL,P = 0.000) and IgM(644.5 ± 160.0 ng/mL vs 791.4 ± 43.7 ng/mL,P = 0.000) were significantly lower in the S+P compared with NS+P group.Salivary IgA(570.4 ± 145.6 ng/mL vs 670.0 ± 110 ng/mL,P = 0.008) and IgM(703.1 ± 169.3 ng/mL vs 791.4 ± 43.7 ng/mL,P = 0.012) levels were significantly lower in the S-P compared with NS+P group.Only one(5%) periodontal patient had detectable levels of salivary IgE(0.20 IU/mL).Similarly,only one smoker(4.17%) had detectable levels of salivary IgE(0.04 IU/mL) and two non-smokers(9.52%) had detectable levels of IgE(0.24 IU/mL).CONCLUSION:Our study suggests that reduced salivary IgA and IgM levels in smokers with periodontitis could enhance increased susceptibility to periodontitis.展开更多
Raised myeloperoxidase (MPO) serum levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction and cigarette smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Since myocardial infarction is associated with leukocytosis and...Raised myeloperoxidase (MPO) serum levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction and cigarette smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Since myocardial infarction is associated with leukocytosis and smokers present increased levels of neutrophils, here we hypothesized that the levels of serum MPO in smokers could be also raised. We carried out a study on sixty eight adult healthy volunteers. The control group consisted of thirty four non-smokers and the test group was thirty four heavy smokers. The hemogram, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and MPO serum levels were measured. Neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte counts were higher展开更多
Background: Psychosocial factors attract interest in investigating the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Design This study aimed to examine the impact of critical life events on the development of myocardial infar...Background: Psychosocial factors attract interest in investigating the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Design This study aimed to examine the impact of critical life events on the development of myocardial infarction in smokers and ex-smokers. We hypothesized that critical life events increase the risk of the disease. Methods: Data were taken from the Cologne Smoking Study (CoSmoS), a retrospective multicentre case-control study that examines which psychosocial factors may lead to a higher risk for smokers and ex-smokers of suffering from a myocardial infarction. Our sample consisted of n = 278 myocardial infarction participants and control participants. Both groups had a history of smoking. Logistic regression was used in the analysis. Results: The study results of the smoking and ex-smoking participants showed that sociodemographic data like gender and age have an effect on the development of myocardial infarction. Physical activity seems to offer protection aganist myocardial infarction. Final, the unexpected result that the experience of at least one critical life event seems to have a positive effect on health and so lowers the risk of myocardial infarction. Conclusions: Socio-demographic data and physical activity have an effect on the development of myocardial infarction. Participants with experience of critical life events appear to be strengthened after the events and possess adequate resources to protect their health.展开更多
Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigs) smoking is substitutional to traditional cigarette smoking to reduce the dangerous combustion of products. Moreover, passive smoking is involuntarily tobacco smoking due to th...Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigs) smoking is substitutional to traditional cigarette smoking to reduce the dangerous combustion of products. Moreover, passive smoking is involuntarily tobacco smoking due to the exposure to cigarette or tobacco smoke among non-smokers and due to there being little knowledge about the impact of passive e-cigs smoking on periodontal status and salivary pH. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of e-cigs smoking habit on periodontal tissue and salivary pH among some passive e-cigs smokers referred to the college of dentistry clinics, King Khalid University. Material and Methods: Ninety male participants who were referred to the college of dentistry clinics at King Khalid University were included in the study. Age, gender, e-cigs smoking, and general health were recorded. The participants were divided into three equal groups (n = 30) as follows: Group I (Non-passive e-cigs smokers and non-smokers) as the control group, Group II (e-cigs users), and Group III (Passive e-cigs smokers). Salivary pH, plaque control record (PCR), gingival bleeding index (GBI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), percentage of radiographic bone loss (% RBL), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), more than 5 missing teeth due to periodontal diseases (>5 MTDP), tooth mobility (TM), furcation involvement (FI), Bite collapse (BC), and less than 20 remaining teeth (10 Opposing pairs) (L20RT) as well as HbA1c were recorded. ANOVA test was used to the comparison between Groups I, II, and III in the participants’ ages and periodontitis staging clinical findings. The mean of participants’ age groups, the mean of salivary pH values of study groups, and the periodontitis staging complexity and HbA1c were compared between groups with the ANOVA test, Tukey’s test, and the chi-square test. P-value was recorded, and less than 0.5 was considered a statistically significant difference (p Results: The e-cigs users group revealed higher means of PCR, GBI %RBL values, and the participants percentages of >5 MTDP, TM, FI, L20RT, and diabetes mellitus (DM) among participants compared to the passive e-cigs smokers group and control group except for the participants percentage of BC among the participants, which was higher among the control group participants. The differences were not significant in PCR, GBI, %RBL and DM (p > 0.5) and significant in >5 MTDP, TM, FI, L20RT and smoking (p 7% values compared to the e-cigs users group and control group participants. The differences were not significant in CAL and PPD (p > 0.5) and significant in the participants percentages of salivary pH values (p Conclusion: The e-cigs smoking habit was the cause of an increase in periodontal disease severity among the electronic smokers rather than passive e-cigs smokers, although the salivary pH was higher in the latter.展开更多
Numerous investigations on submarine hydrothermal ore-forming occurrence have been actively carried out in the last two decades with significant results.The Ag and Au enrichments in the sulfides from black smokers ofh...Numerous investigations on submarine hydrothermal ore-forming occurrence have been actively carried out in the last two decades with significant results.The Ag and Au enrichments in the sulfides from black smokers ofhydrothermal vent field Broken Spur(MAR) aroused our interest to study their mineral hosting forms.Samples were collected from seven hydrothermal chimneys within Broken Spur in the British-Russian BRAVEX(1994) and展开更多
Objectives: Smoking causes endothelial dysfunction, but it still remains unclear whether oral administration of anthocyanin brings benefits to endothelial function and redox states in young healthy smokers. We tested ...Objectives: Smoking causes endothelial dysfunction, but it still remains unclear whether oral administration of anthocyanin brings benefits to endothelial function and redox states in young healthy smokers. We tested the hypothesis that supplement anthocyanin may rescue endothelial dysfunction and redox states in young healthy smokers. Methods: Young healthy male non-smoker (n = 8) and smokers (n = 14) were enrolled to measure the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) before and 2 hours after one cigarette smoking or resting under administration of blackcurrant supplements (anthocyanins 210 mg) or not. Results: FMD, d-ROMs, and BAP at baseline were similar between non-smokers and smokers. One cigarette smoking induced a decrease in FMD at 2 hours (9.0% ± 2.6% vs 7.5% ± 2.3%, p Conclusions: Single oral administration of anthocyanin rescued smoking-induced endothelial dysfunction in young healthy smokers, but facilitated oxidative stress in non-smokers. When anthocyanin is taken as supplements, it seems important to pay attention to the dose and timing of administration.展开更多
Nasal irrigation is often recommended as an adjuctive therapy for treating many sinonasal conditions.It provides mechanical cleansing of mucus,crust,cell debris and various air contaminants.The study was done to analy...Nasal irrigation is often recommended as an adjuctive therapy for treating many sinonasal conditions.It provides mechanical cleansing of mucus,crust,cell debris and various air contaminants.The study was done to analyze the effect of nasal irrigation on change of nasal mucociliary transport time,in active smokers.This study was experimental using pre and post test controlled group design.Samples were divided into two groups;treatment and control group.The mucociliary transport time were tested with saccharin method for two times;before and fourteen days after treatment.On the day fourteen after nasal irrigation there was a significant decreased of the mucociliary transport time than before(p=0,000).In the control group on second measurement was significantly longer compared to the first measurement(p=0,003).In the comparison of mucociliary transport time change between treatment group and control group was found significant differences(p=0,000).展开更多
Background:Most lung cancer risk prediction models were developed in European and North-American cohorts of smokers aged≥55 years,while less is known about risk profiles in Asia,especially for never smokers or indivi...Background:Most lung cancer risk prediction models were developed in European and North-American cohorts of smokers aged≥55 years,while less is known about risk profiles in Asia,especially for never smokers or individuals aged<50 years.Hence,we aimed to develop and validate a lung cancer risk estimate tool for ever and never smokers across a wide age range.Methods:Based on the China Kadoorie Biobank cohort,we first systematically selected the predictors and explored the nonlinear association of predictors with lung cancer risk using restricted cubic splines.Then,we separately developed risk prediction models to construct a lung cancer risk score(LCRS)in 159,715 ever smokers and 336,526 never smokers.The LCRS was further validated in an independent cohort over a median follow-up of 13.6 years,consisting of 14,153 never smokers and 5,890 ever smokers.Results:A total of 13 and 9 routinely available predictors were identified for ever and never smokers,respectively.Of these predictors,cigarettes per day and quit years showed nonlinear associations with lung cancer risk(Pnon-linear<0.001).The curve of lung cancer incidence increased rapidly above 20 cigarettes per day and then was relatively flat until approximately 30 cigarettes per day.We also observed that lung cancer risk declined sharplywithin the first 5 years of quitting,and then continued to decrease but at a slower rate in the subsequent years.The 6-year area under the receiver operating curve for the ever and never smokers’models were respectively 0.778 and 0.733 in the derivation cohort,and 0.774 and 0.759 in the validation cohort.In the validation cohort,the 10-year cumulative incidence of lung cancerwas 0.39%and 2.57%for ever smokers with low(<166.2)and intermediate-high LCRS(≥166.2),respectively.Never smokers with a high LCRS(≥21.2)had a higher 10-year cumulative incidence rate than those with a low LCRS(<21.2;1.05%vs.0.22%).An online risk evaluation tool(LCKEY;http://ccra.njmu.edu.cn/lckey/web)was developed to facilitate the use of LCRS.Conclusions:The LCRS can be an effective risk assessment tool designed for ever and never smokers aged 30 to 80 years.展开更多
Experts from China’s State Administration of Taxation and the University of California,Berkeley unveiled a report,"Tobacco Tax and Its Potential Impact on China,"
本文自称是“网虫”的史梦小姐在Monday July 13从网上拷下后通过email发给我们的。吸烟有害健康,这已是一个老话题。我们仍愿将此文在本专栏推出。美国人还在对这个“老话题”做认真的不懈的研究,并不断有所发现。 有些吸烟者被认为,...本文自称是“网虫”的史梦小姐在Monday July 13从网上拷下后通过email发给我们的。吸烟有害健康,这已是一个老话题。我们仍愿将此文在本专栏推出。美国人还在对这个“老话题”做认真的不懈的研究,并不断有所发现。 有些吸烟者被认为,或自认为是"Healthy"Smokers,其实,这是一个错误的感觉而已。本文集中研究了吸烟者的血管内壁的变化,并指出:… the arteries of smokers don’t dilate properly, which can raise their blood pressure and increase the riskof a heart attack or stroke. 文章的另一个可贵之处在于, 虽然加州大学的博士作了潜心研究, 并有所发现, 但是他们仍然谦虚地认为: they did not yet understand how smoking interfereswith the arteries.展开更多
【选注者言:本文的内容很简单。主题句就道出了全文的核心内容:Smoke-freeworkplaces encourage more people to cut back or give up smoking than tax increaseson cigarettes.(无烟的工作场所使人不抽烟,或是戒烟的人数超过对烟草从...【选注者言:本文的内容很简单。主题句就道出了全文的核心内容:Smoke-freeworkplaces encourage more people to cut back or give up smoking than tax increaseson cigarettes.(无烟的工作场所使人不抽烟,或是戒烟的人数超过对烟草从严课税)。文中几处小词用得很活,值得学习。比如以下表达中的斜体字:theill effects of tobacco smoke/It looks at the reality in addition to the health impact./and expose billions more nonsmokers to the carcinogenic chemicals(致癌化学物)等。】展开更多
Smoking has an economic and environmental impact on society due to the toxic substances it emits.Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)need help describing low-level features and can miss important information.Moreover,a...Smoking has an economic and environmental impact on society due to the toxic substances it emits.Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)need help describing low-level features and can miss important information.Moreover,accurate smoker detection is vital with minimum false alarms.To answer the issue,the researchers of this paper have turned to a self-attention mechanism inspired by the ViT,which has displayed state-of-the-art performance in the classification task.To effectively enforce the smoking prohibition in non-smoking locations,this work presents a Vision Transformer-inspired model called SmokerViT for detecting smokers.Moreover,this research utilizes a locally curated dataset of 1120 images evenly distributed among the two classes(Smoking and NotSmoking).Further,this research performs augmentations on the smoker detection dataset to have many images with various representations to overcome the dataset size limitation.Unlike convolutional operations used in most existing works,the proposed SmokerViT model employs a self-attention mechanism in the Transformer block,making it suitable for the smoker classification problem.Besides,this work integrates the multi-layer perceptron head block in the SmokerViT model,which contains dense layers with rectified linear activation and linear kernel regularizer with L2 for the recognition task.This work presents an exhaustive analysis to prove the efficiency of the proposed SmokerViT model.The performance of the proposed SmokerViT performance is evaluated and compared with the existing methods,where it achieves an overall classification accuracy of 97.77%,with 98.21%recall and 97.35%precision,outperforming the state-of-the-art deep learning models,including convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and other vision transformer-based models.展开更多
Extraction of third mandibular tooth is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in oral surgery. One of the most common complications following the extraction of third mandibular molar teeth is dry sock...Extraction of third mandibular tooth is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in oral surgery. One of the most common complications following the extraction of third mandibular molar teeth is dry socket (alveolar osteitis). Dry socket is the delayed healing of the wound of the alveolar bone after dental extractions. The purpose of this study was to determine if the intra-alveolar application of Clindamycin could reduce the incidence of dry socket following the extraction of third mandibular molar tooth. Patients who qualified for the prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial were randomly divided into 2 groups, each group 30 patients. The first group (30 patients) included smokers and the second group (30 patients) included non smokers. Both groups had the mandibular third molar extracted in both sides at the same time. In total, 120 third molars were extracted. The left site was a study group in which we applied the clindamycin and the right site was a control group. The patients were also divided by gender. Dry socket occurred in 3.3% of cases for patients whom were given Clindamycin, regardless of their smoking habits, as opposed to 31.7% for those who did not receive the antibiotic. Results clearly showed that Clindamycin had a huge impact on reducing dry socket regardless of smoking habits.展开更多
Background and Aims: To evaluate the dietary habits of individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) and healthy adults living in southern Brazil. Methods: The anthropometric assessment was carried out according to the WHO...Background and Aims: To evaluate the dietary habits of individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) and healthy adults living in southern Brazil. Methods: The anthropometric assessment was carried out according to the WHO standard and eating habits were assessed using a questionnaire food frequency. The dietary inflammatory index (eDII) was calculated based on the frequency of consumption of anti- and pro-inflammatory foods. Results: 178 colorectal cancer cases and 178 controls were included, age over 50 years (81.7%). 38.2% of CRC individuals were smokers or former smokers and 69.1% were overweight, 15.7% had type II diabetes and 41% had hypertension. The consumption of bread and white rice (OR 1365.8;p < 0.001), meat processed up to twice a week (OR 227.35;p = 0.001) and low fruit intake (OR 40.569;p = 0.039) increased the risk for CRC development. The eDII greater than 0 and 3 increases the risk of CRC for women (OR 55.83;95% CI 6.53 - 477.16;p < 0.001) and men (OR 66.75;95% CI 19.05 - 233;p Conclusions: In the south of Brazil, the Western diet pattern was related to the diagnosis of CRC, in addition to the male gender, smoking and overweight. In an unprecedented way for the Brazilian population, we associate eDII with the risk of CRC.展开更多
In this paper, the global stability of free smoking equilibrium point was evaluated and presented graphically. The linear stability of a developed mathematical model illustrates the effect on the population of chain, ...In this paper, the global stability of free smoking equilibrium point was evaluated and presented graphically. The linear stability of a developed mathematical model illustrates the effect on the population of chain, mild and passive smokers. MATLAB programming was used to simulate the solutions, the reproduction number R0 and the nature of the equilibria.展开更多
<b>Aim and Background:</b> It is estimated that up to 20% of patients coming for elective surgery are smokers and carry a risk of perioperative complications. Though smoking cessation and its impact on per...<b>Aim and Background:</b> It is estimated that up to 20% of patients coming for elective surgery are smokers and carry a risk of perioperative complications. Though smoking cessation and its impact on perioperative outcome are widely investigated worldwide we were unable to find any data in Pakistan. The objective of the study is to determine the impact of the duration of smoking cessation before elective surgery on intraoperative hemodynamics and postoperative pain in Pakistani population. <b>Methods:</b> It was a prospective cohort study conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan, for one-year duration. A total of 260 patients scheduled for elective noncardiac surgery under general anaesthesia were recruited. Surgery under regional anaesthesia and minor surgery under general anaesthesia were excluded. Data on self-reported duration of smoking cessation by patients, intraoperative haemodynamics, postoperative pain scores and duration of hospital stay were collected by independently trained data collectors from the preoperative area until the patient is discharged from the hospital. <b>Results:</b> A data from 256 patients were analyzed. On the basis of self-reported duration of preoperative smoking cessation, patients were divided into 4 groups (Group 1: less than 2 days, Group 2: more than 2 days to 7 days, Group 3: more than 7 days to 4 weeks and Group 4: more than 4 weeks). It was found that the longer the duration of cessation of smoking is the less haemodynamic changes and lower postoperative pain scores. Length of stay did not show any difference among all four groups. No major postoperative pulmonary complication was found in any study patient. <b>Conclusions:</b> Duration of cessation of smoking before elective surgery is a significant predictor of intraoperative haemodynamics and early postoperative pain in Pakistani population. A short duration of smoking cessation also helps to avoid some of the adverse effects and reduces perioperative complications.展开更多
There are a lot of smokers in the world, yet most smokers are young people. It is said that about 45%of the smokers in the world from~①China. Believe it or not, the smokers are becoming younger and younger in China, ...There are a lot of smokers in the world, yet most smokers are young people. It is said that about 45%of the smokers in the world from~①China. Believe it or not, the smokers are becoming younger and younger in China, even including some middle school students.There are a few reasons for this. Some people think smoking keeps themselves refreshed.Some people believe it is a kind of fashion and they want to be cool.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study is to determine the effects of cigarette smoking on carboxylhaemoglobin (COHb) and calcium levels in apparently healthy male cigarette smokers in Benin City, Nigeria. Thirty active cigarette smokers and thirty healthy, non-smokers within the same age range participated in this study. Serum COHb level was estimated using ELISA reagent from Calbiotech, USA, while calcium concentration was estimated spectrophotometrically with commercially purchased kit from Randox, UK. Results showed higher concentration of COHb but lower concentration of calcium level among the cigarette smokers when compared with the non-smokers. There were no statistically significant differences observed in COHb levels between smokers with regard to smoking duration (<5 yrs vs. ≥5 yrs;p = 0.893) and number of sticks of cigarette per day (<5 sticks/day vs. ≥5 sticks/day;p = 0.256). In contrast, significantly higher mean COHb level was found in subjects who smoked “always” compared with those who smoked “occasionally” (p = 0.04) and those who smoked “rarely” (p = 0.006). On the other hand, the smokers’ serum calcium level was not affected by smoking duration, frequency and number of sticks consumed. In conclusion, the present study confirms that cigarette smoking contributes to abnormally high COHb levels, which is associated with adverse health consequences from carbon-monoxide poisoning in the body. In addition, cigarette smoking may interfere with the mechanisms responsible for the absorption of calcium in the gastro-intestinal tract, thus leading to poor absorption as well as low levels of calcium in the body.
文摘AIM:To determine the levels of salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis.METHODS:Sixty-nine individuals were recruited into this study after obtaining informed consent.They were subdivided into three groups that consisted of 20(aged 46 ± 11 years) cigarette smokers with periodontitis(S+P);24(40 ± 12 years) smokers without periodontitis(S-P);and 25(53 ± 11 years) non-smokers with periodontitis(NS+P).An oral and maxillofacial surgeon used radiographs for periodontal probing for the diagnosis of periodontitis.The smokers included subjects who smoked at least six cigarettes per day and all the periodontitis patients were newly diagnosed.About 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was expectorated by each subject into plain sample bottles.Salivary immunoglobulin levels were estimated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Student's t test was used to deter-mine significant differences between the means.Values of P < 0.05 were regarded as significant.RESULTS:No significant differences were observed in the mean salivary levels of the immunoglobulin classes(IgG,IgA,IgM and IgE) when S+P was compared with S-P.Mean salivary levels of IgA(520.0 ± 155.1 ng/mL vs 670.0 ± 110 ng/mL,P = 0.000) and IgM(644.5 ± 160.0 ng/mL vs 791.4 ± 43.7 ng/mL,P = 0.000) were significantly lower in the S+P compared with NS+P group.Salivary IgA(570.4 ± 145.6 ng/mL vs 670.0 ± 110 ng/mL,P = 0.008) and IgM(703.1 ± 169.3 ng/mL vs 791.4 ± 43.7 ng/mL,P = 0.012) levels were significantly lower in the S-P compared with NS+P group.Only one(5%) periodontal patient had detectable levels of salivary IgE(0.20 IU/mL).Similarly,only one smoker(4.17%) had detectable levels of salivary IgE(0.04 IU/mL) and two non-smokers(9.52%) had detectable levels of IgE(0.24 IU/mL).CONCLUSION:Our study suggests that reduced salivary IgA and IgM levels in smokers with periodontitis could enhance increased susceptibility to periodontitis.
文摘Raised myeloperoxidase (MPO) serum levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction and cigarette smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Since myocardial infarction is associated with leukocytosis and smokers present increased levels of neutrophils, here we hypothesized that the levels of serum MPO in smokers could be also raised. We carried out a study on sixty eight adult healthy volunteers. The control group consisted of thirty four non-smokers and the test group was thirty four heavy smokers. The hemogram, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and MPO serum levels were measured. Neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte counts were higher
文摘Background: Psychosocial factors attract interest in investigating the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Design This study aimed to examine the impact of critical life events on the development of myocardial infarction in smokers and ex-smokers. We hypothesized that critical life events increase the risk of the disease. Methods: Data were taken from the Cologne Smoking Study (CoSmoS), a retrospective multicentre case-control study that examines which psychosocial factors may lead to a higher risk for smokers and ex-smokers of suffering from a myocardial infarction. Our sample consisted of n = 278 myocardial infarction participants and control participants. Both groups had a history of smoking. Logistic regression was used in the analysis. Results: The study results of the smoking and ex-smoking participants showed that sociodemographic data like gender and age have an effect on the development of myocardial infarction. Physical activity seems to offer protection aganist myocardial infarction. Final, the unexpected result that the experience of at least one critical life event seems to have a positive effect on health and so lowers the risk of myocardial infarction. Conclusions: Socio-demographic data and physical activity have an effect on the development of myocardial infarction. Participants with experience of critical life events appear to be strengthened after the events and possess adequate resources to protect their health.
文摘Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigs) smoking is substitutional to traditional cigarette smoking to reduce the dangerous combustion of products. Moreover, passive smoking is involuntarily tobacco smoking due to the exposure to cigarette or tobacco smoke among non-smokers and due to there being little knowledge about the impact of passive e-cigs smoking on periodontal status and salivary pH. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of e-cigs smoking habit on periodontal tissue and salivary pH among some passive e-cigs smokers referred to the college of dentistry clinics, King Khalid University. Material and Methods: Ninety male participants who were referred to the college of dentistry clinics at King Khalid University were included in the study. Age, gender, e-cigs smoking, and general health were recorded. The participants were divided into three equal groups (n = 30) as follows: Group I (Non-passive e-cigs smokers and non-smokers) as the control group, Group II (e-cigs users), and Group III (Passive e-cigs smokers). Salivary pH, plaque control record (PCR), gingival bleeding index (GBI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), percentage of radiographic bone loss (% RBL), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), more than 5 missing teeth due to periodontal diseases (>5 MTDP), tooth mobility (TM), furcation involvement (FI), Bite collapse (BC), and less than 20 remaining teeth (10 Opposing pairs) (L20RT) as well as HbA1c were recorded. ANOVA test was used to the comparison between Groups I, II, and III in the participants’ ages and periodontitis staging clinical findings. The mean of participants’ age groups, the mean of salivary pH values of study groups, and the periodontitis staging complexity and HbA1c were compared between groups with the ANOVA test, Tukey’s test, and the chi-square test. P-value was recorded, and less than 0.5 was considered a statistically significant difference (p Results: The e-cigs users group revealed higher means of PCR, GBI %RBL values, and the participants percentages of >5 MTDP, TM, FI, L20RT, and diabetes mellitus (DM) among participants compared to the passive e-cigs smokers group and control group except for the participants percentage of BC among the participants, which was higher among the control group participants. The differences were not significant in PCR, GBI, %RBL and DM (p > 0.5) and significant in >5 MTDP, TM, FI, L20RT and smoking (p 7% values compared to the e-cigs users group and control group participants. The differences were not significant in CAL and PPD (p > 0.5) and significant in the participants percentages of salivary pH values (p Conclusion: The e-cigs smoking habit was the cause of an increase in periodontal disease severity among the electronic smokers rather than passive e-cigs smokers, although the salivary pH was higher in the latter.
文摘Numerous investigations on submarine hydrothermal ore-forming occurrence have been actively carried out in the last two decades with significant results.The Ag and Au enrichments in the sulfides from black smokers ofhydrothermal vent field Broken Spur(MAR) aroused our interest to study their mineral hosting forms.Samples were collected from seven hydrothermal chimneys within Broken Spur in the British-Russian BRAVEX(1994) and
文摘Objectives: Smoking causes endothelial dysfunction, but it still remains unclear whether oral administration of anthocyanin brings benefits to endothelial function and redox states in young healthy smokers. We tested the hypothesis that supplement anthocyanin may rescue endothelial dysfunction and redox states in young healthy smokers. Methods: Young healthy male non-smoker (n = 8) and smokers (n = 14) were enrolled to measure the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) before and 2 hours after one cigarette smoking or resting under administration of blackcurrant supplements (anthocyanins 210 mg) or not. Results: FMD, d-ROMs, and BAP at baseline were similar between non-smokers and smokers. One cigarette smoking induced a decrease in FMD at 2 hours (9.0% ± 2.6% vs 7.5% ± 2.3%, p Conclusions: Single oral administration of anthocyanin rescued smoking-induced endothelial dysfunction in young healthy smokers, but facilitated oxidative stress in non-smokers. When anthocyanin is taken as supplements, it seems important to pay attention to the dose and timing of administration.
文摘Nasal irrigation is often recommended as an adjuctive therapy for treating many sinonasal conditions.It provides mechanical cleansing of mucus,crust,cell debris and various air contaminants.The study was done to analyze the effect of nasal irrigation on change of nasal mucociliary transport time,in active smokers.This study was experimental using pre and post test controlled group design.Samples were divided into two groups;treatment and control group.The mucociliary transport time were tested with saccharin method for two times;before and fourteen days after treatment.On the day fourteen after nasal irrigation there was a significant decreased of the mucociliary transport time than before(p=0,000).In the control group on second measurement was significantly longer compared to the first measurement(p=0,003).In the comparison of mucociliary transport time change between treatment group and control group was found significant differences(p=0,000).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:81820108028,81922061,81973123,82273714,82192901,82192904,82192900Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:BK20220100+3 种基金Research Unit of Prospective Cohort of Cardiovascular Diseases and CancerChinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:2019RU038Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant/Award Number:No.KFJ-STS-QYZD-2021-08-001the National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2016YFC0900500。
文摘Background:Most lung cancer risk prediction models were developed in European and North-American cohorts of smokers aged≥55 years,while less is known about risk profiles in Asia,especially for never smokers or individuals aged<50 years.Hence,we aimed to develop and validate a lung cancer risk estimate tool for ever and never smokers across a wide age range.Methods:Based on the China Kadoorie Biobank cohort,we first systematically selected the predictors and explored the nonlinear association of predictors with lung cancer risk using restricted cubic splines.Then,we separately developed risk prediction models to construct a lung cancer risk score(LCRS)in 159,715 ever smokers and 336,526 never smokers.The LCRS was further validated in an independent cohort over a median follow-up of 13.6 years,consisting of 14,153 never smokers and 5,890 ever smokers.Results:A total of 13 and 9 routinely available predictors were identified for ever and never smokers,respectively.Of these predictors,cigarettes per day and quit years showed nonlinear associations with lung cancer risk(Pnon-linear<0.001).The curve of lung cancer incidence increased rapidly above 20 cigarettes per day and then was relatively flat until approximately 30 cigarettes per day.We also observed that lung cancer risk declined sharplywithin the first 5 years of quitting,and then continued to decrease but at a slower rate in the subsequent years.The 6-year area under the receiver operating curve for the ever and never smokers’models were respectively 0.778 and 0.733 in the derivation cohort,and 0.774 and 0.759 in the validation cohort.In the validation cohort,the 10-year cumulative incidence of lung cancerwas 0.39%and 2.57%for ever smokers with low(<166.2)and intermediate-high LCRS(≥166.2),respectively.Never smokers with a high LCRS(≥21.2)had a higher 10-year cumulative incidence rate than those with a low LCRS(<21.2;1.05%vs.0.22%).An online risk evaluation tool(LCKEY;http://ccra.njmu.edu.cn/lckey/web)was developed to facilitate the use of LCRS.Conclusions:The LCRS can be an effective risk assessment tool designed for ever and never smokers aged 30 to 80 years.
文摘Experts from China’s State Administration of Taxation and the University of California,Berkeley unveiled a report,"Tobacco Tax and Its Potential Impact on China,"
文摘本文自称是“网虫”的史梦小姐在Monday July 13从网上拷下后通过email发给我们的。吸烟有害健康,这已是一个老话题。我们仍愿将此文在本专栏推出。美国人还在对这个“老话题”做认真的不懈的研究,并不断有所发现。 有些吸烟者被认为,或自认为是"Healthy"Smokers,其实,这是一个错误的感觉而已。本文集中研究了吸烟者的血管内壁的变化,并指出:… the arteries of smokers don’t dilate properly, which can raise their blood pressure and increase the riskof a heart attack or stroke. 文章的另一个可贵之处在于, 虽然加州大学的博士作了潜心研究, 并有所发现, 但是他们仍然谦虚地认为: they did not yet understand how smoking interfereswith the arteries.
文摘【选注者言:本文的内容很简单。主题句就道出了全文的核心内容:Smoke-freeworkplaces encourage more people to cut back or give up smoking than tax increaseson cigarettes.(无烟的工作场所使人不抽烟,或是戒烟的人数超过对烟草从严课税)。文中几处小词用得很活,值得学习。比如以下表达中的斜体字:theill effects of tobacco smoke/It looks at the reality in addition to the health impact./and expose billions more nonsmokers to the carcinogenic chemicals(致癌化学物)等。】
文摘Smoking has an economic and environmental impact on society due to the toxic substances it emits.Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)need help describing low-level features and can miss important information.Moreover,accurate smoker detection is vital with minimum false alarms.To answer the issue,the researchers of this paper have turned to a self-attention mechanism inspired by the ViT,which has displayed state-of-the-art performance in the classification task.To effectively enforce the smoking prohibition in non-smoking locations,this work presents a Vision Transformer-inspired model called SmokerViT for detecting smokers.Moreover,this research utilizes a locally curated dataset of 1120 images evenly distributed among the two classes(Smoking and NotSmoking).Further,this research performs augmentations on the smoker detection dataset to have many images with various representations to overcome the dataset size limitation.Unlike convolutional operations used in most existing works,the proposed SmokerViT model employs a self-attention mechanism in the Transformer block,making it suitable for the smoker classification problem.Besides,this work integrates the multi-layer perceptron head block in the SmokerViT model,which contains dense layers with rectified linear activation and linear kernel regularizer with L2 for the recognition task.This work presents an exhaustive analysis to prove the efficiency of the proposed SmokerViT model.The performance of the proposed SmokerViT performance is evaluated and compared with the existing methods,where it achieves an overall classification accuracy of 97.77%,with 98.21%recall and 97.35%precision,outperforming the state-of-the-art deep learning models,including convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and other vision transformer-based models.
文摘Extraction of third mandibular tooth is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in oral surgery. One of the most common complications following the extraction of third mandibular molar teeth is dry socket (alveolar osteitis). Dry socket is the delayed healing of the wound of the alveolar bone after dental extractions. The purpose of this study was to determine if the intra-alveolar application of Clindamycin could reduce the incidence of dry socket following the extraction of third mandibular molar tooth. Patients who qualified for the prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial were randomly divided into 2 groups, each group 30 patients. The first group (30 patients) included smokers and the second group (30 patients) included non smokers. Both groups had the mandibular third molar extracted in both sides at the same time. In total, 120 third molars were extracted. The left site was a study group in which we applied the clindamycin and the right site was a control group. The patients were also divided by gender. Dry socket occurred in 3.3% of cases for patients whom were given Clindamycin, regardless of their smoking habits, as opposed to 31.7% for those who did not receive the antibiotic. Results clearly showed that Clindamycin had a huge impact on reducing dry socket regardless of smoking habits.
文摘Background and Aims: To evaluate the dietary habits of individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) and healthy adults living in southern Brazil. Methods: The anthropometric assessment was carried out according to the WHO standard and eating habits were assessed using a questionnaire food frequency. The dietary inflammatory index (eDII) was calculated based on the frequency of consumption of anti- and pro-inflammatory foods. Results: 178 colorectal cancer cases and 178 controls were included, age over 50 years (81.7%). 38.2% of CRC individuals were smokers or former smokers and 69.1% were overweight, 15.7% had type II diabetes and 41% had hypertension. The consumption of bread and white rice (OR 1365.8;p < 0.001), meat processed up to twice a week (OR 227.35;p = 0.001) and low fruit intake (OR 40.569;p = 0.039) increased the risk for CRC development. The eDII greater than 0 and 3 increases the risk of CRC for women (OR 55.83;95% CI 6.53 - 477.16;p < 0.001) and men (OR 66.75;95% CI 19.05 - 233;p Conclusions: In the south of Brazil, the Western diet pattern was related to the diagnosis of CRC, in addition to the male gender, smoking and overweight. In an unprecedented way for the Brazilian population, we associate eDII with the risk of CRC.
文摘In this paper, the global stability of free smoking equilibrium point was evaluated and presented graphically. The linear stability of a developed mathematical model illustrates the effect on the population of chain, mild and passive smokers. MATLAB programming was used to simulate the solutions, the reproduction number R0 and the nature of the equilibria.
文摘<b>Aim and Background:</b> It is estimated that up to 20% of patients coming for elective surgery are smokers and carry a risk of perioperative complications. Though smoking cessation and its impact on perioperative outcome are widely investigated worldwide we were unable to find any data in Pakistan. The objective of the study is to determine the impact of the duration of smoking cessation before elective surgery on intraoperative hemodynamics and postoperative pain in Pakistani population. <b>Methods:</b> It was a prospective cohort study conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan, for one-year duration. A total of 260 patients scheduled for elective noncardiac surgery under general anaesthesia were recruited. Surgery under regional anaesthesia and minor surgery under general anaesthesia were excluded. Data on self-reported duration of smoking cessation by patients, intraoperative haemodynamics, postoperative pain scores and duration of hospital stay were collected by independently trained data collectors from the preoperative area until the patient is discharged from the hospital. <b>Results:</b> A data from 256 patients were analyzed. On the basis of self-reported duration of preoperative smoking cessation, patients were divided into 4 groups (Group 1: less than 2 days, Group 2: more than 2 days to 7 days, Group 3: more than 7 days to 4 weeks and Group 4: more than 4 weeks). It was found that the longer the duration of cessation of smoking is the less haemodynamic changes and lower postoperative pain scores. Length of stay did not show any difference among all four groups. No major postoperative pulmonary complication was found in any study patient. <b>Conclusions:</b> Duration of cessation of smoking before elective surgery is a significant predictor of intraoperative haemodynamics and early postoperative pain in Pakistani population. A short duration of smoking cessation also helps to avoid some of the adverse effects and reduces perioperative complications.
文摘There are a lot of smokers in the world, yet most smokers are young people. It is said that about 45%of the smokers in the world from~①China. Believe it or not, the smokers are becoming younger and younger in China, even including some middle school students.There are a few reasons for this. Some people think smoking keeps themselves refreshed.Some people believe it is a kind of fashion and they want to be cool.
