This paper explores the integration of persuasive technology into smoking cessation efforts through the development and evaluation of a mobile app, “No-Smoke.” Leveraging compelling features like social support, tra...This paper explores the integration of persuasive technology into smoking cessation efforts through the development and evaluation of a mobile app, “No-Smoke.” Leveraging compelling features like social support, tracking, planning, and motivation, the app aims to augment user engagement and support the process of quitting smoking. The efficacy of these features has been substantiated through both automated testing and user feedback, highlighting their potential to enhance awareness, motivation, and behavior modification. Despite notable successes, limitations, including a limited user base and uncertainties regarding long-term efficacy, have been acknowledged, stemming from the inherent complexities of smoking cessation. Nevertheless, based on user experiences and feedback, “No-Smoke” represents a promising advancement in the use of technology for public health interventions, particularly in the realm of smoking cessation. To address existing challenges, future research is recommended to encompass a comprehensive, long-term study involving a larger and more diverse user base. Additionally, further investigation should focus on personalization enhancements and the integration of machine learning algorithms to better understand and respond to user behavior.展开更多
Smoking is a major cause of cancer,heart disease and other afflictions that lead to early mortality.An effective smoking classification mechanism that provides insights into individual smoking habits would assist in i...Smoking is a major cause of cancer,heart disease and other afflictions that lead to early mortality.An effective smoking classification mechanism that provides insights into individual smoking habits would assist in implementing addiction treatment initiatives.Smoking activities often accompany other activities such as drinking or eating.Consequently,smoking activity recognition can be a challenging topic in human activity recognition(HAR).A deep learning framework for smoking activity recognition(SAR)employing smartwatch sensors was proposed together with a deep residual network combined with squeeze-and-excitation modules(ResNetSE)to increase the effectiveness of the SAR framework.The proposed model was tested against basic convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and recurrent neural networks(LSTM,BiLSTM,GRU and BiGRU)to recognize smoking and other similar activities such as drinking,eating and walking using the UT-Smoke dataset.Three different scenarios were investigated for their recognition performances using standard HAR metrics(accuracy,F1-score and the area under the ROC curve).Our proposed ResNetSE outperformed the other basic deep learning networks,with maximum accuracy of 98.63%.展开更多
Objective No consensus exists on the relative risk(RR)of lung cancer(LC)attributable to active smoking in China.This study aimed to evaluate the unified RR of LC attributable to active smoking among the Chinese popula...Objective No consensus exists on the relative risk(RR)of lung cancer(LC)attributable to active smoking in China.This study aimed to evaluate the unified RR of LC attributable to active smoking among the Chinese population.Methods A systematic literature search of seven databases was conducted to identify studies reporting active smoking among smokers versus nonsmokers in China.Primary articles on LC providing risk estimates with their 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for“ever”“former”or“current”smokers from China were selected.Meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled RR of active smoking.Results Forty-four unique studies were included.Compared with that of nonsmokers,the pooled RR(95%CI)for“ever”“former”and“current”smokers were 3.26(2.79–3.82),2.95(1.71–5.08),and 5.16(2.58–10.34)among men,3.18(2.78–3.63),2.70(2.08–3.51),and 4.27(3.61–5.06)among women,and2.71(2.12–3.46),2.66(2.45–2.88),and 4.21(3.25–5.45)in both sexes combined,respectively.Conclusion The RR of LC has remained relatively stable(range,2–6)over the past four decades in China.Early quitting of smoking could reduce the RR to some extent;however,completely refraining from smoking is the best way to avoid its adverse effects.展开更多
Objective:To present an overview of the adverse effects of water pipe smoking on various aspects of reproduction and perinatal complications,covering all the most relevant studies,from descriptive findings to clinical...Objective:To present an overview of the adverse effects of water pipe smoking on various aspects of reproduction and perinatal complications,covering all the most relevant studies,from descriptive findings to clinical trials.Methods:We reviewed the literature and included full publications in English provided by international biomedical databases,including PubMed,Science Direct,EBSCO,Scopus,and Google Scholar,and Cochrane Library over the last 38 years(May 1985 to June 2023).Search terms(Water pipe,Narghile,Shisha,Dokha,etc.,and Reproduction,Fertility,etc.)were adopted from Medical Subheading(MeSH)and Boolean operators were utilized to improve sensitivity.Results:133 Papers were identified in the initial search,of which 29 were excluded due to duplication.Eliminating search overlap and irrelevant records by reviewing titles and abstracts reduced 42 papers.62 Full-publication articles met the inclusion criteria.We summarized the effects of waterpipe smoke exposure on reproductive health based on three main categories:male and female fertility,fetal and neonatal outcomes,and pregnancy complications.Conclusions:Water pipe smoking has potential adverse effects on different aspects of human reproductive health,including semen parameters,male and female fertility,and fetal and neonatal health,and contributes to many maternal complications and morbidities.展开更多
Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This s...Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This study is aimed at the prevalence, pattern, and factors affecting Cigarette smoking among undergraduate students in a tertiary institution in Plateau State. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 290 undergraduate students of the University of Jos was selected using the multistage sampling method. Results: The prevalence of cigarette use was 5.3%. Seven (70.0%) of students smoke daily, 6 (60.0%), smoke cigarettes before Lecture Hours, and 90.0% are unwilling to stop smoking. Smoking was done to experience the highness feeling, 8 (80.0%), peer smoking 8 (80.0%), to reduce stress and tension 5 (50.0%), and Smoking for Fun 7 (70.0%). Most students first smoked a cigarette when with friends 6 (60.0%). Factors significantly associated with the current use of cigarettes among the respondents were religion (χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.167, p = 0.041) Level/year of study (χ<sup>2</sup> = 32.266, p ≤ 0.001), and type of family (χ<sup>2</sup> = 6.271, p = 0.043). Conclusion: Most students smoke daily, smoke before lectures start, and are unwilling to stop smoking. Health-promotion program to help smoking cessation and prevent initiation of smoking is recommended.展开更多
BACKGROUND The incidence of anal cancer has been increasing in the United States.Smoking is a well-established risk factor;however,the impact of smoking on disease recurrence and outcome has not been well studied.The ...BACKGROUND The incidence of anal cancer has been increasing in the United States.Smoking is a well-established risk factor;however,the impact of smoking on disease recurrence and outcome has not been well studied.The aim of this study was to assess the association between anal cancer recurrence and cigarette smoking.AIM To investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking status and anal cancer treatment outcome.METHODS The cancer registry from a single,community hospital was screened for patients with anal cancer between 2010 and 2021.The following characteristics were gathered from the database:Age;sex;cigarette smoking history;American Joint Committee on Cancer Clinical Stage Group;response to therapy;recurrence;time to recurrence;mortality;time to death;and length of follow-up.Patients were divided into the following groups:Current smokers;former smokers;and never smokers.SPSSv25.0 software(IBM Corp.,Armonk,NY,United States)was used for statistical analysis.RESULTS A total of 95 patients from the database met the screening criteria.There were 37 never smokers,22 former smokers,and 36 current smokers.There was no difference between groups in regards to race or sex.There was no difference in the American Joint Committee on Cancer Clinical Stage Group between groups.The former smokers were significantly older when compared to never smokers and current smokers(66.5±13.17 vs 57.4±7.82 vs 63.7±13.80,P=0.011).Former smokers and current smokers had a higher recurrence rate compared to never smokers(30.8%and 20.8%compared to zero,P=0.009).There was not a significant difference in recurrence between former smokers and current smokers.There was no difference in the mortality,non-response rate,or time to death between the groups.CONCLUSION Our data contributes evidence that cigarette smoking status is associated with increased recurrence for patients with anal cancer.展开更多
Objective: This study aims at assessing the relation between smoking and the incidence of haematoma formation in abdominoplasty surgery cases. Patients and Methods: This is a 4 years retrospective study involving the ...Objective: This study aims at assessing the relation between smoking and the incidence of haematoma formation in abdominoplasty surgery cases. Patients and Methods: This is a 4 years retrospective study involving the patients who underwent abdominoplasty surgery between the period of May 2015 and April 2019 in Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab of Emirates. The incidence of haematoma formation was assessed in relation to tobacco use in these patients. Results: 164 patients met the inclusion criteria of the study. 35 patients were smokers (21.3%) and 129 patients were non-smokers (78.7%). The mean age was 38.4 (21 - 59 years). The mean BMI was 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (21.4 - 34.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and the mean hospital stay was 6.5 days (4 - 19). 23 patients in the study developed haematoma (14%). 11 of them had surgical evacuation of the haematoma (6.7%) while the rest were aspirated in the out-patient clinic. Out of the 23 patients who developed haematoma, 17 patients were smokers and 6 were non-smokers. The incidence of haematoma among smokers was 48.6% (17 out of 35 cases) while its incidence among nonsmokers was 4.7% (6 out of 129 cases) showing a clear relationship between smoking and hematoma formation (p Conclusion: Our study shows a direct relationship between smoking and haematoma formation in abdominoplasty cases. Cessation of smoking during the perioperative period is required before embarking on such a procedure.展开更多
Objectives To investigate the effects of preoperative smoking and smoking cessation time on preoperative peripheral blood inflammatory indexes and postoperative hospitalization outcomes in male patients with lung canc...Objectives To investigate the effects of preoperative smoking and smoking cessation time on preoperative peripheral blood inflammatory indexes and postoperative hospitalization outcomes in male patients with lung cancer and surgery therapy.Methods We retrospectively enrolled 637 male patients who underwent curative-intent lung cancer resection between January 2014 and December 2016.Patients were classified as the current smokers,the never smokers,and the ex-smokers based on their smoking history,and the ex-smokers were allocated into five subgroups according to their smoking cessation times(CeT):CeT W6 weeks,6weeks<CeT W lyear,lyear<CeT<5years,5years<CeT<lOyears,CeT>10years.The preoperative peripheral blood white blood cells(WBCs),albumin,neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR),platelet to lymphocyte ratio(PLR),intraoperative blood loss,30-day mortality,in-hospital days,hospitalization costs,intensive care un辻(ICU),admission days and placement time of closed thoracic drainage tube were compared among difTerent groups.Results There were significant differences in WBC(F=S.275,P<0.001)and albumin(F=2,470,P<0.05)among patients of current smokers,ex-smokers with different smoking cessation time,and never-smokers.The blood WBC count in current smokers(7.7 X 109/L)was significantly higher than that in ex・smokers(7.0 X 109/L)and never-smokers(5.9 X 109/L)(t=-2.145,P<0.05;t=-6.073,P<0.01,respectively).The level of peripheral blood albumin in current smokers(41.1 g/L)was lower than that in ex・smokers(42.1 g/L)and neve—smokers(43.2 g/L)(t=2.323,P<0.05;t=3.995,P<0.01,respectively).The level of peripheral blood NLR in current smokers(3.7)was higher than that in ex-smokers(3.1)and never smokers(2.8)(t—-1.836,P<0.05;t=-2.889,P<0.01,respectively).There was no significant difference in WBC,albumin and NLR among five subgroups of different smoking cessation time.No significant difference was observed in intraoperative blood loss,30-day mortality,hospitalization costs,hospital stay,ICU stay and placement time of closed thoracic drainage tube among groups either.Conclusion Smoking increases the preoperative inflammatory indexes in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients.Smoking cessation has beneficial effect on reducing levels of these inflammatory indexes,which may be not impacted by the time length of smoking cessation.Therefore,lung cancer patients should be encouraged to quit smoking at any time.展开更多
Objective Cigarette smoking is one of the established risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,however,its impact on lipids is not completely understood,especially in the Chinese population.Therefore,thi...Objective Cigarette smoking is one of the established risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,however,its impact on lipids is not completely understood,especially in the Chinese population.Therefore,this study evaluated the impact of smoking status(non,former,and current smoking) on the distribution of lipoprotein subfractions in untreated patients with angina-like chest pain.Methods A total of 877 patients were consecutively enrolled and divided into nonsmoking(n = 518),former smoking(n = 103),and current smoking(n = 256) groups.Both low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C and HDL-C) subfractions were measured using the Quantimetrix Lipoprint System.The distributions of lipoprotein subfractions were evaluated among the groups.Results Compared with nonsmoking subjects,the current smoking group had significantly lower large/medium HDL-C(both P < 0.001) concentration and large HDL subfraction percentage but higher small HDL-C and medium LDL-C concentrations as well as medium LDL subfraction percentage.Importantly,former smoking subjects showed elevated levels of large HDL-C concentration,large HDL particle percentage,and mean LDL particle size and attenuation in small HDL/LDL percentages and small LDL-C concentration,but these levels did not reach the optimal status compared with those of the non-smoking group(data not shown).Conclusion Smoking has an adverse impact on the lipoprotein subfractions,presented as lower large HDL particles besides higher small HDL and medium LDL particles,whereas smoking cessation could reverse these change to a certain degree.展开更多
Despite ongoing efforts to reduce tobacco smoking, the smoking prevalence in many countries has remained stable for years. This may be a consequence of either lack of knowledge about effective ways to reduce smoking, ...Despite ongoing efforts to reduce tobacco smoking, the smoking prevalence in many countries has remained stable for years. This may be a consequence of either lack of knowledge about effective ways to reduce smoking, or failing treatment of tobacco addiction in healthcare. This study explored gaps in the current understanding of smoking cessation and the challenges facing tobacco addiction management in order to formulate recommendations for future research and healthcare practice. A narrative review was written to determine areas in which more research is needed as well as areas in which sufficient knowledge is already available. Recommendations for future research were prioritised using a Delphi-procedure. Recommendations for healthcare practice were confirmed by expert’s assessment. Smoking is not widely acknowledged as an addiction and a relatively small number of smokers ask help from a healthcare professional when trying to stop smoking. Most healthcare professionals recognise the importance of advising patients to stop smoking, but experience certain barriers to actually do this. Overall, healthcare professionals need to be convinced that tobacco smoking is an addiction and should be treated likewise. If all healthcare professionals systematically advise their patients to give up smoking, eventually more smokers will successfully stop smoking.展开更多
The purpose of this scoping review is to create a single narrative that describes the impact of smoking cessation on metabolic parameters in people with diabetes.It is generally well accepted that smoking enhances the...The purpose of this scoping review is to create a single narrative that describes the impact of smoking cessation on metabolic parameters in people with diabetes.It is generally well accepted that smoking enhances the harmful effects of elevated blood glucose levels,accelerating the vascular damage seen in patients with diabetes.Smoking cessation has clear benefits in terms of reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.However,there is less evidence for the impact of smoking cessation on other diabetes-related complications.Studies in people with diabetes have shown improvement as well as temporary deterioration in glycemic control after ceasing smoking.Only a few studies have described the effect of quitting smoking on insulin resistance and lipid parameters,however,their results have been inconclusive.In this situation,healthcare professionals should not assume that cessation of smoking will improve metabolic parameters in patients with diabetes.It seems they should, first of all, emphasize the prevention of weight gain that may be associatedwith quitting smoking. The lack of data regarding the metabolic effects of smoking and smokingcessation in diabetes is very disappointing and this area needs to be addressed.展开更多
To investigate factors related to resumption of smoking by women after childbirth, the smoking habits of 241 postnatal women, who initially had stopped smoking after pregnancy, in a rural city in Aomori Prefecture, Ja...To investigate factors related to resumption of smoking by women after childbirth, the smoking habits of 241 postnatal women, who initially had stopped smoking after pregnancy, in a rural city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, were studied at 5 - 6 days, 1 month, and 12 months after childbirth. At 1 month after childbirth, only nine women had resumed smoking, but a total of 40 women had resumed smoking after 12 months. Factors related to smoking resumption after childbirth included the switching from breast feeding to bottle feeding and the influence of smoking by their spouses. Spousal smoking is an important factor in the resumption of smoking by women after childbirth.展开更多
A chimpanzee(大猩猩)in the zoo in Xi'an,Shaanxi Province has given up smoking after 16 years with the help of her keepers(饲养员).The zookeepers,wor- ried about her health,helped 27-year-old“Ai Ai”off tobacco(烟...A chimpanzee(大猩猩)in the zoo in Xi'an,Shaanxi Province has given up smoking after 16 years with the help of her keepers(饲养员).The zookeepers,wor- ried about her health,helped 27-year-old“Ai Ai”off tobacco(烟草)by treating her with entertainment(娱乐)and tasty diets.展开更多
Purpose: This study investigated the attitude of patients, grouped by the Brinkman index, towards smoking by using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) and their knowledge of peri-implantitis. Methods:...Purpose: This study investigated the attitude of patients, grouped by the Brinkman index, towards smoking by using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) and their knowledge of peri-implantitis. Methods: The participants were 3093 new patients who visited the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2013 for an oral implant. The methodology included a questionnaire about sex, age, smoking status, daily average number of cigarettes, years of smoking, knowledge of peri-implantitis, and the KTSND. The patients were grouped according to their smoking status by calculating their Brinkman index (over 200 or not): current smokers with the possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(+)CS), current smokers with no possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(-)CS), ex-smokers (ES), and non-smokers (NS). The Brinkman index is obtained by multiplying one’s daily average number of cigarettes by the number of years they have been smoking. Results: Data were collected from 2182 respondents (response rate = 71%). The KTSND scores of BI(+)CS (16.89 ± 4.26) were significantly higher than the scores of ES (11.99 ± 4.52) and NS (11.53 ± 5.01). In current smokers, there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. The patients replied “I don’t know” about peri-implantitis most often in all groups;however, there were no significant differences between the groups. Discussion: BI(+)CS were more dependent on nicotine in social situations than the other groups were. In Japan, a Brinkman index over 200 is required for a nicotine-dependence management fee to be instituted for health insurance treatment. This is a major concern for young smokers, who may be excluded from treatment because their years of smoking are substantially less. Results revealed that there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. Therefore, it was suggested that the Brinkman index did not sufficiently group the participants.展开更多
Introduction: Smoking reduction (SR) has been introduced as a strategy for smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit. We wanted to investi tigate whether SR at one-year follow-up increased the probability of abstine...Introduction: Smoking reduction (SR) has been introduced as a strategy for smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit. We wanted to investi tigate whether SR at one-year follow-up increased the probability of abstinence from smoking at three and five-year follow-up. Methods: we included a random sample from a general population, the Inter99 study, Copenhagen, Denmark. A total of 1975 participants were daily smokers (from both the intervention and the control group) with information on tobacco consumption at both baseline and one-year follow-up (year 1999 to 2001). Of these, 112 had reduced their tobacco consumption substantially, by minimum 50%, at one-year follow-up. Information on tobacco consumption and smoking status was available on 1441 and 1308 participants at three-year and five-year follow-up, respectively. Outcome was self-reported point abstinence at three and five-year follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for confounders. Results: One out of five smokers (20.5%) had maintained their reduced tobacco consumption at five-year follow-up. About twice as many reducers as non-reducers reported that they had tried to quit since baseline (p < 0.05). In adjusted logistic regression analyses we found no association between SR at one-year follow- up and being point abstinent at three-year (OR: 0.57;CI: 0.28 - 1.15) or five-year follow-up (OR: 1.08;CI: 0.56 - 2.09). Conclusions: Our study, including smokers from a general population found no association between substantial SR and future smoking cessation at three- and five-year follow-up. No studies so far have reported that SR undermines smoking cessation, but it is still controversial whether SR significantly increases future smoking cessation.展开更多
<Abstract>factors,such as cigarette smoking,in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)in northeastern Iran,a region with a high incidence of ESCC.METHODS:The expression of p53 and p21 proteins was investigated ...<Abstract>factors,such as cigarette smoking,in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)in northeastern Iran,a region with a high incidence of ESCC.METHODS:The expression of p53 and p21 proteins was investigated immunohistochemically in tumor tissue from 80 ESCC patients and in 60 available paraffinembedded blocks of adjacent normal specimens from the cases,along with normal esophageal tissue from 80 healthy subjects.RESULTS:Positive expression of p53 protein was detected in 56.2%(45/80)of ESCC cases,and in none of the normal esophageal tissue of the control group(P<0.001).Furthermore,73.8%(59/80)of ESCC cases and 43.8%(35/80)of controls had positive expression of p21 protein(P<0.001).Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with p53 over-expression in ESCC cases(P=0.010,OR=3.64;95%CI:1.32-10.02).p21 over-expression was associated with poorer clinical outcome among the ESCC patients(P=0.009).CONCLUSION:Over-expression of p53 in association with cigarette smoking may play a critical role in ESCC carcinogenesis among this high-risk population of northeastern Iran.Furthermore,p21 over-expression was found to be associated with poor prognosis,specifically in the operable ESCC patients.展开更多
AIM To investigate the impact of cigarette smoking on the recurrence rate and recurrence-free survival in patients with hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis(HLAP).METHODS A total of 863 patients were admitted to our hosp...AIM To investigate the impact of cigarette smoking on the recurrence rate and recurrence-free survival in patients with hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis(HLAP).METHODS A total of 863 patients were admitted to our hospital for acute pancreatitis(AP) from January 2013 to March2016, of whom 88 diagnosed with HLAP were enrolled in this retrospective study. Demographic data, medical history, previous episodes of pancreatitis, consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, as well as biochemical and hematological data were carefully recorded for univariate and multivariate analyses. During followup, the information on current smoking status and recurrent AP was gathered. Recurrence-free survival(RFS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences between groups were compared using the log-rank test.RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the three groups in age or medical history of hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or AP. The current smokers had a remarkably higher recurrence rate and a greater incidence of repeated episodes of AP(50.0% and 77.8%, respectively) than non-smokers(9.8% and 39.0%), and these two percentages were reduced to 9.1% and 36.4% for patients who gave up smoking. The median follow-up time was 13.5 mo and HLAP recurred after hospital discharge in 23(26.1%) patients. Multivariate analysis identified current smoking(HR = 6.3, P = 0.020) as an independent risk factor contributing to HLAP recurrence. Current smokers had significantly worse RFS than non-smokers(23 mo vs 42 mo), but no significant difference was documented between ex-smokers(34 mo) and non-smokers. The RFS was not significantly different between light and heavy smokers.CONCLUSION Smoking is associated with worse RFS and an increased rate of HLAP recurrence. Continued smoking correlates with a compromised survival and smoking cessation should be recommended.展开更多
AIM:To determine the association between cigarettes smoking,body mass index(BMI) and the risk of age-related cataract(ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men in Northeast China.· METHODS:A hospital-based case control...AIM:To determine the association between cigarettes smoking,body mass index(BMI) and the risk of age-related cataract(ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men in Northeast China.· METHODS:A hospital-based case control study was conducted.Cases(n =362) were men who had surgically treated ARC,45-85 years old;controls frequency-matched(n = 362) were men who had been admitted to the same hospital as cases for other diseases not related with eye diseases.Cases and controls were matched with 1:1.The cases and controls were interviewed during their hospital stay,using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on sociodemographic characteristics,socioeconomic,lifestyle habits(tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption,etc.),anthropometric measures,personal medical history,and family history of ARC in first-degree relatives,and simultaneously BMI was calculated.The odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.· RESULTS:After adjusting for age and multiple potential confounders,higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of ARC.Cigarette smoking,years smoking or moderate cigarette smoking(1-29 cigarettes per day) had no relation with the risk of ARC(P >0.05),although patients smoking ≥30 cigarettes per day had an elevated risk of ARC as compared with the non-smokers(OR=1.55,95% CI;1.16-2.85,P=0.026).Higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of ARC.Both overweight and obesity was associated with an obviously increased risk for surgically ARC(OR=1.55,95% CI:1.02-1.98,P =0.015 and OR =1.71,95% CI:1.32-2.39,P=0.013 respectively) compared to normal BMI.Then participants were grouped into quartiles of BMI(Q1 to Q4),compared to controls in the lowest quartile,the OR for cases in the highest quartile of BMI was 1.54(OR=1.54,95% CI:1.08-2.46,P =0.022).The results of univariate analysis showed cigarette smoking was not associated with ARC formation for men with lower or normal BMI(P >0.05).Compared to the non-smokers,for men of overweight or obesity,cigarette smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk for surgically ARC(OR=2.00,95% CI:1.49-6.65,P =0.003 and OR =1.66,95% CI:1.63-13.21,P = 0.002 respectively).Similarly,smokers in the highest quartile of BMI had approximately 1.5 times the risk of ARC as non-smokers in the lowest quartile(OR =1.46,95% CI:1.06-5.29,P <0.001).Followed multivariate models revealed that the association had never changed.· CONCLUSION:Current cigarette smoking is positively related to ARC only among those who smoking 30 or more cigarettes per day.For men who are both overweight and obesity,cigarette smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk for ARC.展开更多
AIM:To assess the effects of hypoxia on human orbital fibroblasts(OF)on adipogenesis and adipocytokine production.METHODS:Human OF were derived from tissues obtained from patients with Graves'ophthalmopathy(GO)and...AIM:To assess the effects of hypoxia on human orbital fibroblasts(OF)on adipogenesis and adipocytokine production.METHODS:Human OF were derived from tissues obtained from patients with Graves'ophthalmopathy(GO)and from patients without known thyroid diseases undergoing blepharoplasty.The OF were cultured separately under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.Comparisons of adipocytokine concentrations using multiplex ELISA and lipid accumulation in the cells using Oil Red O staining were subsequently performed.RESULTS:There was increased adipogenesis in OF from GO subject when exposed to hypoxic culture conditions.This was not observed in OF from normal controls.Hypoxia led to an increase in leptin and a decrease in MCP-1 secretion in OF cultures.CONCLUSION:Hypoxia induces adipogenesis in OF and may represent a mechanism by which smoking contributes to deterioration of GO.We also found novel changes to leptin and MCP-1 production in OF cultures exposed to hypoxia suggesting important roles of these cytokines in the disease process.展开更多
Objective Evidence is lacking regarding the combined effects of smoking and obesity on mortality from coronary heart disease in male veterans.This study aimed to explore the combined effect of smoking and obesity on c...Objective Evidence is lacking regarding the combined effects of smoking and obesity on mortality from coronary heart disease in male veterans.This study aimed to explore the combined effect of smoking and obesity on coronary heart disease mortality in male veterans in China.Methods A cohort of 1,268 male veterans from 22 veteran centers in Xi’an(Shaanxi Province,China)were followed up once every 2 years from February 1,1987 to October 30,2016.The endpoint was death from any cause.The hazard ratio(HR)of each risk factor and the 95%confidence interval(CI)were calculated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model.Results The total follow-up was 24394.21 person-years;each subject was followed up for a mean duration of 19.24 years.By the end of the study,of the 1,268 veterans,889 had died,363 were alive,and 16 were lost to follow-up.Cox regression analysis results revealed that current smoking(HR:1.552,95%CI:1.074–2.243),obesity(HR:1.625,95%CI:1.024–2.581),and the combined effect of the two factors(HR:2.828,95%CI:1.520–5.262)were associated with coronary heart disease mortality.Conclusion Our results suggest that obese veterans who smoke might be an important target population for coronary heart disease mortality control.展开更多
文摘This paper explores the integration of persuasive technology into smoking cessation efforts through the development and evaluation of a mobile app, “No-Smoke.” Leveraging compelling features like social support, tracking, planning, and motivation, the app aims to augment user engagement and support the process of quitting smoking. The efficacy of these features has been substantiated through both automated testing and user feedback, highlighting their potential to enhance awareness, motivation, and behavior modification. Despite notable successes, limitations, including a limited user base and uncertainties regarding long-term efficacy, have been acknowledged, stemming from the inherent complexities of smoking cessation. Nevertheless, based on user experiences and feedback, “No-Smoke” represents a promising advancement in the use of technology for public health interventions, particularly in the realm of smoking cessation. To address existing challenges, future research is recommended to encompass a comprehensive, long-term study involving a larger and more diverse user base. Additionally, further investigation should focus on personalization enhancements and the integration of machine learning algorithms to better understand and respond to user behavior.
基金support provided by Thammasat University Research fund under the TSRI,Contract No.TUFF19/2564 and TUFF24/2565,for the project of“AI Ready City Networking in RUN”,based on the RUN Digital Cluster collaboration schemeThis research project was also supported by the Thailand Science Research and Innonation fund,the University of Phayao(Grant No.FF65-RIM041)supported by King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok,Contract No.KMUTNB-65-KNOW-02.
文摘Smoking is a major cause of cancer,heart disease and other afflictions that lead to early mortality.An effective smoking classification mechanism that provides insights into individual smoking habits would assist in implementing addiction treatment initiatives.Smoking activities often accompany other activities such as drinking or eating.Consequently,smoking activity recognition can be a challenging topic in human activity recognition(HAR).A deep learning framework for smoking activity recognition(SAR)employing smartwatch sensors was proposed together with a deep residual network combined with squeeze-and-excitation modules(ResNetSE)to increase the effectiveness of the SAR framework.The proposed model was tested against basic convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and recurrent neural networks(LSTM,BiLSTM,GRU and BiGRU)to recognize smoking and other similar activities such as drinking,eating and walking using the UT-Smoke dataset.Three different scenarios were investigated for their recognition performances using standard HAR metrics(accuracy,F1-score and the area under the ROC curve).Our proposed ResNetSE outperformed the other basic deep learning networks,with maximum accuracy of 98.63%.
文摘Objective No consensus exists on the relative risk(RR)of lung cancer(LC)attributable to active smoking in China.This study aimed to evaluate the unified RR of LC attributable to active smoking among the Chinese population.Methods A systematic literature search of seven databases was conducted to identify studies reporting active smoking among smokers versus nonsmokers in China.Primary articles on LC providing risk estimates with their 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for“ever”“former”or“current”smokers from China were selected.Meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled RR of active smoking.Results Forty-four unique studies were included.Compared with that of nonsmokers,the pooled RR(95%CI)for“ever”“former”and“current”smokers were 3.26(2.79–3.82),2.95(1.71–5.08),and 5.16(2.58–10.34)among men,3.18(2.78–3.63),2.70(2.08–3.51),and 4.27(3.61–5.06)among women,and2.71(2.12–3.46),2.66(2.45–2.88),and 4.21(3.25–5.45)in both sexes combined,respectively.Conclusion The RR of LC has remained relatively stable(range,2–6)over the past four decades in China.Early quitting of smoking could reduce the RR to some extent;however,completely refraining from smoking is the best way to avoid its adverse effects.
文摘Objective:To present an overview of the adverse effects of water pipe smoking on various aspects of reproduction and perinatal complications,covering all the most relevant studies,from descriptive findings to clinical trials.Methods:We reviewed the literature and included full publications in English provided by international biomedical databases,including PubMed,Science Direct,EBSCO,Scopus,and Google Scholar,and Cochrane Library over the last 38 years(May 1985 to June 2023).Search terms(Water pipe,Narghile,Shisha,Dokha,etc.,and Reproduction,Fertility,etc.)were adopted from Medical Subheading(MeSH)and Boolean operators were utilized to improve sensitivity.Results:133 Papers were identified in the initial search,of which 29 were excluded due to duplication.Eliminating search overlap and irrelevant records by reviewing titles and abstracts reduced 42 papers.62 Full-publication articles met the inclusion criteria.We summarized the effects of waterpipe smoke exposure on reproductive health based on three main categories:male and female fertility,fetal and neonatal outcomes,and pregnancy complications.Conclusions:Water pipe smoking has potential adverse effects on different aspects of human reproductive health,including semen parameters,male and female fertility,and fetal and neonatal health,and contributes to many maternal complications and morbidities.
文摘Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This study is aimed at the prevalence, pattern, and factors affecting Cigarette smoking among undergraduate students in a tertiary institution in Plateau State. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 290 undergraduate students of the University of Jos was selected using the multistage sampling method. Results: The prevalence of cigarette use was 5.3%. Seven (70.0%) of students smoke daily, 6 (60.0%), smoke cigarettes before Lecture Hours, and 90.0% are unwilling to stop smoking. Smoking was done to experience the highness feeling, 8 (80.0%), peer smoking 8 (80.0%), to reduce stress and tension 5 (50.0%), and Smoking for Fun 7 (70.0%). Most students first smoked a cigarette when with friends 6 (60.0%). Factors significantly associated with the current use of cigarettes among the respondents were religion (χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.167, p = 0.041) Level/year of study (χ<sup>2</sup> = 32.266, p ≤ 0.001), and type of family (χ<sup>2</sup> = 6.271, p = 0.043). Conclusion: Most students smoke daily, smoke before lectures start, and are unwilling to stop smoking. Health-promotion program to help smoking cessation and prevent initiation of smoking is recommended.
文摘BACKGROUND The incidence of anal cancer has been increasing in the United States.Smoking is a well-established risk factor;however,the impact of smoking on disease recurrence and outcome has not been well studied.The aim of this study was to assess the association between anal cancer recurrence and cigarette smoking.AIM To investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking status and anal cancer treatment outcome.METHODS The cancer registry from a single,community hospital was screened for patients with anal cancer between 2010 and 2021.The following characteristics were gathered from the database:Age;sex;cigarette smoking history;American Joint Committee on Cancer Clinical Stage Group;response to therapy;recurrence;time to recurrence;mortality;time to death;and length of follow-up.Patients were divided into the following groups:Current smokers;former smokers;and never smokers.SPSSv25.0 software(IBM Corp.,Armonk,NY,United States)was used for statistical analysis.RESULTS A total of 95 patients from the database met the screening criteria.There were 37 never smokers,22 former smokers,and 36 current smokers.There was no difference between groups in regards to race or sex.There was no difference in the American Joint Committee on Cancer Clinical Stage Group between groups.The former smokers were significantly older when compared to never smokers and current smokers(66.5±13.17 vs 57.4±7.82 vs 63.7±13.80,P=0.011).Former smokers and current smokers had a higher recurrence rate compared to never smokers(30.8%and 20.8%compared to zero,P=0.009).There was not a significant difference in recurrence between former smokers and current smokers.There was no difference in the mortality,non-response rate,or time to death between the groups.CONCLUSION Our data contributes evidence that cigarette smoking status is associated with increased recurrence for patients with anal cancer.
文摘Objective: This study aims at assessing the relation between smoking and the incidence of haematoma formation in abdominoplasty surgery cases. Patients and Methods: This is a 4 years retrospective study involving the patients who underwent abdominoplasty surgery between the period of May 2015 and April 2019 in Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab of Emirates. The incidence of haematoma formation was assessed in relation to tobacco use in these patients. Results: 164 patients met the inclusion criteria of the study. 35 patients were smokers (21.3%) and 129 patients were non-smokers (78.7%). The mean age was 38.4 (21 - 59 years). The mean BMI was 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (21.4 - 34.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and the mean hospital stay was 6.5 days (4 - 19). 23 patients in the study developed haematoma (14%). 11 of them had surgical evacuation of the haematoma (6.7%) while the rest were aspirated in the out-patient clinic. Out of the 23 patients who developed haematoma, 17 patients were smokers and 6 were non-smokers. The incidence of haematoma among smokers was 48.6% (17 out of 35 cases) while its incidence among nonsmokers was 4.7% (6 out of 129 cases) showing a clear relationship between smoking and hematoma formation (p Conclusion: Our study shows a direct relationship between smoking and haematoma formation in abdominoplasty cases. Cessation of smoking during the perioperative period is required before embarking on such a procedure.
基金Fund supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC2001800)~~。
文摘Objectives To investigate the effects of preoperative smoking and smoking cessation time on preoperative peripheral blood inflammatory indexes and postoperative hospitalization outcomes in male patients with lung cancer and surgery therapy.Methods We retrospectively enrolled 637 male patients who underwent curative-intent lung cancer resection between January 2014 and December 2016.Patients were classified as the current smokers,the never smokers,and the ex-smokers based on their smoking history,and the ex-smokers were allocated into five subgroups according to their smoking cessation times(CeT):CeT W6 weeks,6weeks<CeT W lyear,lyear<CeT<5years,5years<CeT<lOyears,CeT>10years.The preoperative peripheral blood white blood cells(WBCs),albumin,neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio(NLR),platelet to lymphocyte ratio(PLR),intraoperative blood loss,30-day mortality,in-hospital days,hospitalization costs,intensive care un辻(ICU),admission days and placement time of closed thoracic drainage tube were compared among difTerent groups.Results There were significant differences in WBC(F=S.275,P<0.001)and albumin(F=2,470,P<0.05)among patients of current smokers,ex-smokers with different smoking cessation time,and never-smokers.The blood WBC count in current smokers(7.7 X 109/L)was significantly higher than that in ex・smokers(7.0 X 109/L)and never-smokers(5.9 X 109/L)(t=-2.145,P<0.05;t=-6.073,P<0.01,respectively).The level of peripheral blood albumin in current smokers(41.1 g/L)was lower than that in ex・smokers(42.1 g/L)and neve—smokers(43.2 g/L)(t=2.323,P<0.05;t=3.995,P<0.01,respectively).The level of peripheral blood NLR in current smokers(3.7)was higher than that in ex-smokers(3.1)and never smokers(2.8)(t—-1.836,P<0.05;t=-2.889,P<0.01,respectively).There was no significant difference in WBC,albumin and NLR among five subgroups of different smoking cessation time.No significant difference was observed in intraoperative blood loss,30-day mortality,hospitalization costs,hospital stay,ICU stay and placement time of closed thoracic drainage tube among groups either.Conclusion Smoking increases the preoperative inflammatory indexes in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients.Smoking cessation has beneficial effect on reducing levels of these inflammatory indexes,which may be not impacted by the time length of smoking cessation.Therefore,lung cancer patients should be encouraged to quit smoking at any time.
基金partly supported by National Natural Scientific Foundation(81241121)Capital Special Foundation of Clinical Application Research(Z121107001012015)+1 种基金Capital Health Development Fund(2011400302,2016-1-4035)Beijing Natural Scientific Foundation(7131014)
文摘Objective Cigarette smoking is one of the established risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,however,its impact on lipids is not completely understood,especially in the Chinese population.Therefore,this study evaluated the impact of smoking status(non,former,and current smoking) on the distribution of lipoprotein subfractions in untreated patients with angina-like chest pain.Methods A total of 877 patients were consecutively enrolled and divided into nonsmoking(n = 518),former smoking(n = 103),and current smoking(n = 256) groups.Both low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C and HDL-C) subfractions were measured using the Quantimetrix Lipoprint System.The distributions of lipoprotein subfractions were evaluated among the groups.Results Compared with nonsmoking subjects,the current smoking group had significantly lower large/medium HDL-C(both P < 0.001) concentration and large HDL subfraction percentage but higher small HDL-C and medium LDL-C concentrations as well as medium LDL subfraction percentage.Importantly,former smoking subjects showed elevated levels of large HDL-C concentration,large HDL particle percentage,and mean LDL particle size and attenuation in small HDL/LDL percentages and small LDL-C concentration,but these levels did not reach the optimal status compared with those of the non-smoking group(data not shown).Conclusion Smoking has an adverse impact on the lipoprotein subfractions,presented as lower large HDL particles besides higher small HDL and medium LDL particles,whereas smoking cessation could reverse these change to a certain degree.
文摘Despite ongoing efforts to reduce tobacco smoking, the smoking prevalence in many countries has remained stable for years. This may be a consequence of either lack of knowledge about effective ways to reduce smoking, or failing treatment of tobacco addiction in healthcare. This study explored gaps in the current understanding of smoking cessation and the challenges facing tobacco addiction management in order to formulate recommendations for future research and healthcare practice. A narrative review was written to determine areas in which more research is needed as well as areas in which sufficient knowledge is already available. Recommendations for future research were prioritised using a Delphi-procedure. Recommendations for healthcare practice were confirmed by expert’s assessment. Smoking is not widely acknowledged as an addiction and a relatively small number of smokers ask help from a healthcare professional when trying to stop smoking. Most healthcare professionals recognise the importance of advising patients to stop smoking, but experience certain barriers to actually do this. Overall, healthcare professionals need to be convinced that tobacco smoking is an addiction and should be treated likewise. If all healthcare professionals systematically advise their patients to give up smoking, eventually more smokers will successfully stop smoking.
基金Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine of the University of Catania,No.6C813202024/1_3_02_07_01/2020。
文摘The purpose of this scoping review is to create a single narrative that describes the impact of smoking cessation on metabolic parameters in people with diabetes.It is generally well accepted that smoking enhances the harmful effects of elevated blood glucose levels,accelerating the vascular damage seen in patients with diabetes.Smoking cessation has clear benefits in terms of reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.However,there is less evidence for the impact of smoking cessation on other diabetes-related complications.Studies in people with diabetes have shown improvement as well as temporary deterioration in glycemic control after ceasing smoking.Only a few studies have described the effect of quitting smoking on insulin resistance and lipid parameters,however,their results have been inconclusive.In this situation,healthcare professionals should not assume that cessation of smoking will improve metabolic parameters in patients with diabetes.It seems they should, first of all, emphasize the prevention of weight gain that may be associatedwith quitting smoking. The lack of data regarding the metabolic effects of smoking and smokingcessation in diabetes is very disappointing and this area needs to be addressed.
文摘To investigate factors related to resumption of smoking by women after childbirth, the smoking habits of 241 postnatal women, who initially had stopped smoking after pregnancy, in a rural city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, were studied at 5 - 6 days, 1 month, and 12 months after childbirth. At 1 month after childbirth, only nine women had resumed smoking, but a total of 40 women had resumed smoking after 12 months. Factors related to smoking resumption after childbirth included the switching from breast feeding to bottle feeding and the influence of smoking by their spouses. Spousal smoking is an important factor in the resumption of smoking by women after childbirth.
文摘A chimpanzee(大猩猩)in the zoo in Xi'an,Shaanxi Province has given up smoking after 16 years with the help of her keepers(饲养员).The zookeepers,wor- ried about her health,helped 27-year-old“Ai Ai”off tobacco(烟草)by treating her with entertainment(娱乐)and tasty diets.
文摘Purpose: This study investigated the attitude of patients, grouped by the Brinkman index, towards smoking by using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) and their knowledge of peri-implantitis. Methods: The participants were 3093 new patients who visited the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2013 for an oral implant. The methodology included a questionnaire about sex, age, smoking status, daily average number of cigarettes, years of smoking, knowledge of peri-implantitis, and the KTSND. The patients were grouped according to their smoking status by calculating their Brinkman index (over 200 or not): current smokers with the possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(+)CS), current smokers with no possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(-)CS), ex-smokers (ES), and non-smokers (NS). The Brinkman index is obtained by multiplying one’s daily average number of cigarettes by the number of years they have been smoking. Results: Data were collected from 2182 respondents (response rate = 71%). The KTSND scores of BI(+)CS (16.89 ± 4.26) were significantly higher than the scores of ES (11.99 ± 4.52) and NS (11.53 ± 5.01). In current smokers, there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. The patients replied “I don’t know” about peri-implantitis most often in all groups;however, there were no significant differences between the groups. Discussion: BI(+)CS were more dependent on nicotine in social situations than the other groups were. In Japan, a Brinkman index over 200 is required for a nicotine-dependence management fee to be instituted for health insurance treatment. This is a major concern for young smokers, who may be excluded from treatment because their years of smoking are substantially less. Results revealed that there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. Therefore, it was suggested that the Brinkman index did not sufficiently group the participants.
基金Dan-ish Medical Research Council The Danish Centre for Evaluation and Health Technology Assessment+6 种基金 Novo Nordisk Copenhagen County Danish Heart Foundation The Danish Pharmaceutical Association Augustinus Foundation Becket Foundation Ib Henriksens Founda-tion
文摘Introduction: Smoking reduction (SR) has been introduced as a strategy for smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit. We wanted to investi tigate whether SR at one-year follow-up increased the probability of abstinence from smoking at three and five-year follow-up. Methods: we included a random sample from a general population, the Inter99 study, Copenhagen, Denmark. A total of 1975 participants were daily smokers (from both the intervention and the control group) with information on tobacco consumption at both baseline and one-year follow-up (year 1999 to 2001). Of these, 112 had reduced their tobacco consumption substantially, by minimum 50%, at one-year follow-up. Information on tobacco consumption and smoking status was available on 1441 and 1308 participants at three-year and five-year follow-up, respectively. Outcome was self-reported point abstinence at three and five-year follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for confounders. Results: One out of five smokers (20.5%) had maintained their reduced tobacco consumption at five-year follow-up. About twice as many reducers as non-reducers reported that they had tried to quit since baseline (p < 0.05). In adjusted logistic regression analyses we found no association between SR at one-year follow- up and being point abstinent at three-year (OR: 0.57;CI: 0.28 - 1.15) or five-year follow-up (OR: 1.08;CI: 0.56 - 2.09). Conclusions: Our study, including smokers from a general population found no association between substantial SR and future smoking cessation at three- and five-year follow-up. No studies so far have reported that SR undermines smoking cessation, but it is still controversial whether SR significantly increases future smoking cessation.
基金Supported by The National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology,Projects No.291,316Digestive Diseases Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences
文摘<Abstract>factors,such as cigarette smoking,in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)in northeastern Iran,a region with a high incidence of ESCC.METHODS:The expression of p53 and p21 proteins was investigated immunohistochemically in tumor tissue from 80 ESCC patients and in 60 available paraffinembedded blocks of adjacent normal specimens from the cases,along with normal esophageal tissue from 80 healthy subjects.RESULTS:Positive expression of p53 protein was detected in 56.2%(45/80)of ESCC cases,and in none of the normal esophageal tissue of the control group(P<0.001).Furthermore,73.8%(59/80)of ESCC cases and 43.8%(35/80)of controls had positive expression of p21 protein(P<0.001).Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with p53 over-expression in ESCC cases(P=0.010,OR=3.64;95%CI:1.32-10.02).p21 over-expression was associated with poorer clinical outcome among the ESCC patients(P=0.009).CONCLUSION:Over-expression of p53 in association with cigarette smoking may play a critical role in ESCC carcinogenesis among this high-risk population of northeastern Iran.Furthermore,p21 over-expression was found to be associated with poor prognosis,specifically in the operable ESCC patients.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81501608
文摘AIM To investigate the impact of cigarette smoking on the recurrence rate and recurrence-free survival in patients with hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis(HLAP).METHODS A total of 863 patients were admitted to our hospital for acute pancreatitis(AP) from January 2013 to March2016, of whom 88 diagnosed with HLAP were enrolled in this retrospective study. Demographic data, medical history, previous episodes of pancreatitis, consumption of alcohol and cigarettes, as well as biochemical and hematological data were carefully recorded for univariate and multivariate analyses. During followup, the information on current smoking status and recurrent AP was gathered. Recurrence-free survival(RFS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences between groups were compared using the log-rank test.RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the three groups in age or medical history of hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or AP. The current smokers had a remarkably higher recurrence rate and a greater incidence of repeated episodes of AP(50.0% and 77.8%, respectively) than non-smokers(9.8% and 39.0%), and these two percentages were reduced to 9.1% and 36.4% for patients who gave up smoking. The median follow-up time was 13.5 mo and HLAP recurred after hospital discharge in 23(26.1%) patients. Multivariate analysis identified current smoking(HR = 6.3, P = 0.020) as an independent risk factor contributing to HLAP recurrence. Current smokers had significantly worse RFS than non-smokers(23 mo vs 42 mo), but no significant difference was documented between ex-smokers(34 mo) and non-smokers. The RFS was not significantly different between light and heavy smokers.CONCLUSION Smoking is associated with worse RFS and an increased rate of HLAP recurrence. Continued smoking correlates with a compromised survival and smoking cessation should be recommended.
基金Science and Technology Planning Project,Liaoning Province Education Administration,China(No.2008424)
文摘AIM:To determine the association between cigarettes smoking,body mass index(BMI) and the risk of age-related cataract(ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men in Northeast China.· METHODS:A hospital-based case control study was conducted.Cases(n =362) were men who had surgically treated ARC,45-85 years old;controls frequency-matched(n = 362) were men who had been admitted to the same hospital as cases for other diseases not related with eye diseases.Cases and controls were matched with 1:1.The cases and controls were interviewed during their hospital stay,using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on sociodemographic characteristics,socioeconomic,lifestyle habits(tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption,etc.),anthropometric measures,personal medical history,and family history of ARC in first-degree relatives,and simultaneously BMI was calculated.The odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.· RESULTS:After adjusting for age and multiple potential confounders,higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of ARC.Cigarette smoking,years smoking or moderate cigarette smoking(1-29 cigarettes per day) had no relation with the risk of ARC(P >0.05),although patients smoking ≥30 cigarettes per day had an elevated risk of ARC as compared with the non-smokers(OR=1.55,95% CI;1.16-2.85,P=0.026).Higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of ARC.Both overweight and obesity was associated with an obviously increased risk for surgically ARC(OR=1.55,95% CI:1.02-1.98,P =0.015 and OR =1.71,95% CI:1.32-2.39,P=0.013 respectively) compared to normal BMI.Then participants were grouped into quartiles of BMI(Q1 to Q4),compared to controls in the lowest quartile,the OR for cases in the highest quartile of BMI was 1.54(OR=1.54,95% CI:1.08-2.46,P =0.022).The results of univariate analysis showed cigarette smoking was not associated with ARC formation for men with lower or normal BMI(P >0.05).Compared to the non-smokers,for men of overweight or obesity,cigarette smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk for surgically ARC(OR=2.00,95% CI:1.49-6.65,P =0.003 and OR =1.66,95% CI:1.63-13.21,P = 0.002 respectively).Similarly,smokers in the highest quartile of BMI had approximately 1.5 times the risk of ARC as non-smokers in the lowest quartile(OR =1.46,95% CI:1.06-5.29,P <0.001).Followed multivariate models revealed that the association had never changed.· CONCLUSION:Current cigarette smoking is positively related to ARC only among those who smoking 30 or more cigarettes per day.For men who are both overweight and obesity,cigarette smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk for ARC.
基金Supported by Endocrinology and Metabolic Society of Singapore
文摘AIM:To assess the effects of hypoxia on human orbital fibroblasts(OF)on adipogenesis and adipocytokine production.METHODS:Human OF were derived from tissues obtained from patients with Graves'ophthalmopathy(GO)and from patients without known thyroid diseases undergoing blepharoplasty.The OF were cultured separately under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.Comparisons of adipocytokine concentrations using multiplex ELISA and lipid accumulation in the cells using Oil Red O staining were subsequently performed.RESULTS:There was increased adipogenesis in OF from GO subject when exposed to hypoxic culture conditions.This was not observed in OF from normal controls.Hypoxia led to an increase in leptin and a decrease in MCP-1 secretion in OF cultures.CONCLUSION:Hypoxia induces adipogenesis in OF and may represent a mechanism by which smoking contributes to deterioration of GO.We also found novel changes to leptin and MCP-1 production in OF cultures exposed to hypoxia suggesting important roles of these cytokines in the disease process.
基金supported by the Fund of the Military Medical Scientific Research[20BJZ46]the Special Project of Health Care from the Central Committee of Healthcare[W2013BJ32]。
文摘Objective Evidence is lacking regarding the combined effects of smoking and obesity on mortality from coronary heart disease in male veterans.This study aimed to explore the combined effect of smoking and obesity on coronary heart disease mortality in male veterans in China.Methods A cohort of 1,268 male veterans from 22 veteran centers in Xi’an(Shaanxi Province,China)were followed up once every 2 years from February 1,1987 to October 30,2016.The endpoint was death from any cause.The hazard ratio(HR)of each risk factor and the 95%confidence interval(CI)were calculated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model.Results The total follow-up was 24394.21 person-years;each subject was followed up for a mean duration of 19.24 years.By the end of the study,of the 1,268 veterans,889 had died,363 were alive,and 16 were lost to follow-up.Cox regression analysis results revealed that current smoking(HR:1.552,95%CI:1.074–2.243),obesity(HR:1.625,95%CI:1.024–2.581),and the combined effect of the two factors(HR:2.828,95%CI:1.520–5.262)were associated with coronary heart disease mortality.Conclusion Our results suggest that obese veterans who smoke might be an important target population for coronary heart disease mortality control.
