Poultry production has important economic, social and cultural benefits and plays a significant role in family nutrition in developing countries. In most tropical countries it is based mainly on scavenging production ...Poultry production has important economic, social and cultural benefits and plays a significant role in family nutrition in developing countries. In most tropical countries it is based mainly on scavenging production systems, which makes substantial contributions to household food security throughout the developing world. All over the developing world, these low-input and low-output poultry-husbandry systems are an integral component of the livelihoods of most rural, peri-urban, and some urban households and are likely to continue to meet this role for the foreseeable future. Although the contributions of chicken farming to household food security and income as well as its potential contribution to the income of rural communities are known, chicken production is practiced very little in Somaliland. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to carry out a baseline study on the potential of chicken production (eggs and meats) in Somaliland and its existing chain gaps in order to identify whether chicken production could be a successful income source for women and boost female economic activity in the project areas of Saaxil, MaroodiJeex and Togdheer. The result from this assessment showed that rural chicken production was a women-related activity that helped them to be the sole decision-makers and also users of the benefits regarding chicken and chicken products. The main purposes for keeping chicken were egg production for income generating, home consumption and meat provision. The major constraints for rural poultry keeping were the lack of extension and veterinary services, predators, poor housing, poor breeds, and lack of financial services among others. Women in all the selected villages made remarkable contributions to the local chicken production system. The result of the assessments showed that indigenous poultry value chain consisted of producers, collectors/retaileres, shops and consumers/restaurents. However, the absence of processors along the chain means that chickens are sold live and consequently cannot be retailed through formal channels like supermarkets leading to the exclusion of potential customers in the middle and high income categories who normally shop from supermarkets. Furthermore, as population and incomes grow, demand for indigenous chicken is likely to continue growing, especially among the high income groups who not only prefer it for its taste but also for health reasons due to its low fat content. Finally, although the value chain for indigenous chickens shows potential growth for all the players along the chain, there is a need to address the various constraints affecting the value chain for indigenous chickens in order to improve the operation of the chain hence leading to increased incomes for the value chain actors and at the same time ensuring cheap delivery of indigenous chicken in a more convenient form and in formal outlets.展开更多
Somaliland declared independence after the fall of the Central Government of Somalia in 1991. Early peace settlements and state-building efforts led to transitional government and early democratic contestations includ...Somaliland declared independence after the fall of the Central Government of Somalia in 1991. Early peace settlements and state-building efforts led to transitional government and early democratic contestations including presidential elections in a hybrid state framework. This emerging democracy in a conflict-torn region is challenged by weak accountability and power imbalances between the three government branches. Over the past few years, the current ruling party started to engage with foreign companies to carry out exploration activities in onshore blocks utilizing existing information on the distribution of natural resources of oil, and gas and to lesser extent mining. Following an informal auction of selling licenses for resource exploration among various companies, Genel Energy amongst others;Somaliland has no competent institutions in managing revenues for long-term development due to two distinctive factors: 1) absence of strong legal and political frameworks specific to governance of extractive industry;2) weak fiscal regimes across spectrum of extractive companies, the state and investors.展开更多
Background: After two decades of conflict, Somalia remains a fragile state where large scale displacement and inadequate access to functioning health services have left children vulnerable to morbidity and mortality f...Background: After two decades of conflict, Somalia remains a fragile state where large scale displacement and inadequate access to functioning health services have left children vulnerable to morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable disease. Children residing in the autonomous zone of Somaliland are similarly vulnerable to poor access to health care services. Following the conduct of a UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Somaliland during 2011 which captured information on immunization system performance, a survey was conducted to better understand the reasons for non-vaccination among children in Somaliland. Methods: The Somaliland Routine Immunization Non-Participation Survey (RINPS) was conducted in November 2012 to better understand the reasons for non-participation in both Child Health Days (CHDs) and Routine Immunization Services (RIS). RINPS was a cross-sectional household survey which used a two-stage sample design in order to obtain a representative sample of children 0 - 59 months of age residing in Somaliland. Thirty clusters were randomly selected from the 303 clusters for participation in the 2011 Somaliland MICS. A total of 867 children aged 0 - 59 months were identified and included in the analysis (overall response rate, 96%). Findings: Caregivers lacked motivation to take their children to CHDs and for RIS and lacked information about why children need immunization. Routine vaccination or CHD cards were available for few children at the time of the survey. Almost one-fifth of children aged 0 - 59 months in Somaliland had not received at least one dose of vaccine for DTP, polio or measles vaccine from either CHD or RIS. Conclusion: Child Health Days have a role in at least some area of Somaliland to expand the reach of immunization services. The availability and delivery of sustainable routine immunization services need to be strengthened in Somaliland with a strong social mobilization program to raise awareness about the importance of routine immunization.展开更多
Somaliland’s economy predominantly relies on livestock. This sector has been experiencing various environmental, economic and marketing related challenges. As a result, the industry sector which has long been underin...Somaliland’s economy predominantly relies on livestock. This sector has been experiencing various environmental, economic and marketing related challenges. As a result, the industry sector which has long been underinvested, is now recognized by the public for its importance on the country’s economic growth. The industrialization process in Somaliland has been rising, and various industries that produce diverse goods and services are established. The industry sector has been impacting on environment and ecological integrity in many areas resulting in land, water, and air pollutions. The major pollutants released by industries, and observed in this study include organic wastes, wastewater, toxic substance, plastic, debris and many more. The lack of industrial zones and poor regulatory systems are important factors to growing environmental challenges associated with industrial operation. The study found that the capacity of the industries in managing waste is very limited in Somaliland due to a number of social, economic and political factors prevalent in the industry sector, and in the country at large. These factors include poor recycling and re-use technology, limited human resource/expertise relating to waste management, poor availability of adequate waste collection and disposal facilities, and most importantly economic limitations in investing in clean technology.展开更多
The Islamic sacred city Mecca is the destination of global Muslims’hajj activities.Saudi Arabia and countries with a large number of Muslims attach great importance to the special role of hajj in inter-national relat...The Islamic sacred city Mecca is the destination of global Muslims’hajj activities.Saudi Arabia and countries with a large number of Muslims attach great importance to the special role of hajj in inter-national relation,especially in the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Somaliland,which is mainly reflected in two aspects.Firstly,Somaliland is one of the main export destination of the live-stock for Eid Al Adha of the hajj rituals.Eid Al Adha is an important part of the hajj rituals,and is also the obligation of most hajj pil-grims.With the sharp increase in the number of pilgrims all over the world in recent years,Saudi Arabia needs to import a large number of livestock from Somaliland and Sudan to meet its basic religious needs.Somaliland is a so-called‘republic’within Somalia’s territory that declared‘independence’on its own,which has not been universally recognised by the international community.Over the years,Somaliland has maintained a relatively stable situation.Its economic mainstay is livestock export,especially during the hajj season.Although the export of livestock from Somaliland to Saudi Arabia has been interrupted many times due to the animal infec-tious diseases,the huge demand for sacrifice in the hajj rituals highlights the importance of Somaliland.In other words,the smooth and complete performance of the hajj has largely main-tained the development of Saudi Arabia’s relations with Somaliland.Secondly,Saudi Arabia invited the‘President’of Somaliland to Mecca for hajj,and also urged the easing of conflicting relations between Somaliland authorities and the Somali federal govern-ment.Somalia does not recognise the‘independence’of Somaliland.The conflict between the two sides also affects the allocation of hajj quota,which has triggered strong dissatisfaction and resis-tance in Somaliland.For example,Somaliland complained to Saudi Arabia for Somalia’s‘politicisation’of hajj.In order to cool down the conflict in Somalia,Saudi Arabia invited the‘President’and some senior officials of Somaliland to perform the hajj in Mecca,and held informal talks with senior officials of the Somali government during the hajj.In general,hajj has played a significant role in pro-moting the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Somaliland.For Saudi Arabia,the animal sacrifice trade for hajj has actually consol-idated the economic foundation of Somaliland and helped it play a relatively stable demonstration role in the Horn of Africa.Saudi Arabia has also carried out the host diplomacy of hajj in Mecca to promote the talks between Somaliland’s and Somali officials during their hajj activities.For Somaliland,the export of a large number of livestock for Eid Al Adha allowed it to play an important religious role in the annual hajj,thus gaining Saudi Arabia’s economic and political support to a certain extent,contributing to a win-win sit-uation in the fields of religion,economy and security.展开更多
文摘Poultry production has important economic, social and cultural benefits and plays a significant role in family nutrition in developing countries. In most tropical countries it is based mainly on scavenging production systems, which makes substantial contributions to household food security throughout the developing world. All over the developing world, these low-input and low-output poultry-husbandry systems are an integral component of the livelihoods of most rural, peri-urban, and some urban households and are likely to continue to meet this role for the foreseeable future. Although the contributions of chicken farming to household food security and income as well as its potential contribution to the income of rural communities are known, chicken production is practiced very little in Somaliland. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to carry out a baseline study on the potential of chicken production (eggs and meats) in Somaliland and its existing chain gaps in order to identify whether chicken production could be a successful income source for women and boost female economic activity in the project areas of Saaxil, MaroodiJeex and Togdheer. The result from this assessment showed that rural chicken production was a women-related activity that helped them to be the sole decision-makers and also users of the benefits regarding chicken and chicken products. The main purposes for keeping chicken were egg production for income generating, home consumption and meat provision. The major constraints for rural poultry keeping were the lack of extension and veterinary services, predators, poor housing, poor breeds, and lack of financial services among others. Women in all the selected villages made remarkable contributions to the local chicken production system. The result of the assessments showed that indigenous poultry value chain consisted of producers, collectors/retaileres, shops and consumers/restaurents. However, the absence of processors along the chain means that chickens are sold live and consequently cannot be retailed through formal channels like supermarkets leading to the exclusion of potential customers in the middle and high income categories who normally shop from supermarkets. Furthermore, as population and incomes grow, demand for indigenous chicken is likely to continue growing, especially among the high income groups who not only prefer it for its taste but also for health reasons due to its low fat content. Finally, although the value chain for indigenous chickens shows potential growth for all the players along the chain, there is a need to address the various constraints affecting the value chain for indigenous chickens in order to improve the operation of the chain hence leading to increased incomes for the value chain actors and at the same time ensuring cheap delivery of indigenous chicken in a more convenient form and in formal outlets.
文摘Somaliland declared independence after the fall of the Central Government of Somalia in 1991. Early peace settlements and state-building efforts led to transitional government and early democratic contestations including presidential elections in a hybrid state framework. This emerging democracy in a conflict-torn region is challenged by weak accountability and power imbalances between the three government branches. Over the past few years, the current ruling party started to engage with foreign companies to carry out exploration activities in onshore blocks utilizing existing information on the distribution of natural resources of oil, and gas and to lesser extent mining. Following an informal auction of selling licenses for resource exploration among various companies, Genel Energy amongst others;Somaliland has no competent institutions in managing revenues for long-term development due to two distinctive factors: 1) absence of strong legal and political frameworks specific to governance of extractive industry;2) weak fiscal regimes across spectrum of extractive companies, the state and investors.
文摘Background: After two decades of conflict, Somalia remains a fragile state where large scale displacement and inadequate access to functioning health services have left children vulnerable to morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable disease. Children residing in the autonomous zone of Somaliland are similarly vulnerable to poor access to health care services. Following the conduct of a UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Somaliland during 2011 which captured information on immunization system performance, a survey was conducted to better understand the reasons for non-vaccination among children in Somaliland. Methods: The Somaliland Routine Immunization Non-Participation Survey (RINPS) was conducted in November 2012 to better understand the reasons for non-participation in both Child Health Days (CHDs) and Routine Immunization Services (RIS). RINPS was a cross-sectional household survey which used a two-stage sample design in order to obtain a representative sample of children 0 - 59 months of age residing in Somaliland. Thirty clusters were randomly selected from the 303 clusters for participation in the 2011 Somaliland MICS. A total of 867 children aged 0 - 59 months were identified and included in the analysis (overall response rate, 96%). Findings: Caregivers lacked motivation to take their children to CHDs and for RIS and lacked information about why children need immunization. Routine vaccination or CHD cards were available for few children at the time of the survey. Almost one-fifth of children aged 0 - 59 months in Somaliland had not received at least one dose of vaccine for DTP, polio or measles vaccine from either CHD or RIS. Conclusion: Child Health Days have a role in at least some area of Somaliland to expand the reach of immunization services. The availability and delivery of sustainable routine immunization services need to be strengthened in Somaliland with a strong social mobilization program to raise awareness about the importance of routine immunization.
文摘Somaliland’s economy predominantly relies on livestock. This sector has been experiencing various environmental, economic and marketing related challenges. As a result, the industry sector which has long been underinvested, is now recognized by the public for its importance on the country’s economic growth. The industrialization process in Somaliland has been rising, and various industries that produce diverse goods and services are established. The industry sector has been impacting on environment and ecological integrity in many areas resulting in land, water, and air pollutions. The major pollutants released by industries, and observed in this study include organic wastes, wastewater, toxic substance, plastic, debris and many more. The lack of industrial zones and poor regulatory systems are important factors to growing environmental challenges associated with industrial operation. The study found that the capacity of the industries in managing waste is very limited in Somaliland due to a number of social, economic and political factors prevalent in the industry sector, and in the country at large. These factors include poor recycling and re-use technology, limited human resource/expertise relating to waste management, poor availability of adequate waste collection and disposal facilities, and most importantly economic limitations in investing in clean technology.
基金funded by the National Social Sciences Fund of China,‘Impacts of Islam on Contemporary International Relations’[grant no.21BZJ054]the program‘Evolution of Middle East Politics and Momentous Changes Unseen in a Century’[grant no.2020114046]of the Innovation Team of Shanghai International Studies University.
文摘The Islamic sacred city Mecca is the destination of global Muslims’hajj activities.Saudi Arabia and countries with a large number of Muslims attach great importance to the special role of hajj in inter-national relation,especially in the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Somaliland,which is mainly reflected in two aspects.Firstly,Somaliland is one of the main export destination of the live-stock for Eid Al Adha of the hajj rituals.Eid Al Adha is an important part of the hajj rituals,and is also the obligation of most hajj pil-grims.With the sharp increase in the number of pilgrims all over the world in recent years,Saudi Arabia needs to import a large number of livestock from Somaliland and Sudan to meet its basic religious needs.Somaliland is a so-called‘republic’within Somalia’s territory that declared‘independence’on its own,which has not been universally recognised by the international community.Over the years,Somaliland has maintained a relatively stable situation.Its economic mainstay is livestock export,especially during the hajj season.Although the export of livestock from Somaliland to Saudi Arabia has been interrupted many times due to the animal infec-tious diseases,the huge demand for sacrifice in the hajj rituals highlights the importance of Somaliland.In other words,the smooth and complete performance of the hajj has largely main-tained the development of Saudi Arabia’s relations with Somaliland.Secondly,Saudi Arabia invited the‘President’of Somaliland to Mecca for hajj,and also urged the easing of conflicting relations between Somaliland authorities and the Somali federal govern-ment.Somalia does not recognise the‘independence’of Somaliland.The conflict between the two sides also affects the allocation of hajj quota,which has triggered strong dissatisfaction and resis-tance in Somaliland.For example,Somaliland complained to Saudi Arabia for Somalia’s‘politicisation’of hajj.In order to cool down the conflict in Somalia,Saudi Arabia invited the‘President’and some senior officials of Somaliland to perform the hajj in Mecca,and held informal talks with senior officials of the Somali government during the hajj.In general,hajj has played a significant role in pro-moting the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Somaliland.For Saudi Arabia,the animal sacrifice trade for hajj has actually consol-idated the economic foundation of Somaliland and helped it play a relatively stable demonstration role in the Horn of Africa.Saudi Arabia has also carried out the host diplomacy of hajj in Mecca to promote the talks between Somaliland’s and Somali officials during their hajj activities.For Somaliland,the export of a large number of livestock for Eid Al Adha allowed it to play an important religious role in the annual hajj,thus gaining Saudi Arabia’s economic and political support to a certain extent,contributing to a win-win sit-uation in the fields of religion,economy and security.
