Background:Shenque(CV8)acupoint is located on the navel and has been therapeutically used for more than 2000 years in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).However,clinical research on the underlying therapeutic molecular...Background:Shenque(CV8)acupoint is located on the navel and has been therapeutically used for more than 2000 years in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).However,clinical research on the underlying therapeutic molecular mechanisms of the CV8 acupoint lags far behind.This study aimed to study the mechanisms of umbilical acupoint therapy by using stem cells.Methods:The morphological characteristics of CV8 acupoint were detected under a stereomicroscope using hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining.Oil Red,Masson,and immunohistochemical staining on multi-layered slices were used to identify the type of cells at the CV8 acupoint.Cell proliferation was measured by a cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)method.Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used for cell identification.Induced differentiation was used to compare the differentiation of cells derived from CV8 acupoint and non-acupoint somatic stem cells into other cell types,such as osteogenic,adipogenic,and neural stem cell-like cells.Results:Morphological observations showed that adipose tissues at the linea alba of the CV8 acupoint in mice had a mass-like distribution.Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the distribution of stem cell antigen-1(Sca-1)positive cells in the multi-layered slices of CV8 acupoint tissues.Cells isolated from adipose tissues at the CV8 acupoint exhibited high expression of Sca-1 and CD44 and low expression of CD31 and CD34,and these cells possessed osteogenic,adipogenic,and neurogenic stem cell-like cell differentiation ability.The cell proliferation(day 4:0.5138±0.0111 vs.0.4107±0.0180,t=8.447,P=0.0011;day 5:0.6890±0.0070 vs.0.5520±0.0118,t=17.310,P<0.0001;day 6:0.7320±0.0090 vs.0.6157±0.0123,t=13.190,P=0.0002;and day 7:0.7550±0.0050 vs.0.6313±0.0051,t=42.560,P<0.0001),adipogenic([9.224±0.345]%vs.[3.933±1.800]%,t=5.000,P=0.0075),and neurogenic stem cell-like cell differentiation(diameter<50 mm:7.2000±1.3040 vs.2.6000±0.5477,t=7.273,P<0.0001;diameter 50–100 mm:2.6000±0.5477 vs.1.0000±0.7071,t=4.000,P=0.0039;and diameter>100 mm:2.6000±0.5477 vs.0.8000±0.8367,t=4.025,P=0.0038)were significantly enhanced in somatic stem cells derived from the CV8 acupoint compared to somatic stem cells from the groin non-acupoint.However,cells possessed significantly weaker osteogenicity([2.697±0.627]%vs.[7.254±0.958]%,t=6.893,P=0.0023)in the CV8 acupoint group.Conclusions:Our study showed that CV8 acupoint was rich with adipose tissues that contained abundant somatic stem cells.The biological examination of somatic stem cells derived from the CV8 acupoint provided novel insights for future research on the mechanisms of umbilical therapy.展开更多
Transforming growth factor （TGF）-βs and their family members, including bone morphogenetic proteins （BMPs）, Nodal and activins, have been implicated in the development and maintenance of various organs, in which ...Transforming growth factor （TGF）-βs and their family members, including bone morphogenetic proteins （BMPs）, Nodal and activins, have been implicated in the development and maintenance of various organs, in which stem cells play important roles. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and to generate differentiated cells of a particular tissue, and are classified into embryonic and somatic stem cells. Embryonic stem （ES） cells self-renew indefinitely and contribute to derivatives of all three primary germ layers. In contrast, somatic stem cells, which can be identified in various adult organs, exhibit limited abilities for self-renewal and differentiation in most cases. The multi-lineage differentiation capacity of ES ceils and somatic stem cells has opened possibilities for cell replacement therapies for genetic, malignant and degenerative diseases. In order to utilize stem cells for therapeutic applications, it is essential to understand the extrinsic and intrinsic factors regulating self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. More recently, induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells have been generated from mouse and human fibroblasts that resemble ES cells via ectopic expression of four transcription factors, iPS cells may have an advantage in regenerative medicine, since they overcome the immunogenicity and ethical controversy of ES cells. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the involvement of cancer stem cells during the formation and progression of various types of cancers, including leukemia, glioma, and breast cancer. Here, we illustrate the roles of TGF-β family members in the maintenance and differentiation of ES cells, somatic stem cells, and cancer stem cells.展开更多
Only a small number of cells in adult tissues （the stem cells） possess the ability to self-renew at every cell division, while producing differentiating daughter cells to maintain tissue homeostasis for an organism...Only a small number of cells in adult tissues （the stem cells） possess the ability to self-renew at every cell division, while producing differentiating daughter cells to maintain tissue homeostasis for an organism＇s lifetime. The Drosophila ovary harbors three different types of stem cell populations （germline stem cell （GSC）, somatic stem cell （SSC） and escort stem cell （ESC）） located in a simple anatomical structure known as germarium, rendering it one of the best model systems for studying stem cell biology due to reliable stem cell identification and available sophisticated genetic tools for manipulating gene functions. Particularly, the niche for the GSC is among the first and best studied ones, and studies on the GSC and its niche have made many unique contributions to a better understanding of relationships between stem cells and their niche. So far, both the GSC and the SSC have been shown to be regulated by extrinsic factors originating from their niche and intrinsic factors functioning within. Multiple signaling pathways are required for controlling GSC and SSC self-renewal and differentiation, which provide unique opportunities to investigate how multiple signals from the niche are interpreted in the stem cell. Since the Drosophila ovary contains three types of stem cells, it also provides outstanding opportunities to study how multiple stem cells in a given tissue work collaboratively to contribute to tissue function and maintenance. This review highlights recent major advances in studying Drosophila ovarian stem cells and also discusses future directions and challenges.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation Projects(No.81671462)Shanxi Natural Science Foundation Projects(No.201901D211315 and 201901D111184)Science and Technology Develop-ment Program of Xinzhou(No.20180103).
文摘Background:Shenque(CV8)acupoint is located on the navel and has been therapeutically used for more than 2000 years in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).However,clinical research on the underlying therapeutic molecular mechanisms of the CV8 acupoint lags far behind.This study aimed to study the mechanisms of umbilical acupoint therapy by using stem cells.Methods:The morphological characteristics of CV8 acupoint were detected under a stereomicroscope using hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining.Oil Red,Masson,and immunohistochemical staining on multi-layered slices were used to identify the type of cells at the CV8 acupoint.Cell proliferation was measured by a cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)method.Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used for cell identification.Induced differentiation was used to compare the differentiation of cells derived from CV8 acupoint and non-acupoint somatic stem cells into other cell types,such as osteogenic,adipogenic,and neural stem cell-like cells.Results:Morphological observations showed that adipose tissues at the linea alba of the CV8 acupoint in mice had a mass-like distribution.Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the distribution of stem cell antigen-1(Sca-1)positive cells in the multi-layered slices of CV8 acupoint tissues.Cells isolated from adipose tissues at the CV8 acupoint exhibited high expression of Sca-1 and CD44 and low expression of CD31 and CD34,and these cells possessed osteogenic,adipogenic,and neurogenic stem cell-like cell differentiation ability.The cell proliferation(day 4:0.5138±0.0111 vs.0.4107±0.0180,t=8.447,P=0.0011;day 5:0.6890±0.0070 vs.0.5520±0.0118,t=17.310,P<0.0001;day 6:0.7320±0.0090 vs.0.6157±0.0123,t=13.190,P=0.0002;and day 7:0.7550±0.0050 vs.0.6313±0.0051,t=42.560,P<0.0001),adipogenic([9.224±0.345]%vs.[3.933±1.800]%,t=5.000,P=0.0075),and neurogenic stem cell-like cell differentiation(diameter<50 mm:7.2000±1.3040 vs.2.6000±0.5477,t=7.273,P<0.0001;diameter 50–100 mm:2.6000±0.5477 vs.1.0000±0.7071,t=4.000,P=0.0039;and diameter>100 mm:2.6000±0.5477 vs.0.8000±0.8367,t=4.025,P=0.0038)were significantly enhanced in somatic stem cells derived from the CV8 acupoint compared to somatic stem cells from the groin non-acupoint.However,cells possessed significantly weaker osteogenicity([2.697±0.627]%vs.[7.254±0.958]%,t=6.893,P=0.0023)in the CV8 acupoint group.Conclusions:Our study showed that CV8 acupoint was rich with adipose tissues that contained abundant somatic stem cells.The biological examination of somatic stem cells derived from the CV8 acupoint provided novel insights for future research on the mechanisms of umbilical therapy.
文摘Transforming growth factor （TGF）-βs and their family members, including bone morphogenetic proteins （BMPs）, Nodal and activins, have been implicated in the development and maintenance of various organs, in which stem cells play important roles. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and to generate differentiated cells of a particular tissue, and are classified into embryonic and somatic stem cells. Embryonic stem （ES） cells self-renew indefinitely and contribute to derivatives of all three primary germ layers. In contrast, somatic stem cells, which can be identified in various adult organs, exhibit limited abilities for self-renewal and differentiation in most cases. The multi-lineage differentiation capacity of ES ceils and somatic stem cells has opened possibilities for cell replacement therapies for genetic, malignant and degenerative diseases. In order to utilize stem cells for therapeutic applications, it is essential to understand the extrinsic and intrinsic factors regulating self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. More recently, induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells have been generated from mouse and human fibroblasts that resemble ES cells via ectopic expression of four transcription factors, iPS cells may have an advantage in regenerative medicine, since they overcome the immunogenicity and ethical controversy of ES cells. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the involvement of cancer stem cells during the formation and progression of various types of cancers, including leukemia, glioma, and breast cancer. Here, we illustrate the roles of TGF-β family members in the maintenance and differentiation of ES cells, somatic stem cells, and cancer stem cells.
文摘Only a small number of cells in adult tissues （the stem cells） possess the ability to self-renew at every cell division, while producing differentiating daughter cells to maintain tissue homeostasis for an organism＇s lifetime. The Drosophila ovary harbors three different types of stem cell populations （germline stem cell （GSC）, somatic stem cell （SSC） and escort stem cell （ESC）） located in a simple anatomical structure known as germarium, rendering it one of the best model systems for studying stem cell biology due to reliable stem cell identification and available sophisticated genetic tools for manipulating gene functions. Particularly, the niche for the GSC is among the first and best studied ones, and studies on the GSC and its niche have made many unique contributions to a better understanding of relationships between stem cells and their niche. So far, both the GSC and the SSC have been shown to be regulated by extrinsic factors originating from their niche and intrinsic factors functioning within. Multiple signaling pathways are required for controlling GSC and SSC self-renewal and differentiation, which provide unique opportunities to investigate how multiple signals from the niche are interpreted in the stem cell. Since the Drosophila ovary contains three types of stem cells, it also provides outstanding opportunities to study how multiple stem cells in a given tissue work collaboratively to contribute to tissue function and maintenance. This review highlights recent major advances in studying Drosophila ovarian stem cells and also discusses future directions and challenges.
