Antarctic polynyas play an important role in regional atmosphere?ice?ocean interactions and are considered to help generate the global deep ocean conveyer belt.Polynyas therefore have a potential impact on the Earth’...Antarctic polynyas play an important role in regional atmosphere?ice?ocean interactions and are considered to help generate the global deep ocean conveyer belt.Polynyas therefore have a potential impact on the Earth’s climate in terms of the production of sea ice and high-salinity shelf water.In this study,we investigated the relationship between the area of the Terra Nova Bay polynya and the air temperature as well as the eastward and northward wind based on the ERA5 and ERAInterim reanalysis datasets and observations from automatic weather stations during the polar night.We examined the correlation between each factor and the polynya area under different temperature conditions.Previous studies have focused more on the effect of winds on the polynya,but the relationship between air temperature and the polynya area has not been fully investigated.Our study shows,eliminating the influence of winds,lower air temperature has a stronger positive correlation with the polynya area.The results show that the relationship between the polynya area and air temperature is more likely to be interactively influenced.As temperature drops,the relationship of the polynya area with air temperature becomes closer with increasing correlation coefficients.In the low temperature conditions,the correlation coefficients of the polynya area with air temperature are above 0.5,larger than that with the wind speed.展开更多
Air content, spacing factor and specific surface of fresh concrete and hardened concrete with different air contents, slumps and mineral admixtures (fly ash, slag, fly ash + slag, fly ash + slag + silica fume composit...Air content, spacing factor and specific surface of fresh concrete and hardened concrete with different air contents, slumps and mineral admixtures (fly ash, slag, fly ash + slag, fly ash + slag + silica fume composite) were studied by the air-void analyzer (AVA) method and the microscopical method. The correlations between the test results obtained from different methods were analyzed. The results show that, there is a close correlation of air content and spacing factor between the fresh concrete and the hardened concrete, but the specific surface correlation is weak. The air content of concrete measured by the AVA method is smaller than that of the pressure method and the microscopical method, because AVA device captures only the air voids with the size smaller than 3 mm. Spacing factor of the fresh concrete measured by the AVA method is greater than that of the hardened concrete measured by the microscopical method, while the specific surface is smaller. When the criterion of 4%-7% air content measured by the pressure method and microscopical method is acceptable for concrete freezing-thawing (F-T) durability in cold weather, the air content measured by the AVA method should be 2.4%-4.6%. For the concrete F-T durability, when the criterion of the spacing factor measured by the microscopical method is 300 μm, the spacing factor measured by the AVA method should be 360 μm.展开更多
To explore the method to evaluate air-void parameters of fresh concrete rapidly, the spacing factor and specific surface of freshly mixed concrete of different air contents, different slumps and different mineral admi...To explore the method to evaluate air-void parameters of fresh concrete rapidly, the spacing factor and specific surface of freshly mixed concrete of different air contents, different slumps and different mineral admixtures (fly ash, fly ash-slag, fly ash-slag-silica fume composite) are studied by air-void analyzer (AVA), and the correlation between the air content measured by AVA and air content determinator is compared. The results show that the spacing factor of the fresh concrete decreases firstly and then increases with the increase of air content, however the specific surface has the opposite rule. When the air content is more than 8%, the spacing factor of fresh concrete increases and the specific surface decreases. For the fresh concrete samples with similar air content, the specific surface increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of slump, but the spacing factor decreases firstly and then increases. Mineral admixture can reduce the spacing factor of fresh concrete and increase the specific surface to some degree. There is a good correlation between the air content measured by two methods, and the air content measured by AVA is about 70% of the air content measured by the air content determinator.展开更多
Solid phase microextraction(SPME) is a solvent-free method of sample collection. SPME is an appealing method for sample collection because it is designed for the sampling of trace level analytes with short sampling ti...Solid phase microextraction(SPME) is a solvent-free method of sample collection. SPME is an appealing method for sample collection because it is designed for the sampling of trace level analytes with short sampling times in a variety of environments. Additionally, SPME can be used to directly deliver a sample to a gas chromatograph(GC) for analysis by means of thermal desorption. In this paper, the performance of SPME under dynamic conditions was investigated. Additionally, the competence of SPME sampling for the simultaneous analysis of multiple trace analytes was also evaluated. This work is discussed in the context of underground mine ventilation surveys but is applicable to any industry in which ventilation circuits must be evaluated. The results of this paper showed that the performance of the 100 lm PDMS SPME fiber was both precise and rapid under dynamic conditions. This SPME fiber was also able to simultaneously collect sulfur hexafluoride(SF6) and perfluoromethylcyclohexane(PMCH) with adequate sensitivity.展开更多
Several mathematical relationships between air sample filter mass loading and the correlated analytical self-absorption factor were developed using data from other published research in this meta-study. Gross-alpha an...Several mathematical relationships between air sample filter mass loading and the correlated analytical self-absorption factor were developed using data from other published research in this meta-study. Gross-alpha and -beta applications are addressed for this research. As filter media becomes loaded with particulate matter, there is potential for measurement losses due to self-absorption by mass loading. Components contributing to absorption include particulate dust, radioactive particulates, and filter material. Standards indicate a correction factor should be used when the penetration of radioactive material into the collection media or self-absorption of radiation by the material collected would reduce the detection rate by more than 5%. Previously, losses due to self-absorption have been reported up to 100% over a range up to ~10 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> mass loading. These absorption losses then can be used to determine a correction factor for sample results. For low mass loadings (e.g., ≤0.1 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup>) corrections factors in the 0.85 - 1 range have been recommended and used, while at higher mass loadings nearer to 10 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> correction factors closer to 0 (representing near 100% losses) are used. Based on data from published studies, the different methods for relating percent loss due to self-absorption to mass loading include linear, exponential, quadratic, and trinomial derived functions. Where applicable, both forced zero and non-forced zero results were evaluated. From the derived functions evaluated, the trinomial function provided the best fit. Once the sample filter mass loading is known, the trinomial function can be applied to estimate losses and the corresponding self-absorption factor. When applied to routine operating conditions for radiological facility stacks monitored at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for an average sample filter mass loading of 0.09 ± 0.12 (2σ) mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> (excluding negative values and outliers) and a range from 0 - 0.24 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup>, the estimated trinomial function nominal self-absorption losses are less than 5% at 0.09 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> and less than 10% at 0.24 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup>. The trinomial function is one method that may be used to adjust the activity results of an air sample when the sample-specific mass loading is determined. The application of no correction factor when the ANSI/HPS N13.1-2021 guidance of a 5% threshold for loss is not reached with typical stack sample mass loadings may be reasonable in high-efficiency particulate air filtered systems. For simplicity, it would be conservative in assigning the self-absorption correction factor at the 5% threshold (i.e., 0.95) for general uses but in cases of heavy mass loading to calculate the factor.展开更多
The treatment of typical north China water by dissolved air flotation(DAF)and sedimentation process was examined.A pilot plant with a water treatment capacity of 120 m^3/d constructed in the Jieyuan Water Treatment Pl...The treatment of typical north China water by dissolved air flotation(DAF)and sedimentation process was examined.A pilot plant with a water treatment capacity of 120 m^3/d constructed in the Jieyuan Water Treatment Plant(JWTP) of Tianjin,China,was utilized for the comparison of the two processes.The results show that during the pilot test,DAF process can remove particles and organic mater more efficiently than sedimentation process.The removal rate for turbidity by DAF process is 5.5% higher than that by sedimentation in normal turbidity period,and 40% higher in low turbidity period,it is 5%～10% higher for removals of algae,total organic carbon(TOC),trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP)and bacteria in all periods.The removal rates for turbidity,TOC,THMFP,algae and bacteria by DAF process can reach 95%,30%, 20%,94% and 97% respectively.From the results of the pilot test,it can be concluded that DAF is a feasible clarification process,especially for source water with low turbidity and high algal blooming.展开更多
The surface of the cotton fabric was modified using a direct current(DC)air plasma treatment and hence enhances its hydrophilicity.The Box-Behnken approach(design expert software)was used to optimise the input process...The surface of the cotton fabric was modified using a direct current(DC)air plasma treatment and hence enhances its hydrophilicity.The Box-Behnken approach(design expert software)was used to optimise the input process parameters.The sample prepared under optimized condition is subjected to ATR-FTIR and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM)studies in order to determine the changes in hydrogen bond energies(EH),Total Crystallinity Index(TCI),Hydrogen Bond Intensity(HBI),Lateral Order Index(LOI),functionalization,lattice parameters(a,b,c&β),degree of crystallinity(in%)and surface etching.The ageing of this sample has been studied by comparing the values of carboxyl content and AC-C/AC-O-C ratio calculated using data extracted from ATR-FTIR spectra of the sample recorded periodically for one month.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41830536,Grant No.41676190,and Grant No.41941009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.12500-312231103)The authors thank the University of Bremen for providing the AMSR-E,AMSR-2 and SSMIS SIC data,as well as the University of Wisconsin-Madison Automatic Weather Station Program(NSF Grant No.ANT-1543305)。
文摘Antarctic polynyas play an important role in regional atmosphere?ice?ocean interactions and are considered to help generate the global deep ocean conveyer belt.Polynyas therefore have a potential impact on the Earth’s climate in terms of the production of sea ice and high-salinity shelf water.In this study,we investigated the relationship between the area of the Terra Nova Bay polynya and the air temperature as well as the eastward and northward wind based on the ERA5 and ERAInterim reanalysis datasets and observations from automatic weather stations during the polar night.We examined the correlation between each factor and the polynya area under different temperature conditions.Previous studies have focused more on the effect of winds on the polynya,but the relationship between air temperature and the polynya area has not been fully investigated.Our study shows,eliminating the influence of winds,lower air temperature has a stronger positive correlation with the polynya area.The results show that the relationship between the polynya area and air temperature is more likely to be interactively influenced.As temperature drops,the relationship of the polynya area with air temperature becomes closer with increasing correlation coefficients.In the low temperature conditions,the correlation coefficients of the polynya area with air temperature are above 0.5,larger than that with the wind speed.
基金Project(50908229) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(2008G031-N, 50908229, 10125C131) supported by Technological Research and Development Programs of the Ministry of Railways, China
文摘Air content, spacing factor and specific surface of fresh concrete and hardened concrete with different air contents, slumps and mineral admixtures (fly ash, slag, fly ash + slag, fly ash + slag + silica fume composite) were studied by the air-void analyzer (AVA) method and the microscopical method. The correlations between the test results obtained from different methods were analyzed. The results show that, there is a close correlation of air content and spacing factor between the fresh concrete and the hardened concrete, but the specific surface correlation is weak. The air content of concrete measured by the AVA method is smaller than that of the pressure method and the microscopical method, because AVA device captures only the air voids with the size smaller than 3 mm. Spacing factor of the fresh concrete measured by the AVA method is greater than that of the hardened concrete measured by the microscopical method, while the specific surface is smaller. When the criterion of 4%-7% air content measured by the pressure method and microscopical method is acceptable for concrete freezing-thawing (F-T) durability in cold weather, the air content measured by the AVA method should be 2.4%-4.6%. For the concrete F-T durability, when the criterion of the spacing factor measured by the microscopical method is 300 μm, the spacing factor measured by the AVA method should be 360 μm.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50908229)and the Technological Research and Development Programs of the Ministry of Railways(No.2008G031-N. 2010G004-E)
文摘To explore the method to evaluate air-void parameters of fresh concrete rapidly, the spacing factor and specific surface of freshly mixed concrete of different air contents, different slumps and different mineral admixtures (fly ash, fly ash-slag, fly ash-slag-silica fume composite) are studied by air-void analyzer (AVA), and the correlation between the air content measured by AVA and air content determinator is compared. The results show that the spacing factor of the fresh concrete decreases firstly and then increases with the increase of air content, however the specific surface has the opposite rule. When the air content is more than 8%, the spacing factor of fresh concrete increases and the specific surface decreases. For the fresh concrete samples with similar air content, the specific surface increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of slump, but the spacing factor decreases firstly and then increases. Mineral admixture can reduce the spacing factor of fresh concrete and increase the specific surface to some degree. There is a good correlation between the air content measured by two methods, and the air content measured by AVA is about 70% of the air content measured by the air content determinator.
基金Contract No.200-2009-31933,awarded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)
文摘Solid phase microextraction(SPME) is a solvent-free method of sample collection. SPME is an appealing method for sample collection because it is designed for the sampling of trace level analytes with short sampling times in a variety of environments. Additionally, SPME can be used to directly deliver a sample to a gas chromatograph(GC) for analysis by means of thermal desorption. In this paper, the performance of SPME under dynamic conditions was investigated. Additionally, the competence of SPME sampling for the simultaneous analysis of multiple trace analytes was also evaluated. This work is discussed in the context of underground mine ventilation surveys but is applicable to any industry in which ventilation circuits must be evaluated. The results of this paper showed that the performance of the 100 lm PDMS SPME fiber was both precise and rapid under dynamic conditions. This SPME fiber was also able to simultaneously collect sulfur hexafluoride(SF6) and perfluoromethylcyclohexane(PMCH) with adequate sensitivity.
文摘Several mathematical relationships between air sample filter mass loading and the correlated analytical self-absorption factor were developed using data from other published research in this meta-study. Gross-alpha and -beta applications are addressed for this research. As filter media becomes loaded with particulate matter, there is potential for measurement losses due to self-absorption by mass loading. Components contributing to absorption include particulate dust, radioactive particulates, and filter material. Standards indicate a correction factor should be used when the penetration of radioactive material into the collection media or self-absorption of radiation by the material collected would reduce the detection rate by more than 5%. Previously, losses due to self-absorption have been reported up to 100% over a range up to ~10 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> mass loading. These absorption losses then can be used to determine a correction factor for sample results. For low mass loadings (e.g., ≤0.1 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup>) corrections factors in the 0.85 - 1 range have been recommended and used, while at higher mass loadings nearer to 10 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> correction factors closer to 0 (representing near 100% losses) are used. Based on data from published studies, the different methods for relating percent loss due to self-absorption to mass loading include linear, exponential, quadratic, and trinomial derived functions. Where applicable, both forced zero and non-forced zero results were evaluated. From the derived functions evaluated, the trinomial function provided the best fit. Once the sample filter mass loading is known, the trinomial function can be applied to estimate losses and the corresponding self-absorption factor. When applied to routine operating conditions for radiological facility stacks monitored at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for an average sample filter mass loading of 0.09 ± 0.12 (2σ) mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> (excluding negative values and outliers) and a range from 0 - 0.24 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup>, the estimated trinomial function nominal self-absorption losses are less than 5% at 0.09 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup> and less than 10% at 0.24 mg⋅cm<sup>-2</sup>. The trinomial function is one method that may be used to adjust the activity results of an air sample when the sample-specific mass loading is determined. The application of no correction factor when the ANSI/HPS N13.1-2021 guidance of a 5% threshold for loss is not reached with typical stack sample mass loadings may be reasonable in high-efficiency particulate air filtered systems. For simplicity, it would be conservative in assigning the self-absorption correction factor at the 5% threshold (i.e., 0.95) for general uses but in cases of heavy mass loading to calculate the factor.
基金Supported by the National Hi-tech Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China (No.2002AA601140)
文摘The treatment of typical north China water by dissolved air flotation(DAF)and sedimentation process was examined.A pilot plant with a water treatment capacity of 120 m^3/d constructed in the Jieyuan Water Treatment Plant(JWTP) of Tianjin,China,was utilized for the comparison of the two processes.The results show that during the pilot test,DAF process can remove particles and organic mater more efficiently than sedimentation process.The removal rate for turbidity by DAF process is 5.5% higher than that by sedimentation in normal turbidity period,and 40% higher in low turbidity period,it is 5%～10% higher for removals of algae,total organic carbon(TOC),trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP)and bacteria in all periods.The removal rates for turbidity,TOC,THMFP,algae and bacteria by DAF process can reach 95%,30%, 20%,94% and 97% respectively.From the results of the pilot test,it can be concluded that DAF is a feasible clarification process,especially for source water with low turbidity and high algal blooming.
文摘The surface of the cotton fabric was modified using a direct current(DC)air plasma treatment and hence enhances its hydrophilicity.The Box-Behnken approach(design expert software)was used to optimise the input process parameters.The sample prepared under optimized condition is subjected to ATR-FTIR and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM)studies in order to determine the changes in hydrogen bond energies(EH),Total Crystallinity Index(TCI),Hydrogen Bond Intensity(HBI),Lateral Order Index(LOI),functionalization,lattice parameters(a,b,c&β),degree of crystallinity(in%)and surface etching.The ageing of this sample has been studied by comparing the values of carboxyl content and AC-C/AC-O-C ratio calculated using data extracted from ATR-FTIR spectra of the sample recorded periodically for one month.
