Experiments were performed on 13 Wister rats. Fastblus (FB) was injected into subcutaneous tissue in perineum area and nuclear yellow (NY) was injected into subserous lamina of the bladder wall, respectively. FB, NY a...Experiments were performed on 13 Wister rats. Fastblus (FB) was injected into subcutaneous tissue in perineum area and nuclear yellow (NY) was injected into subserous lamina of the bladder wall, respectively. FB, NY and FB+NY were mostly found in the spinal ganglions of L6, S1 ans S2 segments. The numbers of FB,NY and FB+NY labeled cells were 146, 186 and 81, in a total of 463 labeled cells and their proportion was 40%, 51% and 9%, respectively. The result indicates that the spinal ganglion neurons dually innervate both the somatic and visceral tissues, and the convergence of somato_visceral sensory pathways might occur in the spinal ganglion cells.展开更多
Somato_visceral interaction or acupoint_visceral interaction is an important subject that greatly concerns scholars of both Chinese traditional and Western modern medicine. The role of our newly discovered spinal proj...Somato_visceral interaction or acupoint_visceral interaction is an important subject that greatly concerns scholars of both Chinese traditional and Western modern medicine. The role of our newly discovered spinal projection neurons and type A or C spinal ganglion neurons in convergence and integration of somato_visceral sensation is introduced. The possible challenge brought about by these related results onto some traditional concepts in neuroscience is also discussed.展开更多
Most studies on peripheral nerve injury have focused on repair at the site of injury, but very few have examined the effects of repair strategies on the more proximal neuronal cell bodies. In this study, an approximat...Most studies on peripheral nerve injury have focused on repair at the site of injury, but very few have examined the effects of repair strategies on the more proximal neuronal cell bodies. In this study, an approximately 10-mm-long nerve segment from the ischial tuberosity in the rat was transected and its proximal and distal ends were inverted and sutured. The spinal cord was subjected to pulsed electrical stimulation at T10 and L3, at a current of 6.5 m A and a stimulation frequency of 15 Hz, 15 minutes per session, twice a day for 56 days. After pulsed electrical stimulation, the number of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and anterior horn was increased in rats with sciatic nerve injury. The number of myelinated nerve fibers was increased in the sciatic nerve. The ultrastructure of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord was noticeably improved. Conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve was also increased. These results show that pulsed electrical stimulation protects sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia as well as motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury, and that it promotes the regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers.展开更多
Estrogen affects the generation and transmission of neuropathic pain,but the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear.Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor 1(NMDAR1) plays an important role in the...Estrogen affects the generation and transmission of neuropathic pain,but the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear.Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor 1(NMDAR1) plays an important role in the production and maintenance of hyperalgesia and allodynia.The present study was conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between estrogen and NMDAR1 in peripheral nerve pain.A chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury model of chronic neuropathic pain was established in rats.These rats were then subcutaneously injected with 17β-estradiol,the NMDAR1 antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid(AP-5),or both once daily for 15 days.Compared with injured drug na?ve rats,rats with chronic sciatic nerve injury that were administered estradiol showed a lower paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and a shorter paw withdrawal thermal latency,indicating increased sensitivity to mechanical and thermal pain.Estrogen administration was also associated with increased expression of NMDAR1 immunoreactivity(as assessed by immunohistochemistry) and protein(as determined by western blot assay) in spinal dorsal root ganglia.This 17β-estradiol-induced increase in NMDAR1 expression was blocked by co-administration with AP-5,whereas AP-5 alone did not affect NMDAR1 expression.These results suggest that 17β-estradiol administration significantly reduced mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in rats with chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve,and that the mechanism for this increased sensitivity may be related to the upregulation of NMDAR1 expression in dorsal root ganglia.展开更多
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chlorid...Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization.The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the specific sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide,and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain.Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores,and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain.Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression increased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision.By contrast,potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn.These findings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision.Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Astrocytes are considered to provide nutritional support in the central nervous system. However, recent studies have confirmed that astrocytes also play an important role in chronic pain. OBJECTIVE: To inv...BACKGROUND: Astrocytes are considered to provide nutritional support in the central nervous system. However, recent studies have confirmed that astrocytes also play an important role in chronic pain. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of intrathecal injection of fluorocitrate, minocycline or both on astrocyte activation and proliferation in the spinal dorsal horn of compressed dorsal root ganglion in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The neurology randomized controlled animal study was performed at the Jiangsu Institute of Anesthesia Medicine, from September 2006 to April 2007. MATERIALS: A total of 96 male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, were selected for this study. Following intrathecal catheterization, 80 rats underwent steel bar insertion into the L4-5 intervertebral foramina to make a stable compression on the L4-5 posterior root ganglion. Thus rat models of ganglion compression were established. Minocycline and fluorocitrate were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS: A total of 96 rats were randomly and equally divided into six groups. Rat L4, L5 transverse process and intervertebral foramina were exposed in the sham operation group, but without steel bar insertion. The model group did not receive any manipulations. Rats in the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group were intrathecally injected with 0.01 mmol/L PBS (20 μL). Rats in the fluorocitrate group were subjected to 1 μmol/L fluorocitrate (20 μL). Rats in the minocycline group were intrathecally injected with 5 g/L minocycline (20 μL). Rats in the minocycline and fluorocitrate group received a mixture (20 μL) of 5 g/L minocycline and 1 μmol/L fluorocitrate. Following model establishment, drugs were administered once a day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At 7 and 14 days following model induction, glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn was measured by immunofluorescence microscopy. Six sections with significant glial fibrillary acidic protein -positive expression were obtained to count astrocytes under an inverted microscope. RESULTS: No significant differences in astrocyte count were detected between the fluorocitrate and model groups. Cell bodies were small with a few processes in the fluorocitrate group, compared with the model group. The astrocyte count decreased significantly in the minocycline group and the minocycline and fluorocitrate group compared with the sham operation, model, PBS and fluorocitrate groups (P < 0.01). The decrease in astrocyte count was mainly found in layers Ⅲ–Ⅳ of the spinal dorsal horn. Cell body volume was smaller and process numbers were fewer in the minocycline group and the minocycline and fluorocitrate group, compared with the model and PBS groups. CONCLUSION: Fluorocitrate can inhibit astrocyte activation, but does not affect astrocyte proliferation. However, minocycline can inhibit the activation and proliferation of astrocytes.展开更多
Tanshinone ⅡA, extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, exerts neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. This study intravenously injected tanshinone ⅡA 20...Tanshinone ⅡA, extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, exerts neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. This study intravenously injected tanshinone ⅡA 20 mg/kg into rat models of spinal cord injury for 7 consecutive days. Results showed that tanshinone ⅡA could reduce the inflammation, edema as well as compensatory thickening of the bladder tissue, improve urodynamic parameters, attenuate secondary injury, and promote spinal cord regeneration. The number of hypertrophic and apoptotic dorsal root ganglion(L_6–S_1) cells was less after treatment with tanshinone ⅡA. The effects of tanshinone ⅡA were similar to intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone. These findings suggested that tanshinone ⅡA improved functional recovery after spinal cord injury-induced lower urinary tract dysfunction by remodeling the spinal pathway involved in lower urinary tract control.展开更多
文摘Experiments were performed on 13 Wister rats. Fastblus (FB) was injected into subcutaneous tissue in perineum area and nuclear yellow (NY) was injected into subserous lamina of the bladder wall, respectively. FB, NY and FB+NY were mostly found in the spinal ganglions of L6, S1 ans S2 segments. The numbers of FB,NY and FB+NY labeled cells were 146, 186 and 81, in a total of 463 labeled cells and their proportion was 40%, 51% and 9%, respectively. The result indicates that the spinal ganglion neurons dually innervate both the somatic and visceral tissues, and the convergence of somato_visceral sensory pathways might occur in the spinal ganglion cells.
文摘Somato_visceral interaction or acupoint_visceral interaction is an important subject that greatly concerns scholars of both Chinese traditional and Western modern medicine. The role of our newly discovered spinal projection neurons and type A or C spinal ganglion neurons in convergence and integration of somato_visceral sensation is introduced. The possible challenge brought about by these related results onto some traditional concepts in neuroscience is also discussed.
文摘目的 探讨男性复杂肛门直肠畸形(anorectal malformations,ARMs)患儿直肠末端神经发育情况与患者脊髓/骶骨异常的关系,以期提高对ARMs中肠神经发育异常的相关认识。方法 回顾性收集我院2015-2021年收治符合纳排标准的男性复杂ARMs患儿的临床资料,在肛门成形术时取患者末端直肠标本,采用苏木精-伊红染色后显微镜下观察神经节发育情况并进行分组(G1组:有神经节细胞;G2组:无神经节细胞)。利用影像学技术评估患者脊髓及骶骨是否存在异常,并将其与直肠末端肠神经节发育情况进行相关性分析。结果 本研究共纳入患者139例,行肛门成形术时中位年龄为5.77(4.57,6.97)个月。G1组(80例,57.6%)与G2组(59例,42.4%)在ARMs病理类型、手术年龄的差异无统计学意义。经影像学证实出现脊髓异常(SCA)48例(34.5%),骶骨发育异常25例(18.0%),尾骨发育异常18例(12.9%)。G1组与G2组脊髓发育不良及骶骨发育异常发生率的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);在脊髓发育不良中,终丝脂肪变性、脊髓空洞的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。G1组、G2组正位及侧位SR值分别为(0.72±0.10 vs 0.67±0.12)、(0.77±0.09 vs 0.72±0.09),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。将相关因素纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示骶骨发育异常、终丝脂肪变、脊髓空洞为男性复杂ARMs患儿直肠末端神经节缺失的独立预测因素。结论 男性复杂性ARMs直肠末端神经节发育情况与脊髓及骶骨发育异常密切相关。骶骨发育异常、终丝脂肪变、脊髓空洞为男性复杂ARMs患儿直肠末端神经节缺失的独立预测因素。
基金supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Program of Linyi City of China,No.201313026
文摘Most studies on peripheral nerve injury have focused on repair at the site of injury, but very few have examined the effects of repair strategies on the more proximal neuronal cell bodies. In this study, an approximately 10-mm-long nerve segment from the ischial tuberosity in the rat was transected and its proximal and distal ends were inverted and sutured. The spinal cord was subjected to pulsed electrical stimulation at T10 and L3, at a current of 6.5 m A and a stimulation frequency of 15 Hz, 15 minutes per session, twice a day for 56 days. After pulsed electrical stimulation, the number of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and anterior horn was increased in rats with sciatic nerve injury. The number of myelinated nerve fibers was increased in the sciatic nerve. The ultrastructure of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord was noticeably improved. Conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve was also increased. These results show that pulsed electrical stimulation protects sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia as well as motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury, and that it promotes the regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers.
基金supported by the Youth Shihezi University Applied Basic Research Project of China,No.2015ZRKYQ-LH19
文摘Estrogen affects the generation and transmission of neuropathic pain,but the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear.Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor 1(NMDAR1) plays an important role in the production and maintenance of hyperalgesia and allodynia.The present study was conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between estrogen and NMDAR1 in peripheral nerve pain.A chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury model of chronic neuropathic pain was established in rats.These rats were then subcutaneously injected with 17β-estradiol,the NMDAR1 antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid(AP-5),or both once daily for 15 days.Compared with injured drug na?ve rats,rats with chronic sciatic nerve injury that were administered estradiol showed a lower paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and a shorter paw withdrawal thermal latency,indicating increased sensitivity to mechanical and thermal pain.Estrogen administration was also associated with increased expression of NMDAR1 immunoreactivity(as assessed by immunohistochemistry) and protein(as determined by western blot assay) in spinal dorsal root ganglia.This 17β-estradiol-induced increase in NMDAR1 expression was blocked by co-administration with AP-5,whereas AP-5 alone did not affect NMDAR1 expression.These results suggest that 17β-estradiol administration significantly reduced mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in rats with chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve,and that the mechanism for this increased sensitivity may be related to the upregulation of NMDAR1 expression in dorsal root ganglia.
基金supported by a grant from Guangzhou Medical University,No.2008C24
文摘Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization.The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the specific sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide,and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain.Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores,and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain.Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression increased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision.By contrast,potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn.These findings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision.Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1.
基金the Social Development Science and Technology Plan Program of Jiangsu Province, No. B2004515
文摘BACKGROUND: Astrocytes are considered to provide nutritional support in the central nervous system. However, recent studies have confirmed that astrocytes also play an important role in chronic pain. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of intrathecal injection of fluorocitrate, minocycline or both on astrocyte activation and proliferation in the spinal dorsal horn of compressed dorsal root ganglion in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The neurology randomized controlled animal study was performed at the Jiangsu Institute of Anesthesia Medicine, from September 2006 to April 2007. MATERIALS: A total of 96 male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, were selected for this study. Following intrathecal catheterization, 80 rats underwent steel bar insertion into the L4-5 intervertebral foramina to make a stable compression on the L4-5 posterior root ganglion. Thus rat models of ganglion compression were established. Minocycline and fluorocitrate were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS: A total of 96 rats were randomly and equally divided into six groups. Rat L4, L5 transverse process and intervertebral foramina were exposed in the sham operation group, but without steel bar insertion. The model group did not receive any manipulations. Rats in the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group were intrathecally injected with 0.01 mmol/L PBS (20 μL). Rats in the fluorocitrate group were subjected to 1 μmol/L fluorocitrate (20 μL). Rats in the minocycline group were intrathecally injected with 5 g/L minocycline (20 μL). Rats in the minocycline and fluorocitrate group received a mixture (20 μL) of 5 g/L minocycline and 1 μmol/L fluorocitrate. Following model establishment, drugs were administered once a day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At 7 and 14 days following model induction, glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn was measured by immunofluorescence microscopy. Six sections with significant glial fibrillary acidic protein -positive expression were obtained to count astrocytes under an inverted microscope. RESULTS: No significant differences in astrocyte count were detected between the fluorocitrate and model groups. Cell bodies were small with a few processes in the fluorocitrate group, compared with the model group. The astrocyte count decreased significantly in the minocycline group and the minocycline and fluorocitrate group compared with the sham operation, model, PBS and fluorocitrate groups (P < 0.01). The decrease in astrocyte count was mainly found in layers Ⅲ–Ⅳ of the spinal dorsal horn. Cell body volume was smaller and process numbers were fewer in the minocycline group and the minocycline and fluorocitrate group, compared with the model and PBS groups. CONCLUSION: Fluorocitrate can inhibit astrocyte activation, but does not affect astrocyte proliferation. However, minocycline can inhibit the activation and proliferation of astrocytes.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2015M581120
文摘Tanshinone ⅡA, extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, exerts neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. This study intravenously injected tanshinone ⅡA 20 mg/kg into rat models of spinal cord injury for 7 consecutive days. Results showed that tanshinone ⅡA could reduce the inflammation, edema as well as compensatory thickening of the bladder tissue, improve urodynamic parameters, attenuate secondary injury, and promote spinal cord regeneration. The number of hypertrophic and apoptotic dorsal root ganglion(L_6–S_1) cells was less after treatment with tanshinone ⅡA. The effects of tanshinone ⅡA were similar to intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone. These findings suggested that tanshinone ⅡA improved functional recovery after spinal cord injury-induced lower urinary tract dysfunction by remodeling the spinal pathway involved in lower urinary tract control.
