In multicellular organisms, biological activities are regulated by cell signaling. The various signal transduction path- ways regulate cell fate, proliferation, migration, and polarity. Miscoordination of the communic...In multicellular organisms, biological activities are regulated by cell signaling. The various signal transduction path- ways regulate cell fate, proliferation, migration, and polarity. Miscoordination of the communicative signals will lead to disasters like cancer and other fatal diseases. The JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway is one of the pathways, which was first identified in vertebrates and is highly conserved throughout evolution. Studying the JAK/STAT signal transduc- tion pathway in Drosophila provides an excellent opportunity to understand the molecular mechanism of the cell regu- lation during development and tumor formation. In this review, we discuss the general overview of JAK/STAT signaling in Drosophila with respect to its functions in the eye development and stem cell fate determination.展开更多
Stem cell fate determination is one of the central questions in stem cell biology,and although its regulation has been studied at genomic and proteomic levels,a variety of biological activities in cells occur at the m...Stem cell fate determination is one of the central questions in stem cell biology,and although its regulation has been studied at genomic and proteomic levels,a variety of biological activities in cells occur at the metabolic level.Metabolomics studies have established the metabolome during stem cell differentiation and have revealed the role of metabolites in stem cell fate determination.While metabolism is considered to play a biological regulatory role as an energy source,recent studies have suggested the nexus between metabolism and epigenetics because several metabolites function as cofactors and substrates in epigenetic mechanisms,including histone modification,DNA methylation,and microRNAs.Additionally,the epigenetic modification is sensitive to the dynamic metabolites and consequently leads to changes in transcription.The nexus between metabolism and epigenetics proposes a novel stem cell-based therapeutic strategy through manipulating metabolites.In the present review,we summarize the possible nexus between metabolic and epigenetic regulation in stem cell fate determination,and discuss the potential preventive and therapeutic strategies via targeting metabolites.展开更多
Stem cells possess the ability to divide symmetrically or asymmet- rically to allow for maintenance of the stem cell pool or become committed progenitors and differentiate into various cell lineages. The unique self-r...Stem cells possess the ability to divide symmetrically or asymmet- rically to allow for maintenance of the stem cell pool or become committed progenitors and differentiate into various cell lineages. The unique self-renewal capabilities and pluripotency of stem cells are integral to tissue regeneration and repair （Oh et al., 2014）. Mul- tiple mechanisms including intracellular programs and extrinsic cues are reported to regulate neural stem cell （NSC） fate （Bond et al., 2015）. A recent study, published in Cell Stern Cell, identified a novel mechanism whereby mitochondrial dynamics drive NSC fate （Khacho et al., 2016）.展开更多
Mounting evidence in stem cell biology has shown that microRNAs(miRNAs) play a crucial role in cell fate specification, including stem cell self-renewal, lineagespecific differentiation, and somatic cell reprogramming...Mounting evidence in stem cell biology has shown that microRNAs(miRNAs) play a crucial role in cell fate specification, including stem cell self-renewal, lineagespecific differentiation, and somatic cell reprogramming.These functions are tightly regulated by specific gene expression patterns that involve miRNAs and transcription factors. To maintain stem cell pluripotency, specific miRNAs suppress transcription factors that promote differentiation, whereas to initiate differentiation, lineagespecific miRNAs are upregulated via the inhibition of transcription factors that promote self-renewal. Small molecules can be used in a similar manner as natural miRNAs, and a number of natural and synthetic small molecules have been isolated and developed to regulate stem cell fate. Using miRNAs as novel regulators of stem cell fate will provide insight into stem cell biology and aid in understanding the molecular mechanisms and crosstalk between miRNAs and stem cells.Ultimately, advances in the regulation of stem cell fate will contribute to the development of effective medical therapies for tissue repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the current insights into stem cell fate determination by miRNAs with a focus on stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming. Small molecules that control stem cell fate are also highlighted.展开更多
Mesenchymal stem cells are undifferentiated cells able to acquire different phenotypes under specific stimuli. In vitro manipulation of these cells is focused on understanding stem cell behavior, proliferation and plu...Mesenchymal stem cells are undifferentiated cells able to acquire different phenotypes under specific stimuli. In vitro manipulation of these cells is focused on understanding stem cell behavior, proliferation and pluripotency. Latest advances in the field of stem cells concern epigenetics and its role in maintaining self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. Chemical and physical stimuli can modulate cell commitment, acting on gene expression of Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog, the main stemness markers, and tissue-lineage specific genes. This activation or repression is related to the activity of chromatin-remodeling factors and epigenetic regulators, new targets of many cell therapies. The aim of this review is to afford a view of the current state of in vitro and in vivo stem cell applications, highlighting the strategies used to influence stem cell commitment for current and future cell therapies. Identifying the molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell fate could open up novel strategies for tissue repairing processes and other clinical applications.展开更多
Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are adult stem cells harboring self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential that are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts,adipocytes,or chondrocytes in vitro,and regulatin...Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are adult stem cells harboring self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential that are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts,adipocytes,or chondrocytes in vitro,and regulating the bone marrow microenvironment and adipose tissue remodeling in vivo.The process of fate determination is initiated by signaling molecules that drive MSCs into a specific lineage.Impairment of MSC fate determination leads to different bone and adipose tissue-related diseases,including aging,osteoporosis,and insulin resistance.Much progress has been made in recent years in discovering small molecules and their underlying mechanisms control the cell fate of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo.In this review,we summarize recent findings in applying small molecules to the trilineage commitment of MSCs,for instance,genistein,medicarpin,and icariin for the osteogenic cell fate commitment;isorhamnetin,risedronate,and arctigenin for pro-adipogenesis;and atractylenolides and dihydroartemisinin for chondrogenic fate determination.We highlight the underlying mechanisms,including direct regulation,epigenetic modification,and post-translational modification of signaling molecules in the AMPK,MAPK,Notch,PI3K/AKT,Hedgehog signaling pathways etc.and discuss the small molecules that are currently being studied in clinical trials.The target-based manipulation of lineage-specific commitment by small molecules offers substantial insights into bone marrow microenvironment regulation,adipose tissue homeostasis,and therapeutic strategies for MSC-related diseases.展开更多
Extracellular matrix(ECM)undergoes dynamic inflation that dynamically changes ligand nanospacing but has not been explored.Here we utilize ECM-mimicking photocontrolled supramolecular ligand-tunable Azo^(+)self-assemb...Extracellular matrix(ECM)undergoes dynamic inflation that dynamically changes ligand nanospacing but has not been explored.Here we utilize ECM-mimicking photocontrolled supramolecular ligand-tunable Azo^(+)self-assembly composed of azobenzene derivatives(Azo^(+))stacked via cation-πinteractions and stabilized with RGD ligand-bearing poly(acrylic acid).Near-infrared-upconverted-ultraviolet light induces cis-Azo^(+)-mediated inflation that suppresses cation-πinteractions,thereby inflating liganded self-assembly.This inflation increases nanospacing of“closely nanospaced”ligands from 1.8 nm to 2.6 nm and the surface area of liganded selfassembly that facilitate stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo,including the release of loaded molecules by destabilizing water bridges and hydrogen bonds between the Azo^(+)molecules and loaded molecules.Conversely,visible light induces trans-Azo^(+)formation that facilitates cation-πinteractions,thereby deflating self-assembly with“closely nanospaced”ligands that inhibits stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation.In stark contrast,when ligand nanospacing increases from 8.7 nm to 12.2 nm via the inflation of self-assembly,the surface area of“distantly nanospaced”ligands increases,thereby suppressing stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation.Long-term in vivo stability of self-assembly via real-time tracking and upconversion are verified.This tuning of ligand nanospacing can unravel dynamic ligand-cell interactions for stem cell-regulated tissue regeneration.展开更多
Myocardial infarction(MI)affects more than 8 million people in the United States alone.Due to the insufficient regeneration capacity of the native myocardium,one widely studied approach is cardiac tissue engineering,i...Myocardial infarction(MI)affects more than 8 million people in the United States alone.Due to the insufficient regeneration capacity of the native myocardium,one widely studied approach is cardiac tissue engineering,in which cells are delivered with or without biomaterials and/or regulatory factors to fully regenerate the cardiac functions.Specifically,in vitro cardiac tissue engineering focuses on using biomaterials as a reservoir for cells to attach,as well as a carrier of various regulatory factors such as growth factors and peptides,providing high cell retention and a proper microenvironment for cells to migrate,grow and differentiate within the scaffolds before implantation.Many studies have shown that the full establishment of a functional cardiac tissue in vitro requires synergistic actions between the seeded cells,the tissue culture condition,and the biochemical and biophysical environment provided by the biomaterials-based scaffolds.Proper electrical stimulation and mechanical stretch during the in vitro culture can induce the ordered orientation and differentiation of the seeded cells.On the other hand,the various scaffolds biochemical and biophysical properties such as polymer composition,ligand concentration,biodegradability,scaffold topography and mechanical properties can also have a significant effect on the cellular processes.展开更多
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are under precise control of both intrinsic self-renewal gene regulatory network and extrinsic growth factor-triggered signaling cascades.
In the landscape of desirable stem-cell-based regeneration,the fate of cell is directed by orchestrated dialog between nanoscale subcellular receptors and biointerfacial niches^([1]).This bottom-up development manner ...In the landscape of desirable stem-cell-based regeneration,the fate of cell is directed by orchestrated dialog between nanoscale subcellular receptors and biointerfacial niches^([1]).This bottom-up development manner has inspired a great many nanogeometric^([2])and nanotopographic^([3])material-based biointerfaces promising for regenerative medicine.These previous studies shed展开更多
Neural stem cells(NSCs) and imprinted genes play an important role in brain development. On historical grounds, these two determinants have been largely studied independently of each other. Recent evidence suggests, h...Neural stem cells(NSCs) and imprinted genes play an important role in brain development. On historical grounds, these two determinants have been largely studied independently of each other. Recent evidence suggests, however, that NSCs can reset select genomic imprints to prevent precocious depletion of the stem cell reservoir. Moreover, imprinted genes like the transcriptional regulator Zac1 can fine tune neuronal vs astroglial differentiation of NSCs. Zac1 binds in a sequence-specific manner to pro-neuronal and imprinted genes to confer transcriptional regulation and furthermore coregulates members of the p53-family in NSCs. At the genome scale, Zac1 is a central hub of an imprinted gene network comprising genes with animportant role for NSC quiescence, proliferation and differentiation. Overall, transcriptional, epigenomic, and genomic mechanisms seem to coordinate the functional relationships of NSCs and imprinted genes from development to maturation, and possibly aging.展开更多
The biophysical factors of biomaterials such as their stiffness regulate stem cell differentiation.Energy metabolism has been revealed an essential role in stem cell lineage commitment.However,whether and how extracel...The biophysical factors of biomaterials such as their stiffness regulate stem cell differentiation.Energy metabolism has been revealed an essential role in stem cell lineage commitment.However,whether and how extracellular matrix(ECM)stiffness regulates energy metabolism to determine stem cell differentiation is less known.Here,the study reveals that stiff ECM promotes glycolysis,oxidative phosphorylation,and enhances antioxidant defense system during osteogenic differentiation in MSCs.Stiff ECM increases mitochondrial fusion by enhancing mitofusin 1 and 2 expression and inhibiting the dynamin-related protein 1 activity,which contributes to osteogenesis.Yes-associated protein(YAP)impacts glycolysis,glutamine metabolism,mitochondrial dynamics,and mitochondrial biosynthesis to regulate stiffness-mediated osteogenic differentiation.Furthermore,glycolysis in turn regulates YAP activity through the cytoskeletal tension-mediated deformation of nuclei.Overall,our findings suggest that YAP is an important mechanotransducer to integrate ECM mechanical cues and energy metabolic signaling to affect the fate of MSCs.This offers valuable guidance to improve the scaffold design for bone tissue engineering constructs.展开更多
In adult tissues,stem cells are defined by their unique capacity to self-renew and produce differentiated cells to maintain tissue homeostasis.Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells（GSCs）provide a powerful model for...In adult tissues,stem cells are defined by their unique capacity to self-renew and produce differentiated cells to maintain tissue homeostasis.Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells（GSCs）provide a powerful model for investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying stem cell fate determination in vivo（Chen and Mckearin.展开更多
文摘In multicellular organisms, biological activities are regulated by cell signaling. The various signal transduction path- ways regulate cell fate, proliferation, migration, and polarity. Miscoordination of the communicative signals will lead to disasters like cancer and other fatal diseases. The JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway is one of the pathways, which was first identified in vertebrates and is highly conserved throughout evolution. Studying the JAK/STAT signal transduc- tion pathway in Drosophila provides an excellent opportunity to understand the molecular mechanism of the cell regu- lation during development and tumor formation. In this review, we discuss the general overview of JAK/STAT signaling in Drosophila with respect to its functions in the eye development and stem cell fate determination.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program),No. 82170921the Sichuan Science and Technology Program,No. 2022YFS0284the Research and Develop Program,West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University,No. LCYJ2019-24
文摘Stem cell fate determination is one of the central questions in stem cell biology,and although its regulation has been studied at genomic and proteomic levels,a variety of biological activities in cells occur at the metabolic level.Metabolomics studies have established the metabolome during stem cell differentiation and have revealed the role of metabolites in stem cell fate determination.While metabolism is considered to play a biological regulatory role as an energy source,recent studies have suggested the nexus between metabolism and epigenetics because several metabolites function as cofactors and substrates in epigenetic mechanisms,including histone modification,DNA methylation,and microRNAs.Additionally,the epigenetic modification is sensitive to the dynamic metabolites and consequently leads to changes in transcription.The nexus between metabolism and epigenetics proposes a novel stem cell-based therapeutic strategy through manipulating metabolites.In the present review,we summarize the possible nexus between metabolic and epigenetic regulation in stem cell fate determination,and discuss the potential preventive and therapeutic strategies via targeting metabolites.
基金AJ-A is a Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé(FRQS)scholarsupported by a grant from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC RGPIN-2016-06605)
文摘Stem cells possess the ability to divide symmetrically or asymmet- rically to allow for maintenance of the stem cell pool or become committed progenitors and differentiate into various cell lineages. The unique self-renewal capabilities and pluripotency of stem cells are integral to tissue regeneration and repair （Oh et al., 2014）. Mul- tiple mechanisms including intracellular programs and extrinsic cues are reported to regulate neural stem cell （NSC） fate （Bond et al., 2015）. A recent study, published in Cell Stern Cell, identified a novel mechanism whereby mitochondrial dynamics drive NSC fate （Khacho et al., 2016）.
基金supported by a South Korea Science and Engineering Foundation grant funded by the South Korea government(MEST)(2011-0019243,2011-0019254)a grant from the South Korea Health 21 R and D Project,Ministry of Health and Welfare,South Korea(A120478)a grant from the Korea Health 21 R and D Project,Ministry of Health and Welfare,South Korea(A085136)
文摘Mounting evidence in stem cell biology has shown that microRNAs(miRNAs) play a crucial role in cell fate specification, including stem cell self-renewal, lineagespecific differentiation, and somatic cell reprogramming.These functions are tightly regulated by specific gene expression patterns that involve miRNAs and transcription factors. To maintain stem cell pluripotency, specific miRNAs suppress transcription factors that promote differentiation, whereas to initiate differentiation, lineagespecific miRNAs are upregulated via the inhibition of transcription factors that promote self-renewal. Small molecules can be used in a similar manner as natural miRNAs, and a number of natural and synthetic small molecules have been isolated and developed to regulate stem cell fate. Using miRNAs as novel regulators of stem cell fate will provide insight into stem cell biology and aid in understanding the molecular mechanisms and crosstalk between miRNAs and stem cells.Ultimately, advances in the regulation of stem cell fate will contribute to the development of effective medical therapies for tissue repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the current insights into stem cell fate determination by miRNAs with a focus on stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming. Small molecules that control stem cell fate are also highlighted.
文摘Mesenchymal stem cells are undifferentiated cells able to acquire different phenotypes under specific stimuli. In vitro manipulation of these cells is focused on understanding stem cell behavior, proliferation and pluripotency. Latest advances in the field of stem cells concern epigenetics and its role in maintaining self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. Chemical and physical stimuli can modulate cell commitment, acting on gene expression of Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog, the main stemness markers, and tissue-lineage specific genes. This activation or repression is related to the activity of chromatin-remodeling factors and epigenetic regulators, new targets of many cell therapies. The aim of this review is to afford a view of the current state of in vitro and in vivo stem cell applications, highlighting the strategies used to influence stem cell commitment for current and future cell therapies. Identifying the molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell fate could open up novel strategies for tissue repairing processes and other clinical applications.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81573992
文摘Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are adult stem cells harboring self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential that are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts,adipocytes,or chondrocytes in vitro,and regulating the bone marrow microenvironment and adipose tissue remodeling in vivo.The process of fate determination is initiated by signaling molecules that drive MSCs into a specific lineage.Impairment of MSC fate determination leads to different bone and adipose tissue-related diseases,including aging,osteoporosis,and insulin resistance.Much progress has been made in recent years in discovering small molecules and their underlying mechanisms control the cell fate of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo.In this review,we summarize recent findings in applying small molecules to the trilineage commitment of MSCs,for instance,genistein,medicarpin,and icariin for the osteogenic cell fate commitment;isorhamnetin,risedronate,and arctigenin for pro-adipogenesis;and atractylenolides and dihydroartemisinin for chondrogenic fate determination.We highlight the underlying mechanisms,including direct regulation,epigenetic modification,and post-translational modification of signaling molecules in the AMPK,MAPK,Notch,PI3K/AKT,Hedgehog signaling pathways etc.and discuss the small molecules that are currently being studied in clinical trials.The target-based manipulation of lineage-specific commitment by small molecules offers substantial insights into bone marrow microenvironment regulation,adipose tissue homeostasis,and therapeutic strategies for MSC-related diseases.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2023-00208427,2021R1I1A1A01046207,2021R1A2C2005418,2022R1A2C2005943,and 2022M3H4A1A03076638)supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(No.RS-2023-00271399 and RS-2023-00275654)+1 种基金supported by a Korea University Grant and KIST intramural programHAADF-STEM was conducted with the support of the Seoul center in Korea Basic Science Institute(KBSI).
文摘Extracellular matrix(ECM)undergoes dynamic inflation that dynamically changes ligand nanospacing but has not been explored.Here we utilize ECM-mimicking photocontrolled supramolecular ligand-tunable Azo^(+)self-assembly composed of azobenzene derivatives(Azo^(+))stacked via cation-πinteractions and stabilized with RGD ligand-bearing poly(acrylic acid).Near-infrared-upconverted-ultraviolet light induces cis-Azo^(+)-mediated inflation that suppresses cation-πinteractions,thereby inflating liganded self-assembly.This inflation increases nanospacing of“closely nanospaced”ligands from 1.8 nm to 2.6 nm and the surface area of liganded selfassembly that facilitate stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo,including the release of loaded molecules by destabilizing water bridges and hydrogen bonds between the Azo^(+)molecules and loaded molecules.Conversely,visible light induces trans-Azo^(+)formation that facilitates cation-πinteractions,thereby deflating self-assembly with“closely nanospaced”ligands that inhibits stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation.In stark contrast,when ligand nanospacing increases from 8.7 nm to 12.2 nm via the inflation of self-assembly,the surface area of“distantly nanospaced”ligands increases,thereby suppressing stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation.Long-term in vivo stability of self-assembly via real-time tracking and upconversion are verified.This tuning of ligand nanospacing can unravel dynamic ligand-cell interactions for stem cell-regulated tissue regeneration.
基金This work was supported by National Science Foundation(1006734 and 1160122)National Institutes for Health(R01HL124122)+2 种基金American Heart Association(15GRNT25830058 and 13GRNT17150041)National Science Foundation of China(81471788)Institute for Materials Research seed grant at The Ohio State University.
文摘Myocardial infarction(MI)affects more than 8 million people in the United States alone.Due to the insufficient regeneration capacity of the native myocardium,one widely studied approach is cardiac tissue engineering,in which cells are delivered with or without biomaterials and/or regulatory factors to fully regenerate the cardiac functions.Specifically,in vitro cardiac tissue engineering focuses on using biomaterials as a reservoir for cells to attach,as well as a carrier of various regulatory factors such as growth factors and peptides,providing high cell retention and a proper microenvironment for cells to migrate,grow and differentiate within the scaffolds before implantation.Many studies have shown that the full establishment of a functional cardiac tissue in vitro requires synergistic actions between the seeded cells,the tissue culture condition,and the biochemical and biophysical environment provided by the biomaterials-based scaffolds.Proper electrical stimulation and mechanical stretch during the in vitro culture can induce the ordered orientation and differentiation of the seeded cells.On the other hand,the various scaffolds biochemical and biophysical properties such as polymer composition,ligand concentration,biodegradability,scaffold topography and mechanical properties can also have a significant effect on the cellular processes.
文摘Embryonic stem (ES) cells are under precise control of both intrinsic self-renewal gene regulatory network and extrinsic growth factor-triggered signaling cascades.
文摘In the landscape of desirable stem-cell-based regeneration,the fate of cell is directed by orchestrated dialog between nanoscale subcellular receptors and biointerfacial niches^([1]).This bottom-up development manner has inspired a great many nanogeometric^([2])and nanotopographic^([3])material-based biointerfaces promising for regenerative medicine.These previous studies shed
文摘Neural stem cells(NSCs) and imprinted genes play an important role in brain development. On historical grounds, these two determinants have been largely studied independently of each other. Recent evidence suggests, however, that NSCs can reset select genomic imprints to prevent precocious depletion of the stem cell reservoir. Moreover, imprinted genes like the transcriptional regulator Zac1 can fine tune neuronal vs astroglial differentiation of NSCs. Zac1 binds in a sequence-specific manner to pro-neuronal and imprinted genes to confer transcriptional regulation and furthermore coregulates members of the p53-family in NSCs. At the genome scale, Zac1 is a central hub of an imprinted gene network comprising genes with animportant role for NSC quiescence, proliferation and differentiation. Overall, transcriptional, epigenomic, and genomic mechanisms seem to coordinate the functional relationships of NSCs and imprinted genes from development to maturation, and possibly aging.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 32171310,11972067,U20A20390,11827803,12332019].
文摘The biophysical factors of biomaterials such as their stiffness regulate stem cell differentiation.Energy metabolism has been revealed an essential role in stem cell lineage commitment.However,whether and how extracellular matrix(ECM)stiffness regulates energy metabolism to determine stem cell differentiation is less known.Here,the study reveals that stiff ECM promotes glycolysis,oxidative phosphorylation,and enhances antioxidant defense system during osteogenic differentiation in MSCs.Stiff ECM increases mitochondrial fusion by enhancing mitofusin 1 and 2 expression and inhibiting the dynamin-related protein 1 activity,which contributes to osteogenesis.Yes-associated protein(YAP)impacts glycolysis,glutamine metabolism,mitochondrial dynamics,and mitochondrial biosynthesis to regulate stiffness-mediated osteogenic differentiation.Furthermore,glycolysis in turn regulates YAP activity through the cytoskeletal tension-mediated deformation of nuclei.Overall,our findings suggest that YAP is an important mechanotransducer to integrate ECM mechanical cues and energy metabolic signaling to affect the fate of MSCs.This offers valuable guidance to improve the scaffold design for bone tissue engineering constructs.
基金supported by the Innovation Team Program of Scientific Research Platform in Anhui Universities(No. 20151105)the National Science Foundation of China(Nos. 31071266 and 30871441)the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation in Anhui Universities (KJ2015A082)
文摘In adult tissues,stem cells are defined by their unique capacity to self-renew and produce differentiated cells to maintain tissue homeostasis.Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells（GSCs）provide a powerful model for investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying stem cell fate determination in vivo（Chen and Mckearin.
