In nature,many living organisms exhibiting unique structural coloration and soft-bodied actuation have inspired scientists to develop advanced structural colored soft actuators toward biomimetic soft robots.However,it...In nature,many living organisms exhibiting unique structural coloration and soft-bodied actuation have inspired scientists to develop advanced structural colored soft actuators toward biomimetic soft robots.However,it is challenging to simultaneously biomimic the angle-independent structural color and shape-morphing capabilities found in the plum-throated cotinga flying bird.Herein,we report biomimetic MXene-based soft actuators with angle-independent structural color that are fabricated through controlled self-assembly of colloidal SiO_(2) nanoparticles onto highly aligned MXene films followed by vacuum-assisted infiltration of polyvinylidene fluoride into the interstices.The resulting soft actuators are found to exhibit brilliant,angle-independent structural color,as well as ultrafast actuation and recovery speeds(a maximum curvature of 0.52 mm−1 can be achieved within 1.16 s,and a recovery time of~0.24 s)in response to acetone vapor.As proof-of-concept illustrations,structural colored soft actuators are applied to demonstrate a blue gripper-like bird’s claw that can capture the target,artificial green tendrils that can twine around tree branches,and an artificial multicolored butterfly that can flutter its wings upon cyclic exposure to acetone vapor.The strategy is expected to offer new insights into the development of biomimetic multifunctional soft actuators for somatosensory soft robotics and next-generation intelligent machines.展开更多
In this paper,molecular dynamics simulation was applied to synthesize a layered structural color from Konjac glucomannan(KGM) and the effect of particle diameter and temperature were investigated. A series of methods ...In this paper,molecular dynamics simulation was applied to synthesize a layered structural color from Konjac glucomannan(KGM) and the effect of particle diameter and temperature were investigated. A series of methods such as high voltage electric field treatment,the transfer matrix method and the CIE standard colorimetric system were simulated to obtain the chromaticity coordinates and to analyze the color changes of KGM particles. The results revealed that as the particle diameter increases,the structural color of KGM particles deflects towards the yellow wavelength within the visible spectrum; and as the reaction temperature rises,the structural color deflects towards the blue and violet wavelengths within the visible spectrum.展开更多
With the improvement of living standards, people are paying more and more attention to health problems. The antibacterial function of fabrics is therefore of great importance. The structural color(photonic crystal), w...With the improvement of living standards, people are paying more and more attention to health problems. The antibacterial function of fabrics is therefore of great importance. The structural color(photonic crystal), which has been widely investigated and applied on fabric dyeing, contains a large number of hollow microstructure and functional groups, and is easy to be modified and functionalized. Therefore, an innovative way of endowing structural color dye on fabrics with antibacterial property was presented in this paper. The latex spheres and zinc pyrrolidone were co-assembled on polydopamine modified fabrics, antibacterial ion zinc pyrrolidone was therefore loaded into the pores of structural color dye, and brilliant antibacterial fabrics were successfully achieved. The existence of zinc pyrrolidone had little influence on the color saturation of brilliant structural color and meanwhile ensured the structural color dye excellent antibacterial effect. The antibacterial reduction rate of the antibacterial fabric reached 99.99%. Owing to the addition of polyurethane(PUA) coating on the surface of structural color, the fabric modified by the antibacterial structural color dye also presented good washing resistance, which showed great application possibility in functional textile and antibacterial fields.展开更多
The booming development of wearable devices has aroused increasing interests in flexible and stretchable devices.With mechanosensory functionality,these devices are highly desirable on account of their wide range of a...The booming development of wearable devices has aroused increasing interests in flexible and stretchable devices.With mechanosensory functionality,these devices are highly desirable on account of their wide range of applications in electronic skin,personal healthcare,human–machine interfaces and beyond.However,they are mostly limited by single electrical signal feedback,restricting their diverse applications in visualized mechanical sensing.Inspired by the mechanochromism of structural color materials,interactively stretchable electronics with optical and electrical dual-signal feedbacks are recently emerged as novel sensory platforms,by combining both of their sensing mechanisms and characteristics.Herein,recent studies on interactively stretchable electronics based on structural color materials are reviewed.Following a brief introduction of their basic components(i.e.,stretchable electronics and mechanochromic structural color materials),two types of interactively stretchable electronics with respect to the nanostructures of mechanochromic materials are outlined,focusing primarily on their design considerations and fabrication strategies.Finally,the main challenges and future perspectives of these emerging devices are discussed.展开更多
Inspired by special color-forming organisms in nature,photonic crystal materials with structural color function have been developed significantly with great potential applications for displays,sensors,anti-counterfeit...Inspired by special color-forming organisms in nature,photonic crystal materials with structural color function have been developed significantly with great potential applications for displays,sensors,anti-counterfeiting inks,etc.This review aims to summarize the functions,self-assembly modes,and ap-plications of different kinds of photonic crystal materials.The preparation methods and characteristics of monodisperse inorganic nanoparticles,polymer nanoparticles,inorganic/organic core-shell nanoparti-cles,and MOFs are discussed.Subsequently,we summarize the method of assembling colloidal parti-cles into photonic crystals,which is a template induction method,inkjet printing method,drop coating method,etc.Moreover,the potential application of structural color is presented including humidity re-sponse and magnetic field response in sensors fields,as well as the advantages and disadvantages of anti-counterfeiting,fabric coloring,displays,smart windows,and Biomedical Applications.Finally,we present the development prospects and key problems of photonic crystals.展开更多
Carbon nanotube fibers(CNTFs)are endowed with excellent mechanical,electrical,and thermal properties and are considered promising candidates in numerous cutting-edge fields.However,the inherent black color of CNTFs hi...Carbon nanotube fibers(CNTFs)are endowed with excellent mechanical,electrical,and thermal properties and are considered promising candidates in numerous cutting-edge fields.However,the inherent black color of CNTFs hinders their practical application in fields with high aesthetic requirements such as wearable devices and smart textiles.Due to the smooth surface and chemical inertness,CNTFs are hard to be dyed by conventional chemical dyes or colorful inks.Herein,we realize a structural coloration of CNTFs by coating them with two metal oxide layers via atomic layer deposition.The three elements of color,that is,hue,saturation,and brightness,can be controlled by adjusting the types and thickness of each oxide layer.Colorful CNTFs with wide color gamut and high saturation are achieved through different combinations.A film interference model is also established to reveal the mechanism of the structural coloration,which is a comprehensive result of thin-film interference and surface roughness briefly.The calculated reflectance well fits the measured results by introducing surface roughness parameters.Moreover,the colored CNTFs are not iridescent because of retinal signal delay,which will further expand their applications.展开更多
The angle dependence of photonic crystals(PCs)dramatically limits their practical applications in the colorimetrical sensing of humidity and volatile organic compound(VOC)vapors.In addition,it is challenging for inver...The angle dependence of photonic crystals(PCs)dramatically limits their practical applications in the colorimetrical sensing of humidity and volatile organic compound(VOC)vapors.In addition,it is challenging for inverse opal PCs to colorimetrically distinguish between vapors with similar refractive indices.Different from the mechanism of PC-based sensors,here,we report an angle-independent polyacrylamide(PAAm)organogel structural color film based on the mechanisms of retroreflection,total internal reflection(TIR)and interference with a shape similar to a single-sided“egg waffle”.During the process of responding to humidity and VOC vapors,the color of the film remains angle-independent in the normal angle range of 0°to 45°under coaxial illumination and observation conditions.At the same time,the film can colorimetrically distinguish between vapors with similar refractive indices,such as methanol and ethanol,which is mainly due to the differences in their polarity and solubility parameters.The film shows good stability,reversibility and selectivity when exposed to vapors.A colorimetric sensor with a new response mechanism is proposed and has the potential to effectively distinguish between vapors with similar refractive indices.Furthermore,this responsive retroreflective structural color film(RRSCF)provides a universal strategy to develop targeted angle-independent structural color sensors by selecting optimized materials.展开更多
Printing stable color with a lithography-free and environment-friendly technique is in high demand for applications.We report a facile strategy of ultrafast laser direct writing(ULDW)to produce large-scale embedded st...Printing stable color with a lithography-free and environment-friendly technique is in high demand for applications.We report a facile strategy of ultrafast laser direct writing(ULDW)to produce large-scale embedded structural colors inside transparent solids.The diffraction effect of gratings enables effective generation of structural colors across the entire visible spectrum.The structural colors inside the fused silica glass have been demonstrated to exhibit excellent thermal stability under high temperature up to 1200℃, which promises that the written information can be stable for long time even with unlimited lifetime at room temperature.The structural colors in the applications of coloring,anti-counterfeiting,and information storage are also demonstrated.Our studies indicate that the presented ULDW allows for fabricating large-scale and high thermal-stability structural colors with prospects of three-dimensional patterning,which will find various applications,especially under harsh conditions such as high temperature.展开更多
The treatment of diabetic wounds remains a great challenge for medical community.Here,we present a novel structural color supramolecular hydrogel patch for diabetic wound treatment.This hydrogel patch was created by u...The treatment of diabetic wounds remains a great challenge for medical community.Here,we present a novel structural color supramolecular hydrogel patch for diabetic wound treatment.This hydrogel patch was created by using N-acryloyl glycinamide(NAGA)and 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole(VTZ)mixed supramolecular hydrogel as the inverse opal scaffold,and temperature responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM)hydrogel loaded with vascular endothelial cell growth factor(VEGF)as a filler.Supramolecular hydrogel renders hydrogel patch with superior mechanical properties,in which NAGA and VTZ also provide self-healing and antibacterial properties,respectively.Besides,as the existence of PNIPAM,the hydrogel patch was endowed with thermal-responsiveness property,which could release actives in response to temperature stimulus.Given these excellent performances,we have demonstrated that the supramolecular hydrogel patch could significantly enhance the wound healing process in diabetes rats by downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors,promoting collagen deposition and angiogenesis.Attractively,due to responsive optical property of inverse opal scaffold,the hydrogel patch could display color-sensing behavior that was suitable for the wound monitoring and management as well as guidance of clinical treatment.These distinctive features indicate that the presented hydrogel patches have huge potential values in biomedical fields.展开更多
Because of the unique features of spherical symmetry,angle-independency,good monodispersity,controllable components and morphologies,structural color particles(SCPs)have found great significances in various fields suc...Because of the unique features of spherical symmetry,angle-independency,good monodispersity,controllable components and morphologies,structural color particles(SCPs)have found great significances in various fields such as sensing,monitoring,biological assays,etc.Here,inspired by the melanosome-derived bright structural colors and the self-adhesivity of mussels,we present a kind of bioinspired SCPs assembled from polydopamine(PDA)-adhered multi-layer graphene oxide(GO)encapsulated silica nanoparticles(SNs).It is demonstrated that compared with traditional SCPs,the designed particles possess brighter and more vibrant structural colors,and no complicated modification is required during the functionalization process due to the abundant inherent functional groups of GO.The resultant SCPs are verified to be capable for direct hybridization chain reaction and multiplexed nucleic acid assays.These properties indicate the promising prospects of our designed SCPs.展开更多
The use of submicron structures for structural coloration of surfaces has broad applications for color filters,projection displays,virtual reality,and anti-counterfeiting.Currently,structural color images lack high re...The use of submicron structures for structural coloration of surfaces has broad applications for color filters,projection displays,virtual reality,and anti-counterfeiting.Currently,structural color images lack high resolution due to low manufacturing accuracy.In this study,the axial-feed fly cutting(AFC)method is proposed to fabricate submicron grooves for the diffraction of visible light to create structural color images.We establish the relationship between the color information in the pixels of the original image and the parameters of the array units corresponding to the pixels.An algorithm to determine groove spacing and the tool path is established,and array units with the desired groove spacing are machined to reproduce the structural color images.The submicron grooves fabricated by AFC have high quality and good consistency.Due to the excellent diffraction performance of the machined grooves,images with high saturation and resolution can be reproduced.It is verified that images with various colors can be efficiently fabricated using the proposed method and algorithm.展开更多
We propose a simple five-layer structure for creating red structural color, which has high color purity and high brightness.The design is based on the superposition of a silver substrate and multilayer silicon materia...We propose a simple five-layer structure for creating red structural color, which has high color purity and high brightness.The design is based on the superposition of a silver substrate and multilayer silicon material. Absorption at the shorter wavelengths of the structure is effectively guaranteed, and reflection at the longer wavelengths is well enhanced. The red structural color has a peak reflectivity of 91% and a colorimetric purity of 0.9. Moreover, the designed structure displays angle-invariant performance up to 60°. This kind of structure scheme is environmentally friendly with low fabrication cost,and it can play an important role in a variety of fields, such as color displays and image sensors.展开更多
Structural colors have drawn wide attention for their potential as a future printing technology for various applications,ranging from biomimetic tissues to adaptive camouflage materials.However,an efficient approach t...Structural colors have drawn wide attention for their potential as a future printing technology for various applications,ranging from biomimetic tissues to adaptive camouflage materials.However,an efficient approach to realize robust colors with a scalable fabrication technique is still lacking,hampering the realization of practical applications with this platform.Here,we develop a new approach based on large-scale network metamaterials that combine dealloyed subwavelength structures at the nanoscale with lossless,ultra-thin dielectric coatings.By using theory and experiments,we show how subwavelength dielectric coatings control a mechanism of resonant light coupling with epsilon-near-zero regions generated in the metallic network,generating the formation of saturated structural colors that cover a wide portion of the spectrum.Ellipsometry measurements support the efficient observation of these colors,even at angles of 70°.The network-like architecture of these nanomaterials allows for high mechanical resistance,which is quantified in a series of nano-scratch tests.With such remarkable properties,these metastructures represent a robust design technology for real-world,large-scale commercial applications.展开更多
The lightness and high strength-to-weight ratio of the magnesium alloy have attracted more interest in various applications.However,micro/nanostructure generation on their surfaces remains a challenge due to the flamm...The lightness and high strength-to-weight ratio of the magnesium alloy have attracted more interest in various applications.However,micro/nanostructure generation on their surfaces remains a challenge due to the flammability and ignition.Motivated by this,this study proposed a machining process,named the ultraprecision diamond surface texturing process,to machine the micro/nanostructures on magnesium alloy surfaces.Experimental results showed the various microstructures and sawtooth-shaped nanostructures were successfully generated on the AZ31B magnesium alloy surfaces,demonstrating the effectiveness of this proposed machining process.Furthermore,sawtooth-shaped nanostructures had the function of inducing the optical effect and generating different colors on workpiece surfaces.The colorful letter and colorful flower image were clearly viewed on magnesium alloy surfaces.The corresponding cutting force,chip morphology,and tool wear were systematically investigated to understand the machining mechanism of micro/nanostructures on magnesium alloy surfaces.The proposed machining process can further improve the performances of the magnesium alloy and extend its functions to other fields,such as optics.展开更多
Inhomogeneity and low efficiency are two important factors that limit the application of laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSSs),especially on glass surfaces.In this study,two-beam interference(TBI)of femtos...Inhomogeneity and low efficiency are two important factors that limit the application of laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSSs),especially on glass surfaces.In this study,two-beam interference(TBI)of femtosecond lasers was used to produce large-area straight LIPSSs on fused silica using cylindrical lenses.Compared with those produced us-ing a single circular or cylindrical lens,the LIPSSs produced by TBI are much straighter and more regular.Depending on the laser fluence and scanning velocity,LIPSSs with grating-like or spaced LIPSSs are produced on the fused silica sur-face.Their structural colors are blue,green,and red,and only green and red,respectively.Grating-like LIPSS patterns oriented in different directions are obtained and exhibit bright and vivid colors,indicating potential applications in surface coloring and anti-counterfeiting logos.展开更多
We report the femtosecond(fs)laser fabrication of biomimetic omnidirectional iridescent metallic surfaces exhibiting efficient diffraction for practically any angle of light incidence.Such diffractive behavior is real...We report the femtosecond(fs)laser fabrication of biomimetic omnidirectional iridescent metallic surfaces exhibiting efficient diffraction for practically any angle of light incidence.Such diffractive behavior is realized by means of multi-directional low-spatial-frequency,laser-induced periodic surface structures(LSFL)formed upon exploiting the cylindrical symmetry of a cylindrical vector(CV)fs field.We particularly demonstrate that the multi-directional gratings formed on stainless steel surface by a radially polarized fs beam,could mimic the omnidirectional structural coloration properties found in some natural species.Accordingly,the fabricated grating structures can spatially disperse the incident light into individual wavelength with high efficiency,exhibiting structural iridescence at all viewing angles.Analytical calculations using the grating equation reproduced the characteristic variation of the vivid colors observed as a function of incident angle.We envisage that our results will significantly contribute to the development of new photonic and light sensing devices.展开更多
Over the past two decades,femtosecond laser-induced periodic structures(femtosecond-LIPSs)have become ubiquitous in a variety of materials,including metals,semiconductors,dielectrics,and polymers.Femtosecond-LIPSs hav...Over the past two decades,femtosecond laser-induced periodic structures(femtosecond-LIPSs)have become ubiquitous in a variety of materials,including metals,semiconductors,dielectrics,and polymers.Femtosecond-LIPSs have become a useful laser processing method,with broad prospects in adjusting material properties such as structural color,data storage,light absorption,and luminescence.This review discusses the formation mechanism of LIPSs,specifically the LIPS formation processes based on the pump-probe imaging method.The pulse shaping of a femtosecond laser in terms of the time/frequency,polarization,and spatial distribution is an efficient method for fabricating high-quality LIPSs.Various LIPS applications are also briefly introduced.The last part of this paper discusses the LIPS formation mechanism,as well as the high-efficiency and high-quality processing of LIPSs using shaped ultrafast lasers and their applications.展开更多
Optical encryption,exploiting degrees of freedom of light as parameters to encode and decode information,plays an indispensable role in our daily life.Responsive structural color materials can give real-time visible f...Optical encryption,exploiting degrees of freedom of light as parameters to encode and decode information,plays an indispensable role in our daily life.Responsive structural color materials can give real-time visible feedback to external stimuli and provide ideal candidates for optical encryption.However,the development of existing responsive structural color materials is hindered by poor repeatability and long feedback time.Meanwhile,there are only few strategies to exploit structural colors in multichannel information encryption.Herein,bioinspired by the structural color variation due to a change in angle arising from the movement of animal’s scales or feathers,we developed a general multichannel information encryption strategy using a two-dimensional deformable kirigami arranging orientations of the grating arrays by design.The kirigami grating sheet shows rapid,repeatable,and programmable color change.This strategy utilizes the topological space deformation to guide the change of optical property,which suggests new possibilities for spatial and spectral encryption as well as mechano-sensing and camouflage.展开更多
In this Letter,Ti–Si bilayer was deposited on white silk to achieve coloration of the silk.By controlling the thickness of the Ti layer and Si layer,the saturation and the hue of the color on the silk could be precio...In this Letter,Ti–Si bilayer was deposited on white silk to achieve coloration of the silk.By controlling the thickness of the Ti layer and Si layer,the saturation and the hue of the color on the silk could be preciously modulated,respectively.The structural colors on the silk could cover the major colors in the International Commission on Illumination 1931 chromaticity diagram,and it exhibits good durability,which is demonstrated by rubbing and stretching treatments.The developed textile coloration method may provide an eco-friendly technology in the silk dyeing industry.展开更多
Cuticles of some Chrysina scarabs are characterized by flat, graded, and twisted structures of nanosized chitin fibrils. As inferred from SEM images, each species has its own spatial period or pitch P which is depende...Cuticles of some Chrysina scarabs are characterized by flat, graded, and twisted structures of nanosized chitin fibrils. As inferred from SEM images, each species has its own spatial period or pitch P which is dependent on the depth z through the cuticle. From Berreman’s formalism, taking into account the corresponding P(z) dependence, we evaluate reflection spectra of C. aurigans and C. chrysargyrea scarabs. The spectra display the main spectral features observed in the measured ones when small sections of the cuticles are illuminated with non-polarized light, for wavelengths between 300 and 1100 nm. By considering these twisted structures as 1D photonic crystals, an approach is developed to show how the broad band characterizing the reflection spectra arises from a narrow intrinsic photonic band width, whose spectral position moves through visible and near infrared wavelengths. The role of the epicuticle that covers the twisted structures is analyzed in terms of a waxy layer acting as an anti-reflecting coating that also shows low levels of light scattering.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51973155,52173181,and 52173262)Jiangsu Innovation Team Program,Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(20JCYBJC00810).
文摘In nature,many living organisms exhibiting unique structural coloration and soft-bodied actuation have inspired scientists to develop advanced structural colored soft actuators toward biomimetic soft robots.However,it is challenging to simultaneously biomimic the angle-independent structural color and shape-morphing capabilities found in the plum-throated cotinga flying bird.Herein,we report biomimetic MXene-based soft actuators with angle-independent structural color that are fabricated through controlled self-assembly of colloidal SiO_(2) nanoparticles onto highly aligned MXene films followed by vacuum-assisted infiltration of polyvinylidene fluoride into the interstices.The resulting soft actuators are found to exhibit brilliant,angle-independent structural color,as well as ultrafast actuation and recovery speeds(a maximum curvature of 0.52 mm−1 can be achieved within 1.16 s,and a recovery time of~0.24 s)in response to acetone vapor.As proof-of-concept illustrations,structural colored soft actuators are applied to demonstrate a blue gripper-like bird’s claw that can capture the target,artificial green tendrils that can twine around tree branches,and an artificial multicolored butterfly that can flutter its wings upon cyclic exposure to acetone vapor.The strategy is expected to offer new insights into the development of biomimetic multifunctional soft actuators for somatosensory soft robotics and next-generation intelligent machines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271837 and 31471704)the major project of Fujian Industry-Academy-Research Cooperation(2013N5003)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation(2011J0101)of Fujian Province,the Science and Technology Program under Fujian Provincial Department of Education(JA13439 and JA13440)the Science and Technology Program under Fujian Provincial Department of Forestry(20135)
文摘In this paper,molecular dynamics simulation was applied to synthesize a layered structural color from Konjac glucomannan(KGM) and the effect of particle diameter and temperature were investigated. A series of methods such as high voltage electric field treatment,the transfer matrix method and the CIE standard colorimetric system were simulated to obtain the chromaticity coordinates and to analyze the color changes of KGM particles. The results revealed that as the particle diameter increases,the structural color of KGM particles deflects towards the yellow wavelength within the visible spectrum; and as the reaction temperature rises,the structural color deflects towards the blue and violet wavelengths within the visible spectrum.
基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.51503034)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality for Yangfan Program,China(No.15YF1400700)。
文摘With the improvement of living standards, people are paying more and more attention to health problems. The antibacterial function of fabrics is therefore of great importance. The structural color(photonic crystal), which has been widely investigated and applied on fabric dyeing, contains a large number of hollow microstructure and functional groups, and is easy to be modified and functionalized. Therefore, an innovative way of endowing structural color dye on fabrics with antibacterial property was presented in this paper. The latex spheres and zinc pyrrolidone were co-assembled on polydopamine modified fabrics, antibacterial ion zinc pyrrolidone was therefore loaded into the pores of structural color dye, and brilliant antibacterial fabrics were successfully achieved. The existence of zinc pyrrolidone had little influence on the color saturation of brilliant structural color and meanwhile ensured the structural color dye excellent antibacterial effect. The antibacterial reduction rate of the antibacterial fabric reached 99.99%. Owing to the addition of polyurethane(PUA) coating on the surface of structural color, the fabric modified by the antibacterial structural color dye also presented good washing resistance, which showed great application possibility in functional textile and antibacterial fields.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51873145)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Scientific Committee(No.BK20170065)+1 种基金the Qing Lan Project,the 5th 333 High-level Talents Training Project of Jiangsu Province(No.BRA2018340)the Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province(No.XCL-79).
文摘The booming development of wearable devices has aroused increasing interests in flexible and stretchable devices.With mechanosensory functionality,these devices are highly desirable on account of their wide range of applications in electronic skin,personal healthcare,human–machine interfaces and beyond.However,they are mostly limited by single electrical signal feedback,restricting their diverse applications in visualized mechanical sensing.Inspired by the mechanochromism of structural color materials,interactively stretchable electronics with optical and electrical dual-signal feedbacks are recently emerged as novel sensory platforms,by combining both of their sensing mechanisms and characteristics.Herein,recent studies on interactively stretchable electronics based on structural color materials are reviewed.Following a brief introduction of their basic components(i.e.,stretchable electronics and mechanochromic structural color materials),two types of interactively stretchable electronics with respect to the nanostructures of mechanochromic materials are outlined,focusing primarily on their design considerations and fabrication strategies.Finally,the main challenges and future perspectives of these emerging devices are discussed.
基金supported by The National Key Re-search and Development Program of China(No.2021YFD1600402)the Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Devel-opment Fund of Shaanxi Province(No.2020-ZYYD-NCC-9)+8 种基金the Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Collaborative In-novation Center Project(No.20JY052)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51802259 and 51372200)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(No.2019M663785)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi(No.2019JQ-510)the Opening Project of Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ad-vanced Manufacturing Technology(No.XJZZ202001)the Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Education Department(No.20JS108)the Promotion Program for Youth of Shaanxi University science and technology association(No.20190415)the Fund of Key laboratory of Processing and Quality Evaluation Technology of Green Plastics of China National Light Industry council(No.PQETGP2019003)the Innovation Guidance of Technology Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2020CGXNG-022).
文摘Inspired by special color-forming organisms in nature,photonic crystal materials with structural color function have been developed significantly with great potential applications for displays,sensors,anti-counterfeiting inks,etc.This review aims to summarize the functions,self-assembly modes,and ap-plications of different kinds of photonic crystal materials.The preparation methods and characteristics of monodisperse inorganic nanoparticles,polymer nanoparticles,inorganic/organic core-shell nanoparti-cles,and MOFs are discussed.Subsequently,we summarize the method of assembling colloidal parti-cles into photonic crystals,which is a template induction method,inkjet printing method,drop coating method,etc.Moreover,the potential application of structural color is presented including humidity re-sponse and magnetic field response in sensors fields,as well as the advantages and disadvantages of anti-counterfeiting,fabric coloring,displays,smart windows,and Biomedical Applications.Finally,we present the development prospects and key problems of photonic crystals.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22075163,51872156National Key Research Program,Grant/Award Numbers:2020YFC2201103,2020YFA0210702。
文摘Carbon nanotube fibers(CNTFs)are endowed with excellent mechanical,electrical,and thermal properties and are considered promising candidates in numerous cutting-edge fields.However,the inherent black color of CNTFs hinders their practical application in fields with high aesthetic requirements such as wearable devices and smart textiles.Due to the smooth surface and chemical inertness,CNTFs are hard to be dyed by conventional chemical dyes or colorful inks.Herein,we realize a structural coloration of CNTFs by coating them with two metal oxide layers via atomic layer deposition.The three elements of color,that is,hue,saturation,and brightness,can be controlled by adjusting the types and thickness of each oxide layer.Colorful CNTFs with wide color gamut and high saturation are achieved through different combinations.A film interference model is also established to reveal the mechanism of the structural coloration,which is a comprehensive result of thin-film interference and surface roughness briefly.The calculated reflectance well fits the measured results by introducing surface roughness parameters.Moreover,the colored CNTFs are not iridescent because of retinal signal delay,which will further expand their applications.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2017YFA0204600,2018YFE0201701)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51673041).
文摘The angle dependence of photonic crystals(PCs)dramatically limits their practical applications in the colorimetrical sensing of humidity and volatile organic compound(VOC)vapors.In addition,it is challenging for inverse opal PCs to colorimetrically distinguish between vapors with similar refractive indices.Different from the mechanism of PC-based sensors,here,we report an angle-independent polyacrylamide(PAAm)organogel structural color film based on the mechanisms of retroreflection,total internal reflection(TIR)and interference with a shape similar to a single-sided“egg waffle”.During the process of responding to humidity and VOC vapors,the color of the film remains angle-independent in the normal angle range of 0°to 45°under coaxial illumination and observation conditions.At the same time,the film can colorimetrically distinguish between vapors with similar refractive indices,such as methanol and ethanol,which is mainly due to the differences in their polarity and solubility parameters.The film shows good stability,reversibility and selectivity when exposed to vapors.A colorimetric sensor with a new response mechanism is proposed and has the potential to effectively distinguish between vapors with similar refractive indices.Furthermore,this responsive retroreflective structural color film(RRSCF)provides a universal strategy to develop targeted angle-independent structural color sensors by selecting optimized materials.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB2800500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20211,51902286,61775192,61905215,and 51772270)+1 种基金Open Funds of the State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics,Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics,Chinese Academy of SciencesFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Printing stable color with a lithography-free and environment-friendly technique is in high demand for applications.We report a facile strategy of ultrafast laser direct writing(ULDW)to produce large-scale embedded structural colors inside transparent solids.The diffraction effect of gratings enables effective generation of structural colors across the entire visible spectrum.The structural colors inside the fused silica glass have been demonstrated to exhibit excellent thermal stability under high temperature up to 1200℃, which promises that the written information can be stable for long time even with unlimited lifetime at room temperature.The structural colors in the applications of coloring,anti-counterfeiting,and information storage are also demonstrated.Our studies indicate that the presented ULDW allows for fabricating large-scale and high thermal-stability structural colors with prospects of three-dimensional patterning,which will find various applications,especially under harsh conditions such as high temperature.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0908200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52073060 and 61927805)the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(JCYJ20190813152616459)。
文摘The treatment of diabetic wounds remains a great challenge for medical community.Here,we present a novel structural color supramolecular hydrogel patch for diabetic wound treatment.This hydrogel patch was created by using N-acryloyl glycinamide(NAGA)and 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole(VTZ)mixed supramolecular hydrogel as the inverse opal scaffold,and temperature responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM)hydrogel loaded with vascular endothelial cell growth factor(VEGF)as a filler.Supramolecular hydrogel renders hydrogel patch with superior mechanical properties,in which NAGA and VTZ also provide self-healing and antibacterial properties,respectively.Besides,as the existence of PNIPAM,the hydrogel patch was endowed with thermal-responsiveness property,which could release actives in response to temperature stimulus.Given these excellent performances,we have demonstrated that the supramolecular hydrogel patch could significantly enhance the wound healing process in diabetes rats by downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors,promoting collagen deposition and angiogenesis.Attractively,due to responsive optical property of inverse opal scaffold,the hydrogel patch could display color-sensing behavior that was suitable for the wound monitoring and management as well as guidance of clinical treatment.These distinctive features indicate that the presented hydrogel patches have huge potential values in biomedical fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 61927805,81822011 , 51773119)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(Grant no.BE2018707)+1 种基金the Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515011750)the Scientific Research Foundation of the Graduate School of Southeast University(Grant No.YBPY1873).
文摘Because of the unique features of spherical symmetry,angle-independency,good monodispersity,controllable components and morphologies,structural color particles(SCPs)have found great significances in various fields such as sensing,monitoring,biological assays,etc.Here,inspired by the melanosome-derived bright structural colors and the self-adhesivity of mussels,we present a kind of bioinspired SCPs assembled from polydopamine(PDA)-adhered multi-layer graphene oxide(GO)encapsulated silica nanoparticles(SNs).It is demonstrated that compared with traditional SCPs,the designed particles possess brighter and more vibrant structural colors,and no complicated modification is required during the functionalization process due to the abundant inherent functional groups of GO.The resultant SCPs are verified to be capable for direct hybridization chain reaction and multiplexed nucleic acid assays.These properties indicate the promising prospects of our designed SCPs.
基金National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2015CB059900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51775046 and 51875043)the Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation for Young Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of China(No.151052).
文摘The use of submicron structures for structural coloration of surfaces has broad applications for color filters,projection displays,virtual reality,and anti-counterfeiting.Currently,structural color images lack high resolution due to low manufacturing accuracy.In this study,the axial-feed fly cutting(AFC)method is proposed to fabricate submicron grooves for the diffraction of visible light to create structural color images.We establish the relationship between the color information in the pixels of the original image and the parameters of the array units corresponding to the pixels.An algorithm to determine groove spacing and the tool path is established,and array units with the desired groove spacing are machined to reproduce the structural color images.The submicron grooves fabricated by AFC have high quality and good consistency.Due to the excellent diffraction performance of the machined grooves,images with high saturation and resolution can be reproduced.It is verified that images with various colors can be efficiently fabricated using the proposed method and algorithm.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2020YFC2200400)Xiamen Science and Technology Planning Project(No.3502Z20183003)。
文摘We propose a simple five-layer structure for creating red structural color, which has high color purity and high brightness.The design is based on the superposition of a silver substrate and multilayer silicon material. Absorption at the shorter wavelengths of the structure is effectively guaranteed, and reflection at the longer wavelengths is well enhanced. The red structural color has a peak reflectivity of 91% and a colorimetric purity of 0.9. Moreover, the designed structure displays angle-invariant performance up to 60°. This kind of structure scheme is environmentally friendly with low fabrication cost,and it can play an important role in a variety of fields, such as color displays and image sensors.
基金the Air Force Office of Scientific Research(MURI:FA9550-14-1-0389)for financial supportthe Center for Nanoscale Systems(CNS),a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure(NNCI)+3 种基金supported by the National Science Foundation under NSF award no.1541959.CNS is part of Harvard Universitysupport from KAUST(Award CRG-1-2012-FRA-005)the financial support of the‘Size matters’project(TDA Capital Ltd,London,UK)the financial support by the Master Thesis Grant of the Zeno Karl Schindler Foundation(Switzerland).
文摘Structural colors have drawn wide attention for their potential as a future printing technology for various applications,ranging from biomimetic tissues to adaptive camouflage materials.However,an efficient approach to realize robust colors with a scalable fabrication technique is still lacking,hampering the realization of practical applications with this platform.Here,we develop a new approach based on large-scale network metamaterials that combine dealloyed subwavelength structures at the nanoscale with lossless,ultra-thin dielectric coatings.By using theory and experiments,we show how subwavelength dielectric coatings control a mechanism of resonant light coupling with epsilon-near-zero regions generated in the metallic network,generating the formation of saturated structural colors that cover a wide portion of the spectrum.Ellipsometry measurements support the efficient observation of these colors,even at angles of 70°.The network-like architecture of these nanomaterials allows for high mechanical resistance,which is quantified in a series of nano-scratch tests.With such remarkable properties,these metastructures represent a robust design technology for real-world,large-scale commercial applications.
基金supported by the Special Actions for Developing High-performance Manufacturing of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(Grant No.:TC200H02J)the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Ad-ministrative Region,China(Project No.:PolyU 152125/18E)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.:U19A20104)the Research Committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(Project Code G-RK2V).
文摘The lightness and high strength-to-weight ratio of the magnesium alloy have attracted more interest in various applications.However,micro/nanostructure generation on their surfaces remains a challenge due to the flammability and ignition.Motivated by this,this study proposed a machining process,named the ultraprecision diamond surface texturing process,to machine the micro/nanostructures on magnesium alloy surfaces.Experimental results showed the various microstructures and sawtooth-shaped nanostructures were successfully generated on the AZ31B magnesium alloy surfaces,demonstrating the effectiveness of this proposed machining process.Furthermore,sawtooth-shaped nanostructures had the function of inducing the optical effect and generating different colors on workpiece surfaces.The colorful letter and colorful flower image were clearly viewed on magnesium alloy surfaces.The corresponding cutting force,chip morphology,and tool wear were systematically investigated to understand the machining mechanism of micro/nanostructures on magnesium alloy surfaces.The proposed machining process can further improve the performances of the magnesium alloy and extend its functions to other fields,such as optics.
文摘Inhomogeneity and low efficiency are two important factors that limit the application of laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSSs),especially on glass surfaces.In this study,two-beam interference(TBI)of femtosecond lasers was used to produce large-area straight LIPSSs on fused silica using cylindrical lenses.Compared with those produced us-ing a single circular or cylindrical lens,the LIPSSs produced by TBI are much straighter and more regular.Depending on the laser fluence and scanning velocity,LIPSSs with grating-like or spaced LIPSSs are produced on the fused silica sur-face.Their structural colors are blue,green,and red,and only green and red,respectively.Grating-like LIPSS patterns oriented in different directions are obtained and exhibit bright and vivid colors,indicating potential applications in surface coloring and anti-counterfeiting logos.
文摘We report the femtosecond(fs)laser fabrication of biomimetic omnidirectional iridescent metallic surfaces exhibiting efficient diffraction for practically any angle of light incidence.Such diffractive behavior is realized by means of multi-directional low-spatial-frequency,laser-induced periodic surface structures(LSFL)formed upon exploiting the cylindrical symmetry of a cylindrical vector(CV)fs field.We particularly demonstrate that the multi-directional gratings formed on stainless steel surface by a radially polarized fs beam,could mimic the omnidirectional structural coloration properties found in some natural species.Accordingly,the fabricated grating structures can spatially disperse the incident light into individual wavelength with high efficiency,exhibiting structural iridescence at all viewing angles.Analytical calculations using the grating equation reproduced the characteristic variation of the vivid colors observed as a function of incident angle.We envisage that our results will significantly contribute to the development of new photonic and light sensing devices.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12074123,11804227,91950112)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2021YFA1401100)the Foundation of‘Manufacturing beyond limits’of Shanghai.
文摘Over the past two decades,femtosecond laser-induced periodic structures(femtosecond-LIPSs)have become ubiquitous in a variety of materials,including metals,semiconductors,dielectrics,and polymers.Femtosecond-LIPSs have become a useful laser processing method,with broad prospects in adjusting material properties such as structural color,data storage,light absorption,and luminescence.This review discusses the formation mechanism of LIPSs,specifically the LIPS formation processes based on the pump-probe imaging method.The pulse shaping of a femtosecond laser in terms of the time/frequency,polarization,and spatial distribution is an efficient method for fabricating high-quality LIPSs.Various LIPS applications are also briefly introduced.The last part of this paper discusses the LIPS formation mechanism,as well as the high-efficiency and high-quality processing of LIPSs using shaped ultrafast lasers and their applications.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0202000 and 2018YFA0208500)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(22225502)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22073107,21522308,and 22150410331)Bureau of International Cooperation,Chinese Academy of Sciences(027GJHZ2022044MI)K.C.Wong Education Foundation,National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0208501)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Optical encryption,exploiting degrees of freedom of light as parameters to encode and decode information,plays an indispensable role in our daily life.Responsive structural color materials can give real-time visible feedback to external stimuli and provide ideal candidates for optical encryption.However,the development of existing responsive structural color materials is hindered by poor repeatability and long feedback time.Meanwhile,there are only few strategies to exploit structural colors in multichannel information encryption.Herein,bioinspired by the structural color variation due to a change in angle arising from the movement of animal’s scales or feathers,we developed a general multichannel information encryption strategy using a two-dimensional deformable kirigami arranging orientations of the grating arrays by design.The kirigami grating sheet shows rapid,repeatable,and programmable color change.This strategy utilizes the topological space deformation to guide the change of optical property,which suggests new possibilities for spatial and spectral encryption as well as mechano-sensing and camouflage.
基金the China National Key Basic Research Program(Nos.2016YFA0301103,2016YFA0302000,and 2018YFA0306201)the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11774063,11727811,91750102,and 91963212)the Science and Technology Commission of ShanghaiMunicipality(Nos.19XD1434600,2019SHZDZX01,and 19DZ2253000)。
文摘In this Letter,Ti–Si bilayer was deposited on white silk to achieve coloration of the silk.By controlling the thickness of the Ti layer and Si layer,the saturation and the hue of the color on the silk could be preciously modulated,respectively.The structural colors on the silk could cover the major colors in the International Commission on Illumination 1931 chromaticity diagram,and it exhibits good durability,which is demonstrated by rubbing and stretching treatments.The developed textile coloration method may provide an eco-friendly technology in the silk dyeing industry.
文摘Cuticles of some Chrysina scarabs are characterized by flat, graded, and twisted structures of nanosized chitin fibrils. As inferred from SEM images, each species has its own spatial period or pitch P which is dependent on the depth z through the cuticle. From Berreman’s formalism, taking into account the corresponding P(z) dependence, we evaluate reflection spectra of C. aurigans and C. chrysargyrea scarabs. The spectra display the main spectral features observed in the measured ones when small sections of the cuticles are illuminated with non-polarized light, for wavelengths between 300 and 1100 nm. By considering these twisted structures as 1D photonic crystals, an approach is developed to show how the broad band characterizing the reflection spectra arises from a narrow intrinsic photonic band width, whose spectral position moves through visible and near infrared wavelengths. The role of the epicuticle that covers the twisted structures is analyzed in terms of a waxy layer acting as an anti-reflecting coating that also shows low levels of light scattering.
