Joint sub-optimization of cooperative relays in Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) multiple relays aided communication system is discussed in this paper. Because the instantaneous channel state information of a...Joint sub-optimization of cooperative relays in Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) multiple relays aided communication system is discussed in this paper. Because the instantaneous channel state information of all source-relay channels and all relay-user channels is difficult to get at each relay node, an unjoined solution is designed according to the channel state information of that relay only. Then a multi-user loading algorithm is proposed to utilize the space diversity through multi-relay transmission. The simulation results show that with the newly proposed multi-user loading algorithm, the unjoined solution can achieve better system performance comparing with joint one in low SNR. However, the complexity of the former is much lower, for only partial CSI is needed.展开更多
Multiple sclerosis（MS） is characterized by chronic inflammation in conjunction with neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Most individuals with MS begin with a relapsing remitting course that later tr...Multiple sclerosis（MS） is characterized by chronic inflammation in conjunction with neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Most individuals with MS begin with a relapsing remitting course that later transitions to secondary progressive MS. Currently available disease-modifying therapies（DMTs） for relapsing MS have been demonstrated to reduce disease activity, however most patients require a change in therapy over the course of their disease. Treatment goals include the prevention of relapses and disability accumulation and to achieve this objective requires careful planning. Sequencing of DMTs for individual patients should be designed in such a way to maximize disease control and minimize risk based on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of each therapy. This includes the DMT patients are being switched from to those they are being switched to. The reversibility of immune system effects should be a key consideration for DMT sequence selection. This feature varies across DMTs and should factor more prominently in decision making as newer treatments become available for the prevention of disability accumulation in patients with progressive MS. In this short review, we discuss the landscape of existing therapies with an eye to the future when planning for optimal DMT sequencing. While no cure exists for MS, efforts are being directed toward research in neuroregeneration with the hope for positive outcomes.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:Sub-optimal health status(SHS),in which a person's mind and body exists in a low-quality state of being between disease and health,has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored in China.SHS m...OBJECTIVE:Sub-optimal health status(SHS),in which a person's mind and body exists in a low-quality state of being between disease and health,has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored in China.SHS measurement presents a challenge to the academic fields.We developed and evaluated a questionnaire from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) that embodies the features of TCM syndrome diagnosis for measuring SHS in China.METHODS:The construction of the theoretical framework of the questionnaire was based on a literature review,an expert questionnaire survey and group interviews.The subscales and questionnaire items were screened through a pilot study using statistical means and qualitative analysis.Reliability tests that were used included test-retest reliability,Cronbach's α coefficient,split-half reliability;validity tests included content validity,criterion validity,discrimination validity and construct validity.RESULTS:The final questionnaire,the SHSQ-50,included 50 five-class quantifiable items that encompassed nine subscales:liver stagnation syndrome,liver-Qi deficiency syndrome,spleen-Qi deficiency syndrome,liver-fire syndrome,heart-fire syndrome,stomach-fire syndrome,heart-Qi deficiency syndrome,lung-Qi deficiency syndrome and dampness syndrome.Questionnaires were completed by 268 of the 288 SHS subjects(93.0%) and by 86 of the 94 healthy subjects(91.5%).The Cronbach α coefficients,split-half coefficients and stability coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.95,0.67 to 0.87 and 0.88 to 0.98,respectively,for the overall scores and subscales.The Wilcoxon rank test showed statistically significant differences in the subscales and overall scores between the SHS group and the healthy group(P<0.01).Twelve factors with an eigenvalue greater than one were extracted by factor analysis and merged into nine factors,for which the cumulative contribution rate was 63.63%.The nine factors were corresponded to the overall structure of the questionnaire.CONCLUSION:The SHSQ-50 is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring TCM syndrome diagnosis of SHS in China.展开更多
Rolling planning is an efficient method for path planning in uncertain environment. In this paper, the general principle and algorithm of mobile robot path planning based on rolling windows are studied. The sub-optima...Rolling planning is an efficient method for path planning in uncertain environment. In this paper, the general principle and algorithm of mobile robot path planning based on rolling windows are studied. The sub-optimality of rolling path planning is analyzed in details and explained with a concrete example.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate biological indicators of sub-optimal health status and provide means of objective assessment of sub-optimal health status.METHODS:We set the unified standards for diagnosing a SHS.We tested va...OBJECTIVE:To investigate biological indicators of sub-optimal health status and provide means of objective assessment of sub-optimal health status.METHODS:We set the unified standards for diagnosing a SHS.We tested various laboratory indicators in 407 cases that we selected randomly from2807 subjects and collected 15 mL of fasting venous blood from each case.We measured serum immunoglobulin A(IgA)and immunoglobulin G(IgG)concentrations,serum beta endorphins(β-EP),cortisol(C),testosterone(T),plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)and serum T lymphocyte subsets CD3+and CD4+.RESULTS:Mean serum testosterone concentrations and their ratio to cortisol(C)concentrations weresignificantly higher in the healthy group than in those with sub-optimal health status(P<0.01).Mean serum CD3+concentrations were significantly higher in those with sub-optimal health status than in the healthy group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Decreased serum testosterone/cortisol ratio may be an objective indication of sub-optimal health status.Changes in neuroendocrine and immunological indicators may explain some of the symptoms,including malaise and poor work performance,attributable to persistent or relapsing fatigue in subjects with sub-optimal health status.展开更多
In this paper,we theoretically and numerically verify that the discontinuous Galerkin(DG)methods with central fluxes for linear hyperbolic equations on non-uniform meshes have sub-optimal convergence properties when m...In this paper,we theoretically and numerically verify that the discontinuous Galerkin(DG)methods with central fluxes for linear hyperbolic equations on non-uniform meshes have sub-optimal convergence properties when measured in the L^(2)-norm for even degree polynomial approximations.On uniform meshes,the optimal error estimates are provided for arbitrary number of cells in one and multi-dimensions,improving previous results.The theoretical findings are found to be sharp and consistent with numerical results.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate dual problems for nonconvex set-valued vector optimization via abstract subdifferential.We first introduce a generalized augmented Lagrangian function induced by a coupling vector-valued f...In this paper,we investigate dual problems for nonconvex set-valued vector optimization via abstract subdifferential.We first introduce a generalized augmented Lagrangian function induced by a coupling vector-valued function for set-valued vector optimization problem and construct related set-valued dual map and dual optimization problem on the basic of weak efficiency,which used by the concepts of supremum and infimum of a set.We then establish the weak and strong duality results under this augmented Lagrangian and present sufficient conditions for exact penalization via an abstract subdifferential of the object map.Finally,we define the sub-optimal path related to the dual problem and show that every cluster point of this sub-optimal path is a primal optimal solution of the object optimization problem.In addition,we consider a generalized vector variational inequality as an application of abstract subdifferential.展开更多
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB310603)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60672093)National High Technology Project of China (2007AA01Z262)
文摘Joint sub-optimization of cooperative relays in Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) multiple relays aided communication system is discussed in this paper. Because the instantaneous channel state information of all source-relay channels and all relay-user channels is difficult to get at each relay node, an unjoined solution is designed according to the channel state information of that relay only. Then a multi-user loading algorithm is proposed to utilize the space diversity through multi-relay transmission. The simulation results show that with the newly proposed multi-user loading algorithm, the unjoined solution can achieve better system performance comparing with joint one in low SNR. However, the complexity of the former is much lower, for only partial CSI is needed.
文摘Multiple sclerosis（MS） is characterized by chronic inflammation in conjunction with neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Most individuals with MS begin with a relapsing remitting course that later transitions to secondary progressive MS. Currently available disease-modifying therapies（DMTs） for relapsing MS have been demonstrated to reduce disease activity, however most patients require a change in therapy over the course of their disease. Treatment goals include the prevention of relapses and disability accumulation and to achieve this objective requires careful planning. Sequencing of DMTs for individual patients should be designed in such a way to maximize disease control and minimize risk based on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of each therapy. This includes the DMT patients are being switched from to those they are being switched to. The reversibility of immune system effects should be a key consideration for DMT sequence selection. This feature varies across DMTs and should factor more prominently in decision making as newer treatments become available for the prevention of disability accumulation in patients with progressive MS. In this short review, we discuss the landscape of existing therapies with an eye to the future when planning for optimal DMT sequencing. While no cure exists for MS, efforts are being directed toward research in neuroregeneration with the hope for positive outcomes.
基金Supported by China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists(30825046)the National High Technology Research and Development Grant(863 program, 2008AA02Z406)the Program for Innovative Research Team at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (2011CXTD-07)
文摘OBJECTIVE:Sub-optimal health status(SHS),in which a person's mind and body exists in a low-quality state of being between disease and health,has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored in China.SHS measurement presents a challenge to the academic fields.We developed and evaluated a questionnaire from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) that embodies the features of TCM syndrome diagnosis for measuring SHS in China.METHODS:The construction of the theoretical framework of the questionnaire was based on a literature review,an expert questionnaire survey and group interviews.The subscales and questionnaire items were screened through a pilot study using statistical means and qualitative analysis.Reliability tests that were used included test-retest reliability,Cronbach's α coefficient,split-half reliability;validity tests included content validity,criterion validity,discrimination validity and construct validity.RESULTS:The final questionnaire,the SHSQ-50,included 50 five-class quantifiable items that encompassed nine subscales:liver stagnation syndrome,liver-Qi deficiency syndrome,spleen-Qi deficiency syndrome,liver-fire syndrome,heart-fire syndrome,stomach-fire syndrome,heart-Qi deficiency syndrome,lung-Qi deficiency syndrome and dampness syndrome.Questionnaires were completed by 268 of the 288 SHS subjects(93.0%) and by 86 of the 94 healthy subjects(91.5%).The Cronbach α coefficients,split-half coefficients and stability coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.95,0.67 to 0.87 and 0.88 to 0.98,respectively,for the overall scores and subscales.The Wilcoxon rank test showed statistically significant differences in the subscales and overall scores between the SHS group and the healthy group(P<0.01).Twelve factors with an eigenvalue greater than one were extracted by factor analysis and merged into nine factors,for which the cumulative contribution rate was 63.63%.The nine factors were corresponded to the overall structure of the questionnaire.CONCLUSION:The SHSQ-50 is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring TCM syndrome diagnosis of SHS in China.
基金This work was supported by the National 973 Plan (Grant No. G1998030415)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 69934020)the National 863 Program (Grant No. 2001AA422140).
文摘Rolling planning is an efficient method for path planning in uncertain environment. In this paper, the general principle and algorithm of mobile robot path planning based on rolling windows are studied. The sub-optimality of rolling path planning is analyzed in details and explained with a concrete example.
基金Supported by China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists(No.30825046)Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program),No.2008AA02Z406Program for Innovative Research Team in Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(No.2011CXTD-07)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate biological indicators of sub-optimal health status and provide means of objective assessment of sub-optimal health status.METHODS:We set the unified standards for diagnosing a SHS.We tested various laboratory indicators in 407 cases that we selected randomly from2807 subjects and collected 15 mL of fasting venous blood from each case.We measured serum immunoglobulin A(IgA)and immunoglobulin G(IgG)concentrations,serum beta endorphins(β-EP),cortisol(C),testosterone(T),plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)and serum T lymphocyte subsets CD3+and CD4+.RESULTS:Mean serum testosterone concentrations and their ratio to cortisol(C)concentrations weresignificantly higher in the healthy group than in those with sub-optimal health status(P<0.01).Mean serum CD3+concentrations were significantly higher in those with sub-optimal health status than in the healthy group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Decreased serum testosterone/cortisol ratio may be an objective indication of sub-optimal health status.Changes in neuroendocrine and immunological indicators may explain some of the symptoms,including malaise and poor work performance,attributable to persistent or relapsing fatigue in subjects with sub-optimal health status.
基金esearch of the first author supported by the China Scholarship CouncilResearch of the second author supported by NSF grant DMS-1719410Research of the third author supported by NSFC grant 11871448.
文摘In this paper,we theoretically and numerically verify that the discontinuous Galerkin(DG)methods with central fluxes for linear hyperbolic equations on non-uniform meshes have sub-optimal convergence properties when measured in the L^(2)-norm for even degree polynomial approximations.On uniform meshes,the optimal error estimates are provided for arbitrary number of cells in one and multi-dimensions,improving previous results.The theoretical findings are found to be sharp and consistent with numerical results.
基金supported by National Science Foundation of China(No.11401487)the Education Department of Shaanxi Province(No.17JK0330)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.300102341101)State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Engineering Informatization(No.211934210083)。
文摘In this paper,we investigate dual problems for nonconvex set-valued vector optimization via abstract subdifferential.We first introduce a generalized augmented Lagrangian function induced by a coupling vector-valued function for set-valued vector optimization problem and construct related set-valued dual map and dual optimization problem on the basic of weak efficiency,which used by the concepts of supremum and infimum of a set.We then establish the weak and strong duality results under this augmented Lagrangian and present sufficient conditions for exact penalization via an abstract subdifferential of the object map.Finally,we define the sub-optimal path related to the dual problem and show that every cluster point of this sub-optimal path is a primal optimal solution of the object optimization problem.In addition,we consider a generalized vector variational inequality as an application of abstract subdifferential.
