Subduction zones involve many complex geological processes, including the release of slabderived fluids, fluid/rock interactions, partial melting, isotopic fractionations, elemental transporting, and crust/mantle inte...Subduction zones involve many complex geological processes, including the release of slabderived fluids, fluid/rock interactions, partial melting, isotopic fractionations, elemental transporting, and crust/mantle interactions. Lithium（Li） isotopes（~6Li and ~7Li） have relative mass difference up to 16%, being the largest among metal elements. Thus, Li isotopes have advantage to interprete trace various geological processes. Most importantly, during crust/mantle interactions in deep subduction zones, surface materials and mantle rocks usually have distinct Li isotopic compositions. Li isotopes can be potential tracer for subduction processes, from the onset of subduction to the release of Li from subducted slabs and interaction with mantle wedge, as well as the fate of Li in slab-derived fluids and residual slabs. Moreover, the Li isotopic composition of subducting output materials can provide useful information for understanding global Li circulation. With developments in measurement and expansion of Li isotopic database, Li isotopic geochemistry will provide more inference and be a powerful tracer for understanding subduction-related processes. This work retrospected the application of Li isotopes in tracing successive subduction processes, and made some prospects for further studies of Li isotopes.展开更多
Following a quasi-dynamic scheme proposed by Minear and Toksoz (1970), thermal structures of subduction zonesfor different models by finite element method (FEM) were calculated. Density distribution and p-wave anomaly...Following a quasi-dynamic scheme proposed by Minear and Toksoz (1970), thermal structures of subduction zonesfor different models by finite element method (FEM) were calculated. Density distribution and p-wave anomaly ofsubduction zones were calculated at the same time. Comparing with seismological evidences and results of laboratories. it is proposed that earthquakes occurred below 400 km depth are probably controlled by anti-crackmechanism.展开更多
We examined the spatial variation of velocity structures around the 660-kin discontinuity at the western Pacific subduction zones by waveform modeling of triplication data. Data from two deep earthquakes beneath Izu-B...We examined the spatial variation of velocity structures around the 660-kin discontinuity at the western Pacific subduction zones by waveform modeling of triplication data. Data from two deep earthquakes beneath Izu-Bonin and Northeast China are used. Both events were well recorded by a dense broadband seismic network in China （CEArray）. The two events are located at approximately the same distance to the CEArray, yet significant differences are observed in their records： （1） the direct arrivals traveling above the 660-km discontinuity （AB branch） are seen in a different distance extent： -29° for the NE China event, -23° for Izu-Bonin event; （2） the direct （AB） and the refracted waves at the 660-km （CD branch） cross over at 19.5° and 17° for the NE China and the Izu-Bonin event, respectively. The best fitting model for the NE China event has a broad 660-km discontinuity and a constant high velocity layer upon it; while the Izu-Bonin model differs from the standard IASP91 model only with a high velocity layer above the 660-km discontinuity. Variations in velocity models can be roughly explained by subduction geometry.展开更多
High-pressure(HP)veins were extensively developed in western Tianshan high-pressure(HP)metamorphic belt.The HP vein and host-rocks were analyzed by electronic microprobe to trace the origin of vein-forming fluids.Anal...High-pressure(HP)veins were extensively developed in western Tianshan high-pressure(HP)metamorphic belt.The HP vein and host-rocks were analyzed by electronic microprobe to trace the origin of vein-forming fluids.Analytical data show that the immediately adjacent host-rocks of the studied HP vein are eclogites and gradually turned into blueschist as the distance from the veins increases,which indicates that the vein-forming fluid was derived from adjacent host-rocks;the boundaries between the vein and the host-rocks are sharp,which indicates that the fracture of the host-rocks is brittle during the vein-forming process.It is suggested that this type of HP veins is precipitated from the liquid formed by the dehydration of the host-rocks during the prograde metamorphism from blueschist to eclogite facies,which results in hydrofracturing of the rocks and provides the space for the vein to precipitate.The width of the eclogite-facies host-rocks is usually 1-2 cm,which provides the direct evidence that the fluid flow is on centimeter-scale.展开更多
The transport of water from subducting crust into the mantle is mainly dictated by the stability of hydrous minerals in subduction zones. The thermal structure of subduction zones is a key to dehydration of the subduc...The transport of water from subducting crust into the mantle is mainly dictated by the stability of hydrous minerals in subduction zones. The thermal structure of subduction zones is a key to dehydration of the subducting crust at different depths. Oceanic subduction zones show a large variation in the geotherm, but seismicity and arc volcanism are only prominent in cold subduction zones where geothermal gradients are low. In contrast, continental subduction zones have low geothermal gradients, resulting in metamorphism in cold subduction zones and the absence of arc volcanism during subduction. In very cold subduction zone where the geothermal gradient is very low(?5?C/km), lawsonite may carry water into great depths of ?300 km. In the hot subduction zone where the geothermal gradient is high(>25?C/km), the subducting crust dehydrates significantly at shallow depths and may partially melt at depths of <80 km to form felsic melts, into which water is highly dissolved. In this case, only a minor amount of water can be transported into great depths. A number of intermediate modes are present between these two end-member dehydration modes, making subduction-zone dehydration various. Low-T/low-P hydrous minerals are not stable in warm subduction zones with increasing subduction depths and thus break down at forearc depths of ?60–80 km to release large amounts of water. In contrast, the low-T/low-P hydrous minerals are replaced by low-T/high-P hydrous minerals in cold subduction zones with increasing subduction depths, allowing the water to be transported to subarc depths of 80–160 km. In either case, dehydration reactions not only trigger seismicity in the subducting crust but also cause hydration of the mantle wedge. Nevertheless, there are still minor amounts of water to be transported by ultrahigh-pressure hydrous minerals and nominally anhydrous minerals into the deeper mantle. The mantle wedge overlying the subducting slab does not partially melt upon water influx for volcanic arc magmatism, but it is hydrated at first with the lowest temperature at the slab-mantle interface, several hundreds of degree lower than the wet solidus of hydrated peridotites. The hydrated peridotites may undergo partial melting upon heating at a later time. Therefore, the water flux from the subducting crust into the overlying mantle wedge does not trigger the volcanic arc magmatism immediately.展开更多
During subduction processes, slabs continuously have heat exchange with the ambient mantle, including both conduction and advection effects. The evolution of slab thermal structure is one of the dominant factors in co...During subduction processes, slabs continuously have heat exchange with the ambient mantle, including both conduction and advection effects. The evolution of slab thermal structure is one of the dominant factors in controlling physical and chemical property changes in subduction zones. It also affects our understanding of many key geological processes, such as mineral dehydration, rock partial melting, arc volcanism, and seismic activities in subduction zones. There are mainly two ways for studying thermal structure of subduction zones with geodynamic models: analytical model and numerical model. Analytical model provides insights into the most dominant controlling physical parameters on the thermal structure, such as slab age, velocity and dip angle, shear stress and thermal conductivity, etc. Numerical model can further deal with more complicated environments, such as viscosity change in the mantle wedge, coupling process between slabs and the ambient mantle, and incorporation of petrology and mineralogy. When applying geodynamic modeling results to specific subduction zones on the Earth, there are many factors which may complicate the process, therefore it is difficult to precisely constrain the thermal structure of subduction zones. With the development of new quantitative methods in geophysics and geochemistry, we may obtain more observational constraints for thermal structure of subduction zones, thus providing more reasonable explanations for geological processes related to subduction zones.展开更多
Oxygen fugacity(fO_(2))is an intensive variable that describes the redox state of a system.By controlling the valence state of multivalent elements,fO_(2)affects the stability of iron-bearing minerals,dominants the sp...Oxygen fugacity(fO_(2))is an intensive variable that describes the redox state of a system.By controlling the valence state of multivalent elements,fO_(2)affects the stability of iron-bearing minerals,dominants the species of volatile elements(e.g.,carbon and sulfur),and controls the partitioning behaviors of multivalent elements(e.g.,iron,vanadium,cerium,europium).Thus,fO_(2)plays a key role in understanding the generation and differentiation of arc magmas,the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal deposits,and the nature of magmatic volatiles.Subduction zones are an important site for arc magmatism and fluid action,and the study of redox processes is indispensable in subduction zone geochemistry.In this paper,we first introduce the concept,expression,and estimation methods of fO_(2).Then we retrospect the history and progress about the oxidation state of the metasomatized mantle wedge,summarize the redox property of slab-derived fluids,and review the latest progress on redox evolution of arc magmas during magma generation and differentiation.The main conclusions include:(1)despite its wide variation range,fO_(2)of the mantle wedge is generally higher than that of the oceanic mantle;(2)the redox property of the subducting slab-derived fluids is still controversial and the mechanism for the oxidization of the mantle wedge remains unclear;(3)how the fO_(2)varies during the generation and differentiation of the arc magmas is debated.We propose that the crux in deciphering the oxidization mechanism of the mantle wedge is to determine the mobility of iron,carbon and sulfur in subducting slab-derived fluids(especially solute-rich fluid or supercritical fluid);the key in understanding the redox evolution during arc magma generation and differentiation is to determine the partition coefficients of Fe^(3+)and Fe^(2+)between ferromagnesian minerals and silicate melts.展开更多
Plate subduction is an important mechanism for exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust,and the igneous rocks in subduction zones are the important carriers for studying the recycling of crustal...Plate subduction is an important mechanism for exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust,and the igneous rocks in subduction zones are the important carriers for studying the recycling of crustal materials and the crust-mantle interaction.This study presents a review of geochronology and geochemistry for postcollisional mafic igneous rocks from the Hong’an-Dabie-Sulu orogens and the southeastern edge of the North China Block.The available results indicate two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,which are represented by two types of mafic igneous rocks with distinct geochemical compositions.The first type of rocks exhibit arc-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE,LREE and Pb,but depletion of HFSE)and enriched radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions,whereas the second type of rocks show OIB-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE and LREE,but no depletion of HFSE)and depleted radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions.Both of them have variable zircon O isotope compositions,which are different from those of the normal mantle zircon,and contain residual crustal zircons.These geochemical features indicate that the two types of mafic igneous rocks were originated from the different natures of mantle sources.The mantle source for the second type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying juvenile lithospheric mantle with felsic melts originated from previously subducted oceanic crust,whereas the mantle source for the first type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying ancient lithospheric mantle of the North China Block with felsic melts from subsequently subducted continental crust of the South China Block.Therefore,there exist two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,and the postcollisional mafic igneous rocks provide petrological and geochemical records of the slab-mantle interactions in continental collision orogens.展开更多
Porphyry copper±molybdenum±gold deposits(PCDs) are the most representative magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system above subduction zones with important economic value. Previous studies revealed that large...Porphyry copper±molybdenum±gold deposits(PCDs) are the most representative magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system above subduction zones with important economic value. Previous studies revealed that large PCDs are generally formed from initial arc magmas(from subduction-induced partial melting of the mantle wedge), which eventually ascend to the shallow crust(3–5 km) for mineralization after a series of complex evolution processes. These processes include(1) the dehydration or partial melting of subducting slab, which induces partial melting of the metasomatized mantle wedge;(2)the ascent of mantle-derived magma to the bottom of the lower crust, which subsequently undergoes crustal processes such as assimilation plus fractional crystallization(AFC) or melting, assimilation, storage and homogenization(MASH);(3) the magma chamber formation at the bottom of the lower, middle and upper crust;(4) the final emplacement and volatilization of porphyry stocks;and(5) the accumulation of ore-forming fluids and metal precipitation. Despite the many decades of research, many issues involving the PCD metallogenic mechanism still remain to resolve, such as(1) the tectonic control on the geochemical characteristics of ore-forming magma;(2) the reason for the different lifespans of the long-term magmatic arc evolution and geologically "instantaneous" mineralization processes;(3) the source of ore-forming materials;(4) the relative contributions of metal pre-enrichment to mineralization by the magma source and by magmatic evolution;and(5) the decoupling behaviors of Cu and Au during the pre-enrichment. These issues point out the direction for future PCD metallogenic research, and the resolution to them will deepen our understanding of the metallogenesis at convergent plate boundaries.展开更多
Based on the updated results of experimental petrology and phase equilibria modelling and combined with the available thermal structure models of subduction zones, this paper presents an overview on the dehydration an...Based on the updated results of experimental petrology and phase equilibria modelling and combined with the available thermal structure models of subduction zones, this paper presents an overview on the dehydration and melting of basic,sedimentary and ultrabasic rocks that occur in the different stages during oceanic subduction processes and their influences on magmatism above subduction zones. During the subduction at the forearc depth of <90–100 km, the basic and ultrabasic rocks from most oceanic slabs can release very small amounts of water, and significant dehydration may occur in the slab superficial sediments. Strong dehydration occurs in both basic and ultrabasic rocks during subduction at the subarc depth of 90–200 km. For example, more than 90% water in basic rocks is released by the successive dehydration of chlorite, glaucophane, talc and lawsonite in the subarc depths. This is diversely in contrast to the previous results from synthetic experiments. Ultrabasic rocks may undergo strong dehydration through antigorite, chlorite and phase 10 ? at the subarc depth of 120–220 km. However,sediments can contribute minor fluids at the subarc depth, one main hydrous mineral in which is phengite(muscovite). It can stabilize to ~300 km depth and transform into K-hollandite. After phengite breaks down, there will be no significant fluid release from oceanic slab until it is subducted to the mantle transition zone. In a few hot subduction zones, partial melting(especially flux melting) can occur in both sediments and basic rocks, generating hydrous granitic melts or supercritical fluids, and in carbonates-bearing sediments potassic carbonatite melts can be generated. In a few cold subduction zones, phase A occurs in ultrabasic rocks, which can bring water deep into the transition zone. The subducted rocks, especially the sediments, contain large quantities of incompatible minor and trace elements carried through fluids to greatly influence the geochemical compositions of the magma in subduction zones. As the geothermal gradients of subduction zones cannot cross the solidi of carbonated eclogite and peridotite during the subarc subduction stage, the carbonate minerals in them can be carried into the deep mantle.Carbonated eclogite can melt to generate alkali-rich carbonatite melts at >400 km depth, while carbonated peridotite will not melt in the mantle transition zone below a subduction zone.展开更多
The partitioning behavior of trace elements is of key importance for understanding the geochemical process and material cycle mechanism in subduction zones.This paper focuses on the advances and prospects on the studi...The partitioning behavior of trace elements is of key importance for understanding the geochemical process and material cycle mechanism in subduction zones.This paper focuses on the advances and prospects on the studies of trace element partitioning in subduction zones from the following four aspects.(1)The properties of fluids derived from subducting slabs and their ability in element transport.How slab-derived solute-rich fluids and supercritical fluids are formed and what the roles and key control factors of these fluids are in transferring of elements(especially the high field strength elements)from slab to wedge are discussed.We point out that the detailed investigations of supercritical fluids may provide a new perspective for the element migration mechanism,material cycle process,arc magma genesis and so on.(2)The behavior of transition elements during mantle wedge melting.The behavior of the first row transition elements(Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)in the mantle partial melting process is compatible or incompatible,depending on residual mineral assemblage and physicochemical conditions.The partitioning behavior of the elements such as Sc,Ti,Co,Ni and Zn whose valence states do not change in the melting process mainly depends on the residual mineral assemblage and temperature,whereas the partitioning behavior of the multivalent elements such as V and Fe is also the function of oxygen fugacity(fO_(2))in addition to mineral assemblage and temperature.Therefore,the partitioning behavior of transition elements has important applications in tracing lithologic inhomogeneity and fO_(2)of the mantle wedges.(3)The specificity of element partitioning behavior during arc magma evolution.Garnet has Dy/Yb partitioning behavior different from amphibole,and rutile has Nb/Ta partitioning behavior different from amphibole.Dy/Yb and Nb/Ta partitioning differences for these minerals enable to distinguish the specific evolution process of arc magmas.The Dy/Yb and Nb/Ta generally decrease with the increase of SiO_(2)in arc magmas,indicating that amphibole fractionation should be the most important during arc magma differentiation.(4)The behavior of sulfur and chalcophile elements and porphyry metallogeny.In subduction zones,the behavior of chalcophile elements such as Cu and Au is controlled by sulfide and fluid.Therefore,the stability of sulfide,the time at which the fluid exsolves from the melt relative to sulfide saturation,the fluid/sulfide mass ratio and fluid/melt Cu and Au partition coefficients in intermediate-felsic magma-H_(2)O systems are especially important in understanding Cu and Au enrichment in magma-hydrothermal processes.Intermediate-felsic magmas mainly originate from the differentiation of arc magmas at lower crustal reservoirs,and thus the fluid exsolution from the lower crustal reservoirs and the fluid/melt and fluid/sulfide partition coefficients of Cu and Au should be the keys to understanding quantitatively how Cu and Au are migrated from the deep crust to the shallow site of mineralization.展开更多
Subducting oceanic slabs undergo metamorphic dehydration with the increase of temperature and pressure during subduction.Dehydration is an essential step for element recycling,and slab fluids are critical agents for m...Subducting oceanic slabs undergo metamorphic dehydration with the increase of temperature and pressure during subduction.Dehydration is an essential step for element recycling,and slab fluids are critical agents for mediating slab-mantle interaction.Dehydration is mainly controlled by the thermal structure of subduction zones and the stability of hydrous minerals.At fore-arc depths,slab dehydration produces aqueous fluid with dissolved salts such as NaCl.As subduction proceeds deeper,the content of silicate components increases.At sub-arc and post-arc depths,a hydrous silicate melt is likely to form,or a supercritical fluid could arise from complete miscibility between silicates and H_(2)O.The partitioning of elements between slab fluid and the residual solid rock is controlled by the type of fluid,and generally it is the supercritical fluid that is the most capable of mobilizing trace elements,being an effective carrier even for high field strength elements.Understanding the chemistry of slab fluids relies on sophisticated integration of experiments,theoretical computation and investigation of natural rock samples.This contribution focuses on the content and speciation of key volatiles,including carbon,nitrogen and sulfur,in slab fluids as well as important fluid properties such as oxygen fugacity and acidity.The properties of slab fluids show complicated variation under the control of mineral assemblages and T-P conditions.Slab fluids at great depths of subductions have been inferred to be modestly alkaline and not necessarily very oxidizing as often assumed.Further progress in the research of slab dehydration and the chemistry and properties of slab fluids demands urgently the development of innovative experimental and computational technology including in situ analytical methods at high T-P.展开更多
The Izu-Bonin subduction zone in the Northwest Pacific is an ideal location for understanding mantle dynamics such as cold lithosphere subduction. The slab produces a lateral thermal anomaly, inducing local topographi...The Izu-Bonin subduction zone in the Northwest Pacific is an ideal location for understanding mantle dynamics such as cold lithosphere subduction. The slab produces a lateral thermal anomaly, inducing local topographic changes at the boundary of a post-spinel phase transformation, considered to be the origin of the ‘660-km discontinuity.’ In this study, the short-period(1–2 Hz) S-to-P conversion phase S660P was used to obtain the fine-scale structure of the discontinuity. More than 100 earthquakes that occurred from the 1980s to the 2020s and were recorded by high-quality seismic arrays in the United States and Europe were analyzed. A discontinuity in the ambient mantle with an average depth of ~670 km was found beneath the 300–400-km event zone in the northern Bonin region near 33°N. Meanwhile, the ‘660-km discontinuity’ has been pushed upward, away from the slab, possibly because of a hot upwelling mantle plume. In the central part of the subduction zone, the 660-km discontinuity is depressed to an average depth of(690 ± 5) km within the slab at approximately 150 km below the coldest slab core, indicating a(300 ± 100) ℃ cold anomaly estimated using a post-spinel transformation Clapeyron slope of(-2.0 ± 1.0) MPa/K. In southern Bonin near 28°N, the discontinuity was found to be further depressed at an average depth of(695 ± 5) km below the deepest event and with a focal depth of ~550 km. The discontinuity is located where the slab bends abruptly to become sub-horizontal toward the west-southwest. Near the zone of the isolated Bonin Super Deep Earthquake, which occurred at ~680 km on May 30,2015, the discontinuity is depressed to ~700 km, suggesting a near-vertical penetrating slab and an S-to-P conversion in the coldest slab core, where a large low-temperature anomaly should exist.展开更多
The bidirectional subduction system,island arc magmatic activities,and thermal structure of the forearc basin in the Molucca Sea are taken into consideration in this study.The active volcanic arcs on both sides of the...The bidirectional subduction system,island arc magmatic activities,and thermal structure of the forearc basin in the Molucca Sea are taken into consideration in this study.The active volcanic arcs on both sides of the bidirectional subduction zone in the Molucca Sea are undergoing arc-arc collisions.We applied a finite element thermal simulation method to reconstruct the thermal evolution history of the Molucca Sea Plate based on geophysical data.Then,we analyzed the thermodynamic characteristics of island arc volcanism on both sides of the bidirectional subduction zone.The results showed that at 10Myr,the oceanic ridge of the Molucca Sea Plate was asymmetrically biased to the west,causing this bidirectional subduction to be deeper in the west than in the east.Furthermore,the oceanic ridge subducted under the Sangihe arc at 5.5Myr,causing intermittent cessation of volcanic activities.Due to the convergence of bidirectional subduction,the geothermal gradient in the top 3km depth of the forearc area between the Sangihe and Halmahera arcs decreased from about 60℃km^(−1) at 4Myr to about 38℃km^(−1) today.Finally,within the 45–100 km depth range of the sliding surface of the subduction,anomalously high-temperature zones formed due to shear friction during the bidirectional subduction.展开更多
Recent seismic evidence shows that basalt accumulation is widespread in the mantle transition zone(MTZ),yet its ubiquity or sporadic nature remains uncertain.To investigate this phenomenon further,we characterized the...Recent seismic evidence shows that basalt accumulation is widespread in the mantle transition zone(MTZ),yet its ubiquity or sporadic nature remains uncertain.To investigate this phenomenon further,we characterized the velocity structure across the 660-km discontinuity that separates the upper mantle from the lower mantle beneath the Sea of Okhotsk by modeling the waveform of the S660P phase,a downgoing S wave converting into a P wave at the 660-km interface.These waves were excited by two regional>410-km-deep events and were recorded by stations in central Asia.Our findings showed no need to introduce velocity anomalies at the base of the MTZ to explain the S660P waveforms because the IASP91 model adequately reproduced the waveforms.This finding indicates that the basalt accumulation has not affected the bottom of the MTZ in the study area.Instead,this discontinuity is primarily controlled by temperature or water content variations,or both.Thus,we argue that the basalt accumulation at the base of the MTZ is sporadic,not ubiquitous,reflecting its heterogeneous distribution.展开更多
Shear wave splitting(SWS)is regarded as the most effective geophysical method to delineate mantle flow fields by detecting seismic azimuthal anisotropy in the earth's upper mantle,especially in tectonically active...Shear wave splitting(SWS)is regarded as the most effective geophysical method to delineate mantle flow fields by detecting seismic azimuthal anisotropy in the earth's upper mantle,especially in tectonically active regions such as subduction zones.The Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone has a convergence rate of approximately 50 mm/yr,with a trench length reaching nearly 2800 km.Such a long subduction zone has led to intensive continental deformation and numerous strong earthquakes in southern and central Alaska,while northern Alaska is relatively inactive.The sharp contrast makes Alaska a favorable locale to investigate the impact of subduction on mantle dynamics.Moreover,the uniqueness of this subduction zone,including the unusual subducting type,varying slab geometry,and atypical magmatic activity and composition,has intrigued the curiosity of many geoscientists.To identify different sources of seismic anisotropy beneath the Alaska region and probe the influence of a geometrically varying subducting slab on mantle dynamics,extensive SWS analyses have been conducted in the past decades.However,the insufficient station and azimuthal coverage,especially in early studies,not only led to some conflicting results but also strongly limited the in-depth investigation of layered anisotropy and the estimation of anisotropy depth.With the completion of the Transportable Array project in Alaska,recent studies have revealed more detailed mantle structures and characteristics based on the dense station coverage and newly collected massive seismic data.In this study,we review significant regional-and continental-scale SWS studies in the Alaska region and conclude the mantle flow fields therein,to understand how a geometrically varying subducting slab alters the regional mantle dynamics.The summarized mantle flow mechanisms are believed to be conducive to the understanding of seismic anisotropy patterns in other subduction zones with a complicated tectonic setting.展开更多
The thermal structure of the continental subduction zone can be deduced from high-pressure and ultra-high-pressure rock samples or numerical simulation.However,petrological data indicate that the temperature of subduc...The thermal structure of the continental subduction zone can be deduced from high-pressure and ultra-high-pressure rock samples or numerical simulation.However,petrological data indicate that the temperature of subducted continental plates is generally higher than that derived from numerical simulation.In this paper,a two-dimensional kinematic model is used to study the thermal structure of continental subduction zones,with or without a preceding oceanic slab.The results show that the removal of the preceding oceanic slab can effectively increase the slab surface temperature of the continental subduction zone in the early stage of subduction.This can sufficiently explain the difference between the cold thermal structure obtained from previous modeling results and the hot thermal structure obtained from rock sample data.展开更多
The uvarovite-andradite and uvarovite-andradite-grossular solid-solution series are rare in nature.The discovery of uvarovite-andradite in serpentinite and rodingite from the ultra-high pressure(UHP)metamorphic belt i...The uvarovite-andradite and uvarovite-andradite-grossular solid-solution series are rare in nature.The discovery of uvarovite-andradite in serpentinite and rodingite from the ultra-high pressure(UHP)metamorphic belt in southwestern Tianshan provided an opportunity to investigate its behavior in the subduction zone.Uvarovite(defined as chromiumgarnet)from serpentinite is homogeneous in a single grain,covering compositions in the uvarovite-andradite solid solution series of Adr_(58-66)Uv_(33-41),with few grossular components.Uvarovite from rodingites contain various Cr_(2)O_(3) contents(1.7-17.9 wt%)and mineral compositions being in the range of Adr_(21-31)Uv_(41-50)Grs_(22-37),Adr_(52-90)Uv_(5-25)Grs_(0-21) and Adr_(19-67)Uv_(3-63)Grs_(13-42).Discontinuous chemical variation of uvarovite from core to rim indicates that uvarovite formed by consuming andradite and chromite,which could provide Ca,Cr,Al and Fe.Raman signals of water were identified for uvarovite from both serpentinite and rodingite,with high water content in uvarovite from serpentinite.The high pressure mineral assemblage,as well as the association with perovskite,indicated that the studied uvarovite from serpentinite and rodingite was formed through high pressure metamorphism,during the subduction zone serpentinization and rodingitization.High alkaline and highly reduced fluids released from serpentinization or rodingitization in the oceanic subduction zone promote the mobility of chromium and enable its long-distance migration.展开更多
The kinematics and dynamics of plate tectonics are frontal subjects in geosciences and the strong earthquake occurred along the plate boundary result directly from plate movement. By analyzing Ibaraki earthquake seque...The kinematics and dynamics of plate tectonics are frontal subjects in geosciences and the strong earthquake occurred along the plate boundary result directly from plate movement. By analyzing Ibaraki earthquake sequence, it has been found that the focal fault plane shows a special image of grading expansion along the direction of strike and adjustment along the dip direction respectively. With the consideration of strike, dip and slip directions of focal mechanism, we have confirmed that Ibaraki earthquake belongs to a thrust fault earthquake occurred under the Japan Trench. The cause of the earthquake sequence is discussed in the paper. The study on the temporal-spatial distribution of the earthquake sequence with a time-scale between the year-scale spatial geodetic data and the second-scale moment tensor of the strong earthquake has indicated the dynamic process of Pacific Plate subduction under the Eurasia Plate. According to the average slip distance of earthquake and the velocity of plate movement, it is predicted that a strong earthquake might occur in recent years.展开更多
This paper presents preliminary results of three-dimensional thermomechanical finite-element models of a parameter study to compute the current temperature and stress distribution in the subduction zone of the central...This paper presents preliminary results of three-dimensional thermomechanical finite-element models of a parameter study to compute the current temperature and stress distribution in the subduction zone of the central Andes （16°S-26°S） up to a depth of 400 km, the bottom of the asthenosphere. For this purpose a simulation running over c. 50,000 years will be realized based on the geometry of a generic subduction zone and an elasto-viscoplastic Drucker-Prager rheology. The kinematic and thermal boundary conditions as well as the rheological parameters represent the current state of the study area. In future works the model will be refined using a systematic study of physical parameters in order to estimate the influence of the main parameters （e.g. viscosity, fault friction, velocity, shear heating） on the results of the reference model presented here. The reference model is kept as simple as possible to be able to estimate the influence of the parameters in future studies in the best possible way, whilst minimizing comnutational time.展开更多
基金granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 41273037,41673031,41473033)
文摘Subduction zones involve many complex geological processes, including the release of slabderived fluids, fluid/rock interactions, partial melting, isotopic fractionations, elemental transporting, and crust/mantle interactions. Lithium（Li） isotopes（~6Li and ~7Li） have relative mass difference up to 16%, being the largest among metal elements. Thus, Li isotopes have advantage to interprete trace various geological processes. Most importantly, during crust/mantle interactions in deep subduction zones, surface materials and mantle rocks usually have distinct Li isotopic compositions. Li isotopes can be potential tracer for subduction processes, from the onset of subduction to the release of Li from subducted slabs and interaction with mantle wedge, as well as the fate of Li in slab-derived fluids and residual slabs. Moreover, the Li isotopic composition of subducting output materials can provide useful information for understanding global Li circulation. With developments in measurement and expansion of Li isotopic database, Li isotopic geochemistry will provide more inference and be a powerful tracer for understanding subduction-related processes. This work retrospected the application of Li isotopes in tracing successive subduction processes, and made some prospects for further studies of Li isotopes.
文摘Following a quasi-dynamic scheme proposed by Minear and Toksoz (1970), thermal structures of subduction zonesfor different models by finite element method (FEM) were calculated. Density distribution and p-wave anomaly ofsubduction zones were calculated at the same time. Comparing with seismological evidences and results of laboratories. it is proposed that earthquakes occurred below 400 km depth are probably controlled by anti-crackmechanism.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 40874095 and NSF under grant EAR-063566
文摘We examined the spatial variation of velocity structures around the 660-kin discontinuity at the western Pacific subduction zones by waveform modeling of triplication data. Data from two deep earthquakes beneath Izu-Bonin and Northeast China are used. Both events were well recorded by a dense broadband seismic network in China （CEArray）. The two events are located at approximately the same distance to the CEArray, yet significant differences are observed in their records： （1） the direct arrivals traveling above the 660-km discontinuity （AB branch） are seen in a different distance extent： -29° for the NE China event, -23° for Izu-Bonin event; （2） the direct （AB） and the refracted waves at the 660-km （CD branch） cross over at 19.5° and 17° for the NE China and the Izu-Bonin event, respectively. The best fitting model for the NE China event has a broad 660-km discontinuity and a constant high velocity layer upon it; while the Izu-Bonin model differs from the standard IASP91 model only with a high velocity layer above the 660-km discontinuity. Variations in velocity models can be roughly explained by subduction geometry.
基金Project(2001CB409803)supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China
文摘High-pressure(HP)veins were extensively developed in western Tianshan high-pressure(HP)metamorphic belt.The HP vein and host-rocks were analyzed by electronic microprobe to trace the origin of vein-forming fluids.Analytical data show that the immediately adjacent host-rocks of the studied HP vein are eclogites and gradually turned into blueschist as the distance from the veins increases,which indicates that the vein-forming fluid was derived from adjacent host-rocks;the boundaries between the vein and the host-rocks are sharp,which indicates that the fracture of the host-rocks is brittle during the vein-forming process.It is suggested that this type of HP veins is precipitated from the liquid formed by the dehydration of the host-rocks during the prograde metamorphism from blueschist to eclogite facies,which results in hydrofracturing of the rocks and provides the space for the vein to precipitate.The width of the eclogite-facies host-rocks is usually 1-2 cm,which provides the direct evidence that the fluid flow is on centimeter-scale.
基金supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41590620)the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant No.2015CB856100)
文摘The transport of water from subducting crust into the mantle is mainly dictated by the stability of hydrous minerals in subduction zones. The thermal structure of subduction zones is a key to dehydration of the subducting crust at different depths. Oceanic subduction zones show a large variation in the geotherm, but seismicity and arc volcanism are only prominent in cold subduction zones where geothermal gradients are low. In contrast, continental subduction zones have low geothermal gradients, resulting in metamorphism in cold subduction zones and the absence of arc volcanism during subduction. In very cold subduction zone where the geothermal gradient is very low(?5?C/km), lawsonite may carry water into great depths of ?300 km. In the hot subduction zone where the geothermal gradient is high(>25?C/km), the subducting crust dehydrates significantly at shallow depths and may partially melt at depths of <80 km to form felsic melts, into which water is highly dissolved. In this case, only a minor amount of water can be transported into great depths. A number of intermediate modes are present between these two end-member dehydration modes, making subduction-zone dehydration various. Low-T/low-P hydrous minerals are not stable in warm subduction zones with increasing subduction depths and thus break down at forearc depths of ?60–80 km to release large amounts of water. In contrast, the low-T/low-P hydrous minerals are replaced by low-T/high-P hydrous minerals in cold subduction zones with increasing subduction depths, allowing the water to be transported to subarc depths of 80–160 km. In either case, dehydration reactions not only trigger seismicity in the subducting crust but also cause hydration of the mantle wedge. Nevertheless, there are still minor amounts of water to be transported by ultrahigh-pressure hydrous minerals and nominally anhydrous minerals into the deeper mantle. The mantle wedge overlying the subducting slab does not partially melt upon water influx for volcanic arc magmatism, but it is hydrated at first with the lowest temperature at the slab-mantle interface, several hundreds of degree lower than the wet solidus of hydrated peridotites. The hydrated peridotites may undergo partial melting upon heating at a later time. Therefore, the water flux from the subducting crust into the overlying mantle wedge does not trigger the volcanic arc magmatism immediately.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB856106)
文摘During subduction processes, slabs continuously have heat exchange with the ambient mantle, including both conduction and advection effects. The evolution of slab thermal structure is one of the dominant factors in controlling physical and chemical property changes in subduction zones. It also affects our understanding of many key geological processes, such as mineral dehydration, rock partial melting, arc volcanism, and seismic activities in subduction zones. There are mainly two ways for studying thermal structure of subduction zones with geodynamic models: analytical model and numerical model. Analytical model provides insights into the most dominant controlling physical parameters on the thermal structure, such as slab age, velocity and dip angle, shear stress and thermal conductivity, etc. Numerical model can further deal with more complicated environments, such as viscosity change in the mantle wedge, coupling process between slabs and the ambient mantle, and incorporation of petrology and mineralogy. When applying geodynamic modeling results to specific subduction zones on the Earth, there are many factors which may complicate the process, therefore it is difficult to precisely constrain the thermal structure of subduction zones. With the development of new quantitative methods in geophysics and geochemistry, we may obtain more observational constraints for thermal structure of subduction zones, thus providing more reasonable explanations for geological processes related to subduction zones.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0702704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41921003)the Key Research Project of Frontier Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDJ-SSW-DQC012).
文摘Oxygen fugacity(fO_(2))is an intensive variable that describes the redox state of a system.By controlling the valence state of multivalent elements,fO_(2)affects the stability of iron-bearing minerals,dominants the species of volatile elements(e.g.,carbon and sulfur),and controls the partitioning behaviors of multivalent elements(e.g.,iron,vanadium,cerium,europium).Thus,fO_(2)plays a key role in understanding the generation and differentiation of arc magmas,the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal deposits,and the nature of magmatic volatiles.Subduction zones are an important site for arc magmatism and fluid action,and the study of redox processes is indispensable in subduction zone geochemistry.In this paper,we first introduce the concept,expression,and estimation methods of fO_(2).Then we retrospect the history and progress about the oxidation state of the metasomatized mantle wedge,summarize the redox property of slab-derived fluids,and review the latest progress on redox evolution of arc magmas during magma generation and differentiation.The main conclusions include:(1)despite its wide variation range,fO_(2)of the mantle wedge is generally higher than that of the oceanic mantle;(2)the redox property of the subducting slab-derived fluids is still controversial and the mechanism for the oxidization of the mantle wedge remains unclear;(3)how the fO_(2)varies during the generation and differentiation of the arc magmas is debated.We propose that the crux in deciphering the oxidization mechanism of the mantle wedge is to determine the mobility of iron,carbon and sulfur in subducting slab-derived fluids(especially solute-rich fluid or supercritical fluid);the key in understanding the redox evolution during arc magma generation and differentiation is to determine the partition coefficients of Fe^(3+)and Fe^(2+)between ferromagnesian minerals and silicate melts.
基金supported by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Techno-logy(Grant No.2015CB856102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41125012,41221062)
文摘Plate subduction is an important mechanism for exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust,and the igneous rocks in subduction zones are the important carriers for studying the recycling of crustal materials and the crust-mantle interaction.This study presents a review of geochronology and geochemistry for postcollisional mafic igneous rocks from the Hong’an-Dabie-Sulu orogens and the southeastern edge of the North China Block.The available results indicate two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,which are represented by two types of mafic igneous rocks with distinct geochemical compositions.The first type of rocks exhibit arc-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE,LREE and Pb,but depletion of HFSE)and enriched radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions,whereas the second type of rocks show OIB-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE and LREE,but no depletion of HFSE)and depleted radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions.Both of them have variable zircon O isotope compositions,which are different from those of the normal mantle zircon,and contain residual crustal zircons.These geochemical features indicate that the two types of mafic igneous rocks were originated from the different natures of mantle sources.The mantle source for the second type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying juvenile lithospheric mantle with felsic melts originated from previously subducted oceanic crust,whereas the mantle source for the first type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying ancient lithospheric mantle of the North China Block with felsic melts from subsequently subducted continental crust of the South China Block.Therefore,there exist two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,and the postcollisional mafic igneous rocks provide petrological and geochemical records of the slab-mantle interactions in continental collision orogens.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.41725009)the“135”Planned Project of Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.135PY201606)the Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Type B)(Grant No.XDB18030206)。
文摘Porphyry copper±molybdenum±gold deposits(PCDs) are the most representative magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system above subduction zones with important economic value. Previous studies revealed that large PCDs are generally formed from initial arc magmas(from subduction-induced partial melting of the mantle wedge), which eventually ascend to the shallow crust(3–5 km) for mineralization after a series of complex evolution processes. These processes include(1) the dehydration or partial melting of subducting slab, which induces partial melting of the metasomatized mantle wedge;(2)the ascent of mantle-derived magma to the bottom of the lower crust, which subsequently undergoes crustal processes such as assimilation plus fractional crystallization(AFC) or melting, assimilation, storage and homogenization(MASH);(3) the magma chamber formation at the bottom of the lower, middle and upper crust;(4) the final emplacement and volatilization of porphyry stocks;and(5) the accumulation of ore-forming fluids and metal precipitation. Despite the many decades of research, many issues involving the PCD metallogenic mechanism still remain to resolve, such as(1) the tectonic control on the geochemical characteristics of ore-forming magma;(2) the reason for the different lifespans of the long-term magmatic arc evolution and geologically "instantaneous" mineralization processes;(3) the source of ore-forming materials;(4) the relative contributions of metal pre-enrichment to mineralization by the magma source and by magmatic evolution;and(5) the decoupling behaviors of Cu and Au during the pre-enrichment. These issues point out the direction for future PCD metallogenic research, and the resolution to them will deepen our understanding of the metallogenesis at convergent plate boundaries.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB856105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41872057)
文摘Based on the updated results of experimental petrology and phase equilibria modelling and combined with the available thermal structure models of subduction zones, this paper presents an overview on the dehydration and melting of basic,sedimentary and ultrabasic rocks that occur in the different stages during oceanic subduction processes and their influences on magmatism above subduction zones. During the subduction at the forearc depth of <90–100 km, the basic and ultrabasic rocks from most oceanic slabs can release very small amounts of water, and significant dehydration may occur in the slab superficial sediments. Strong dehydration occurs in both basic and ultrabasic rocks during subduction at the subarc depth of 90–200 km. For example, more than 90% water in basic rocks is released by the successive dehydration of chlorite, glaucophane, talc and lawsonite in the subarc depths. This is diversely in contrast to the previous results from synthetic experiments. Ultrabasic rocks may undergo strong dehydration through antigorite, chlorite and phase 10 ? at the subarc depth of 120–220 km. However,sediments can contribute minor fluids at the subarc depth, one main hydrous mineral in which is phengite(muscovite). It can stabilize to ~300 km depth and transform into K-hollandite. After phengite breaks down, there will be no significant fluid release from oceanic slab until it is subducted to the mantle transition zone. In a few hot subduction zones, partial melting(especially flux melting) can occur in both sediments and basic rocks, generating hydrous granitic melts or supercritical fluids, and in carbonates-bearing sediments potassic carbonatite melts can be generated. In a few cold subduction zones, phase A occurs in ultrabasic rocks, which can bring water deep into the transition zone. The subducted rocks, especially the sediments, contain large quantities of incompatible minor and trace elements carried through fluids to greatly influence the geochemical compositions of the magma in subduction zones. As the geothermal gradients of subduction zones cannot cross the solidi of carbonated eclogite and peridotite during the subarc subduction stage, the carbonate minerals in them can be carried into the deep mantle.Carbonated eclogite can melt to generate alkali-rich carbonatite melts at >400 km depth, while carbonated peridotite will not melt in the mantle transition zone below a subduction zone.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0702704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41573053&41921003)the Key Research Project of Frontier Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDJ-SSW-DQC012).
文摘The partitioning behavior of trace elements is of key importance for understanding the geochemical process and material cycle mechanism in subduction zones.This paper focuses on the advances and prospects on the studies of trace element partitioning in subduction zones from the following four aspects.(1)The properties of fluids derived from subducting slabs and their ability in element transport.How slab-derived solute-rich fluids and supercritical fluids are formed and what the roles and key control factors of these fluids are in transferring of elements(especially the high field strength elements)from slab to wedge are discussed.We point out that the detailed investigations of supercritical fluids may provide a new perspective for the element migration mechanism,material cycle process,arc magma genesis and so on.(2)The behavior of transition elements during mantle wedge melting.The behavior of the first row transition elements(Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)in the mantle partial melting process is compatible or incompatible,depending on residual mineral assemblage and physicochemical conditions.The partitioning behavior of the elements such as Sc,Ti,Co,Ni and Zn whose valence states do not change in the melting process mainly depends on the residual mineral assemblage and temperature,whereas the partitioning behavior of the multivalent elements such as V and Fe is also the function of oxygen fugacity(fO_(2))in addition to mineral assemblage and temperature.Therefore,the partitioning behavior of transition elements has important applications in tracing lithologic inhomogeneity and fO_(2)of the mantle wedges.(3)The specificity of element partitioning behavior during arc magma evolution.Garnet has Dy/Yb partitioning behavior different from amphibole,and rutile has Nb/Ta partitioning behavior different from amphibole.Dy/Yb and Nb/Ta partitioning differences for these minerals enable to distinguish the specific evolution process of arc magmas.The Dy/Yb and Nb/Ta generally decrease with the increase of SiO_(2)in arc magmas,indicating that amphibole fractionation should be the most important during arc magma differentiation.(4)The behavior of sulfur and chalcophile elements and porphyry metallogeny.In subduction zones,the behavior of chalcophile elements such as Cu and Au is controlled by sulfide and fluid.Therefore,the stability of sulfide,the time at which the fluid exsolves from the melt relative to sulfide saturation,the fluid/sulfide mass ratio and fluid/melt Cu and Au partition coefficients in intermediate-felsic magma-H_(2)O systems are especially important in understanding Cu and Au enrichment in magma-hydrothermal processes.Intermediate-felsic magmas mainly originate from the differentiation of arc magmas at lower crustal reservoirs,and thus the fluid exsolution from the lower crustal reservoirs and the fluid/melt and fluid/sulfide partition coefficients of Cu and Au should be the keys to understanding quantitatively how Cu and Au are migrated from the deep crust to the shallow site of mineralization.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41590622,41825004,41721002,41603057)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant Nos.WK2080000102,WK341000013).
文摘Subducting oceanic slabs undergo metamorphic dehydration with the increase of temperature and pressure during subduction.Dehydration is an essential step for element recycling,and slab fluids are critical agents for mediating slab-mantle interaction.Dehydration is mainly controlled by the thermal structure of subduction zones and the stability of hydrous minerals.At fore-arc depths,slab dehydration produces aqueous fluid with dissolved salts such as NaCl.As subduction proceeds deeper,the content of silicate components increases.At sub-arc and post-arc depths,a hydrous silicate melt is likely to form,or a supercritical fluid could arise from complete miscibility between silicates and H_(2)O.The partitioning of elements between slab fluid and the residual solid rock is controlled by the type of fluid,and generally it is the supercritical fluid that is the most capable of mobilizing trace elements,being an effective carrier even for high field strength elements.Understanding the chemistry of slab fluids relies on sophisticated integration of experiments,theoretical computation and investigation of natural rock samples.This contribution focuses on the content and speciation of key volatiles,including carbon,nitrogen and sulfur,in slab fluids as well as important fluid properties such as oxygen fugacity and acidity.The properties of slab fluids show complicated variation under the control of mineral assemblages and T-P conditions.Slab fluids at great depths of subductions have been inferred to be modestly alkaline and not necessarily very oxidizing as often assumed.Further progress in the research of slab dehydration and the chemistry and properties of slab fluids demands urgently the development of innovative experimental and computational technology including in situ analytical methods at high T-P.
文摘The Izu-Bonin subduction zone in the Northwest Pacific is an ideal location for understanding mantle dynamics such as cold lithosphere subduction. The slab produces a lateral thermal anomaly, inducing local topographic changes at the boundary of a post-spinel phase transformation, considered to be the origin of the ‘660-km discontinuity.’ In this study, the short-period(1–2 Hz) S-to-P conversion phase S660P was used to obtain the fine-scale structure of the discontinuity. More than 100 earthquakes that occurred from the 1980s to the 2020s and were recorded by high-quality seismic arrays in the United States and Europe were analyzed. A discontinuity in the ambient mantle with an average depth of ~670 km was found beneath the 300–400-km event zone in the northern Bonin region near 33°N. Meanwhile, the ‘660-km discontinuity’ has been pushed upward, away from the slab, possibly because of a hot upwelling mantle plume. In the central part of the subduction zone, the 660-km discontinuity is depressed to an average depth of(690 ± 5) km within the slab at approximately 150 km below the coldest slab core, indicating a(300 ± 100) ℃ cold anomaly estimated using a post-spinel transformation Clapeyron slope of(-2.0 ± 1.0) MPa/K. In southern Bonin near 28°N, the discontinuity was found to be further depressed at an average depth of(695 ± 5) km below the deepest event and with a focal depth of ~550 km. The discontinuity is located where the slab bends abruptly to become sub-horizontal toward the west-southwest. Near the zone of the isolated Bonin Super Deep Earthquake, which occurred at ~680 km on May 30,2015, the discontinuity is depressed to ~700 km, suggesting a near-vertical penetrating slab and an S-to-P conversion in the coldest slab core, where a large low-temperature anomaly should exist.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021MD069)the Strategic Pioneer Science and Technology Special Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB42020104)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42176052)the Project of Introducing and Cultivating Young Talents in the Universities of Shandong Province(No.LUJIAOKEHAN-2021-51).
文摘The bidirectional subduction system,island arc magmatic activities,and thermal structure of the forearc basin in the Molucca Sea are taken into consideration in this study.The active volcanic arcs on both sides of the bidirectional subduction zone in the Molucca Sea are undergoing arc-arc collisions.We applied a finite element thermal simulation method to reconstruct the thermal evolution history of the Molucca Sea Plate based on geophysical data.Then,we analyzed the thermodynamic characteristics of island arc volcanism on both sides of the bidirectional subduction zone.The results showed that at 10Myr,the oceanic ridge of the Molucca Sea Plate was asymmetrically biased to the west,causing this bidirectional subduction to be deeper in the west than in the east.Furthermore,the oceanic ridge subducted under the Sangihe arc at 5.5Myr,causing intermittent cessation of volcanic activities.Due to the convergence of bidirectional subduction,the geothermal gradient in the top 3km depth of the forearc area between the Sangihe and Halmahera arcs decreased from about 60℃km^(−1) at 4Myr to about 38℃km^(−1) today.Finally,within the 45–100 km depth range of the sliding surface of the subduction,anomalously high-temperature zones formed due to shear friction during the bidirectional subduction.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42276049)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB42020103).
文摘Recent seismic evidence shows that basalt accumulation is widespread in the mantle transition zone(MTZ),yet its ubiquity or sporadic nature remains uncertain.To investigate this phenomenon further,we characterized the velocity structure across the 660-km discontinuity that separates the upper mantle from the lower mantle beneath the Sea of Okhotsk by modeling the waveform of the S660P phase,a downgoing S wave converting into a P wave at the 660-km interface.These waves were excited by two regional>410-km-deep events and were recorded by stations in central Asia.Our findings showed no need to introduce velocity anomalies at the base of the MTZ to explain the S660P waveforms because the IASP91 model adequately reproduced the waveforms.This finding indicates that the basalt accumulation has not affected the bottom of the MTZ in the study area.Instead,this discontinuity is primarily controlled by temperature or water content variations,or both.Thus,we argue that the basalt accumulation at the base of the MTZ is sporadic,not ubiquitous,reflecting its heterogeneous distribution.
基金supported by the Outstanding Youth Project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang(YQ2023D006).
文摘Shear wave splitting(SWS)is regarded as the most effective geophysical method to delineate mantle flow fields by detecting seismic azimuthal anisotropy in the earth's upper mantle,especially in tectonically active regions such as subduction zones.The Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone has a convergence rate of approximately 50 mm/yr,with a trench length reaching nearly 2800 km.Such a long subduction zone has led to intensive continental deformation and numerous strong earthquakes in southern and central Alaska,while northern Alaska is relatively inactive.The sharp contrast makes Alaska a favorable locale to investigate the impact of subduction on mantle dynamics.Moreover,the uniqueness of this subduction zone,including the unusual subducting type,varying slab geometry,and atypical magmatic activity and composition,has intrigued the curiosity of many geoscientists.To identify different sources of seismic anisotropy beneath the Alaska region and probe the influence of a geometrically varying subducting slab on mantle dynamics,extensive SWS analyses have been conducted in the past decades.However,the insufficient station and azimuthal coverage,especially in early studies,not only led to some conflicting results but also strongly limited the in-depth investigation of layered anisotropy and the estimation of anisotropy depth.With the completion of the Transportable Array project in Alaska,recent studies have revealed more detailed mantle structures and characteristics based on the dense station coverage and newly collected massive seismic data.In this study,we review significant regional-and continental-scale SWS studies in the Alaska region and conclude the mantle flow fields therein,to understand how a geometrically varying subducting slab alters the regional mantle dynamics.The summarized mantle flow mechanisms are believed to be conducive to the understanding of seismic anisotropy patterns in other subduction zones with a complicated tectonic setting.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB 41000000)National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB856106)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41774105,41820104004,41688103).
文摘The thermal structure of the continental subduction zone can be deduced from high-pressure and ultra-high-pressure rock samples or numerical simulation.However,petrological data indicate that the temperature of subducted continental plates is generally higher than that derived from numerical simulation.In this paper,a two-dimensional kinematic model is used to study the thermal structure of continental subduction zones,with or without a preceding oceanic slab.The results show that the removal of the preceding oceanic slab can effectively increase the slab surface temperature of the continental subduction zone in the early stage of subduction.This can sufficiently explain the difference between the cold thermal structure obtained from previous modeling results and the hot thermal structure obtained from rock sample data.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41872067,41972064,41630207,41720104009,41703053)Project of the Chinese Geological Survey(Grant Nos.DD20190006,DD20190060)the Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(Grant Nos.J1901-9,J1901-31,J1903)。
文摘The uvarovite-andradite and uvarovite-andradite-grossular solid-solution series are rare in nature.The discovery of uvarovite-andradite in serpentinite and rodingite from the ultra-high pressure(UHP)metamorphic belt in southwestern Tianshan provided an opportunity to investigate its behavior in the subduction zone.Uvarovite(defined as chromiumgarnet)from serpentinite is homogeneous in a single grain,covering compositions in the uvarovite-andradite solid solution series of Adr_(58-66)Uv_(33-41),with few grossular components.Uvarovite from rodingites contain various Cr_(2)O_(3) contents(1.7-17.9 wt%)and mineral compositions being in the range of Adr_(21-31)Uv_(41-50)Grs_(22-37),Adr_(52-90)Uv_(5-25)Grs_(0-21) and Adr_(19-67)Uv_(3-63)Grs_(13-42).Discontinuous chemical variation of uvarovite from core to rim indicates that uvarovite formed by consuming andradite and chromite,which could provide Ca,Cr,Al and Fe.Raman signals of water were identified for uvarovite from both serpentinite and rodingite,with high water content in uvarovite from serpentinite.The high pressure mineral assemblage,as well as the association with perovskite,indicated that the studied uvarovite from serpentinite and rodingite was formed through high pressure metamorphism,during the subduction zone serpentinization and rodingitization.High alkaline and highly reduced fluids released from serpentinization or rodingitization in the oceanic subduction zone promote the mobility of chromium and enable its long-distance migration.
文摘The kinematics and dynamics of plate tectonics are frontal subjects in geosciences and the strong earthquake occurred along the plate boundary result directly from plate movement. By analyzing Ibaraki earthquake sequence, it has been found that the focal fault plane shows a special image of grading expansion along the direction of strike and adjustment along the dip direction respectively. With the consideration of strike, dip and slip directions of focal mechanism, we have confirmed that Ibaraki earthquake belongs to a thrust fault earthquake occurred under the Japan Trench. The cause of the earthquake sequence is discussed in the paper. The study on the temporal-spatial distribution of the earthquake sequence with a time-scale between the year-scale spatial geodetic data and the second-scale moment tensor of the strong earthquake has indicated the dynamic process of Pacific Plate subduction under the Eurasia Plate. According to the average slip distance of earthquake and the velocity of plate movement, it is predicted that a strong earthquake might occur in recent years.
文摘This paper presents preliminary results of three-dimensional thermomechanical finite-element models of a parameter study to compute the current temperature and stress distribution in the subduction zone of the central Andes （16°S-26°S） up to a depth of 400 km, the bottom of the asthenosphere. For this purpose a simulation running over c. 50,000 years will be realized based on the geometry of a generic subduction zone and an elasto-viscoplastic Drucker-Prager rheology. The kinematic and thermal boundary conditions as well as the rheological parameters represent the current state of the study area. In future works the model will be refined using a systematic study of physical parameters in order to estimate the influence of the main parameters （e.g. viscosity, fault friction, velocity, shear heating） on the results of the reference model presented here. The reference model is kept as simple as possible to be able to estimate the influence of the parameters in future studies in the best possible way, whilst minimizing comnutational time.
