Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed ...Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed the split-additions of nitrogen-rich substrate to composting materials and their effect on GHGs emissions as well as the quality of the composts. Nitrogen-rich substrates formulated from pig and goat manure were co-composted with MSW for a 12-weeks period by split adding at mesophilic (˚C) and thermophilic (>50˚C) stages in five different treatments. Representative samples from the compost were taken from each treatment for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological analysis. In-situ CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O gas emissions were also analyzed weekly during composting. It was observed that all the treatments showed significant organic matter decomposition, reaching thermophilic temperatures in the first week of composting. The absence affects the suitable agronomic properties. All nitrogen-rich substrate applied at thermophilic stage (Treatment two) recorded the highest N, P and K concentrations of 1.34%, 0.97% and 2.45%, respectively with highest nitrogen retention. In terms of GHG emissions, CO<sub>2</sub> was highest at the thermophilic stage when N-rich substrate was added in all treatment, while CH<sub>4</sub> was highest in the mesophilic stage with N-rich substrate addition. N<sub>2</sub>O showed no specific trend in the treatments. Split addition of the N-rich substrate for co-composting of MSW produced compost which is stable, has less nutrient loss and low GHG emissions. Split addition of a nitrogen-rich substrate could be an option for increasing the fertilizer value of MSW compost.展开更多
Mixed mesophilic and extreme thermophilic bioleaching were evaluated to remove copper from the molybdenite concentrate.Bioleaching tests were carried out in shake flasks and in a 50-L bioreactor.The shake flask tests ...Mixed mesophilic and extreme thermophilic bioleaching were evaluated to remove copper from the molybdenite concentrate.Bioleaching tests were carried out in shake flasks and in a 50-L bioreactor.The shake flask tests were performed with different inoculum size,solids density,pH.and temperature in order to identify optimum conditions.The highest amount of copper elimination,75%was obtained with extreme thermophilic microorganisms(at 12%inoculation,10%solids,65℃and a pH of 1.5).The highest copper elimination by mesophilic microorganisms was 55%(at 12%inoculation,5%solids,30℃at pH 2).The optimum conditions in shake flask tests were applied to 7 days batch tests in a50-L bioreactor.Extreme thermophilic experiment gave the best copper elimination of 60%(at 12%inoculation,10%solids,65℃and pH 1.5).Mesophilic test removed 50%of the copper(at 12%inoculation,10%solids,35℃at pH 2).展开更多
Hydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum PSU-2 was investigated both in batch and continuous reactors using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) and co...Hydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum PSU-2 was investigated both in batch and continuous reactors using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The hydrogen production determined from batch experiment of POME at an inoculum size of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% (v/v) was 161, 201, 246 and 296 mL H2/g-COD with COD removal efficiency of 21%, 23%, 23% and 23%, respectively. Continuous hydrogen production was start-up with 30% (v/v) inoculum in both ASBR and CSTR reactors and more than 30% COD removal could be obtained at HRT of 4 days, corresponding to OLR of 11.3 g COD/ L·day. Similar hydrogen production rates of 2.05 and2.16 LH2/L. day were obtained from ASBR and CSTR, respectively. COD removal efficiency of ASBR was 37.7%, while it was 44.8% for CSTR. However, ASBR was stable in term of alkalinity, while the CSTR was stable in term of hydrogen production, soluble metabolites concentration and alkalinity. Therefore, the CSTR was found to be more stable in hydrogen production than ASBR under the same OLR.展开更多
Creosote is used for preservation of railway ties and timbers, electric utility poles, marine and foundation piling, fences and garden furniture. Creosote-treated wood waste may cause potential contamination of soil a...Creosote is used for preservation of railway ties and timbers, electric utility poles, marine and foundation piling, fences and garden furniture. Creosote-treated wood waste may cause potential contamination of soil and water if they are not disposed properly. Creosote contains over 300 organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds and heterocyclic organic compounds, many of which are toxic to human and can cause damage to kidney, liver, eyes and skin. The feasibility of using a composting technique inoculated with the cellulose degrading actinomycetesThermobifidafusca as a mesophilic/thermophilic bioremediation option to degrade phenolic compounds in creosote treated wood waste was evaluated. The temperature profile of bioremediation process clearly identified mesophilic and thermophilic phases in both experiments. Different degradation rates were observed in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases. Fluctuations of pH was observed in both experiment as the result of the breakdown of organic nitrogen to ammonium in the first week and the formation of organic acids and the loss of ammonium with the exhaust gases in the latter stage. The moisture content decreased in both trials because of the net loss of water with the exhaust gas. Both experiments achieved similar reductions in total carbon and TKN, volatile solids and phenolic compounds, cellulose and lignin indicating similar levels of microbial activities during the composting process. The stability and maturity of the final products were also similar. The inoculation of the cellulolytic-thermophilicactinomycetesThermobifidafusca did not manifest observable differences in degrading cellulose, lignin and phenolic compounds compared with the control.展开更多
The paper provides a critical comparison between mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic treatment of PTA wastewater through diagnosis of a case study. Aspects covered are bioavailability, biodegradability, microbial po...The paper provides a critical comparison between mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic treatment of PTA wastewater through diagnosis of a case study. Aspects covered are bioavailability, biodegradability, microbial population, thermodynamics, kinetics involved and bio-reactor design for PTA wastewater treatment. The results of the case study suggests that one- stage thermophilic anaerobic reactor coupled with coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment unit and an aerobic post treatment unit could be techno-economically viable for PTA wastewater treatment to ensure that the final effluent quality conforms to the international standard. The in-formation emanated from this study could be useful and thought provoking to the professionals and academia in the area of PTA wastewater treatment and can serve as impetus toward the development of research lines in similar problems like the treatment of other petrochemical wastewater such as phenol-con- taining wastewater, benzene/benzoic acid-con- taining wastewater or wastewater from other similar industrial settings.展开更多
The thermophilic filamentous fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus produces the largest amount of xylanase reported. In addition to this, it expresses large amount of other enzymes that have been used industrially or have a...The thermophilic filamentous fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus produces the largest amount of xylanase reported. In addition to this, it expresses large amount of other enzymes that have been used industrially or have academic interest. Thus, this fungus has a potential to be applied for biomass conversion to produce biofuel or other applications. In this study, the Biolog system was used to characterize the utilisation and growth of T. lanuginosus on 95 carbon sources. The carbohydrates based compounds, both single sugars and oligosaccharide, showed the best utilisation profile, with the pentose sugar xylose inducing the highest growth, followed by trehelose, raffinose, D-mannose turanose fructose and glucose. Among oligosaccharides, sucrose had the highest mycelium formation followed by stachyose, maltose, maltotriose, glycogen and dextrin. Interestingly the fungus also grew well on cellobiose suggesting that this fungus can produce cellulose hydrolysing proteins. D-alanine was the best amino acid to promote fungal growth while the effect of other amino acids tested was similar to the control. These results demonstrate the ability of this fungus to grow relatively well on most plant based compounds thus making this fungus a possible candidate for plant biomass conversion which can be applied to a number of biotechnological applications including biofuel production.展开更多
A two-stage process has been developed for stabilization of sludge and removal of heavy metals from the secondary activated sludge with high rate of energy and time conservation.The first stage of the process involves...A two-stage process has been developed for stabilization of sludge and removal of heavy metals from the secondary activated sludge with high rate of energy and time conservation.The first stage of the process involves autoheated thermophilic aerobic digestion at 55-60°C inoculated with less-acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms(ATAD).The results show that it is possible to maintain the autoheated conditions(55-60°C) in the ATAD reactor up to 24 hr,leading to reduction of 21% total solids(TS),27% volatile solids(VS),27% suspended solids(SS) and 33% volatile suspended solids(VSS) from the sludge.The sludge pH also decreased from 7 to 4.6 due to the activity of less-acidophilic thermophilic microorganisms.In the second stage operation,the digested sludge(pH 4.6,TS 31.6 g/L) from stage one was subjected to bioleaching in a continuous stirred tank reactor,operated at mean hydraulic retention times(HRTs) of 12,24 and 36 hr at 30°C.An HRT of 24 hr was found to be sufficient for removal of 70% Cu,70% Mn,75% Ni,and 80% Zn from the sludge.In all,39% VSS,76% Cu,78.2% Mn,79.5% Ni and 84.2% Zn were removed from the sludge in both the stages.展开更多
A refractory gold concentrate with 19% arsenic was treated by a mixed moderately thermophiles in an airlift bioreactor through an adaptation protocol. The moderately thermophiles could respond well to 20%(w/v) pulp de...A refractory gold concentrate with 19% arsenic was treated by a mixed moderately thermophiles in an airlift bioreactor through an adaptation protocol. The moderately thermophiles could respond well to 20%(w/v) pulp density with less than 10% loss of productivity, and resist arsenic up to 15 g/L. There were a lot of jarosite, arsenolite and sulfur, but not scorodite and ferric arsenate in the bioleached residue. Jarosite passivation and lower sulfur-oxidizing activity of the cells due to the toxicity of the high concentrations of soluble arsenic and iron ions at low p H value should mainly response for the incomplete extraction at high pulp density. The initial bacterial community did not change in nature except for new found P aeruginosa ANSC, but sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms have been dominant microorganisms after a long time of adaptation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa originating from the gold concentrate should be closely relative to the metabolism of the organic matters contained in the refractory gold concentrate.展开更多
Viruses of thermophiles are of great interest due to their roles in gene transfer, global geochemical cycle and evolution of life on earth. However, the thermophilic bacteriophages have not been studied extensively. I...Viruses of thermophiles are of great interest due to their roles in gene transfer, global geochemical cycle and evolution of life on earth. However, the thermophilic bacteriophages have not been studied extensively. In this investigation, a typical bacteriophage BV1 was obtained from a thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. 6k512, which was isolated from an inshore hot spring in Xiamen of China. The BV1 contained a double-stranded linear DNA of 35 055 bp, which encodes 54 open reading frames (ORFs). Interestingly, eight of the 54 BV1 ORFs shared sequence similarities to genes from human disease-relevant bacteria. Seven proteins of the purified BV1 virions were identified by proteomic analysis. Determination of BV1 functional genomics would facilitate the better understanding of the mechanism for virus-thermophile interaction.展开更多
A moderately thermophilic acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium ZW-1 was isolated from Dexing mine, Jiangxi Province, China. The morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, 16S rRNA sequence and biole...A moderately thermophilic acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium ZW-1 was isolated from Dexing mine, Jiangxi Province, China. The morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, 16S rRNA sequence and bioleaching characterization of strain ZW-1 were studied. The optimum growth temperature is 48 ℃, and the optimum initial pH is 1.9. The strain can grow autotrophically by using ferrous iron or elemental sulfur as sole energy sources. The strain is also able to grow heterotrophically by using peptone and yeast extract powder, but not glucose. The cell density of strain ZW-1 can reach up to 1.02×108 /mL with addition of 0.4 g/L peptone. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with the published 16S rRNA sequences of the relative bacteria species. In the phylogenetic tree, strain ZW-1 is closely relative to Sulfobacilus acidophilus with more than 99% sequence similarity. The results of bioleaching experiments indicate that the strain could oxidize Fe2+ efficiently, and the maximum oxidizing rate is 0.295 g/(L·h). It could tolerate high concentration of Fe3+ and Cu2+ (35 g/L and 25 g/L, respectively). After 20 d, 44.6% of copper is extracted from chalcopyrite by using strain ZW-1 as inocula.展开更多
Freeze drying and frozen preservation way was used to preserve a moderately thermophilic culture for bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate.After preservation of 15 months,the cell viability rate decreases to 22% wit...Freeze drying and frozen preservation way was used to preserve a moderately thermophilic culture for bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate.After preservation of 15 months,the cell viability rate decreases to 22% with a cell density of 7×107 mL-1.When the growth time was extended from 8 days to 14 days,cell density would increase in a large scale to about 3×108 mL-1.In the bioleaching experiments,unpreserved and preserved cultures were compared for dissolving chalcopyrite concentrate.Before 44 days,the unpreserved culture can reach a high copper extraction of about 17.4 g/L.While the preserved culture shows a rather low copper extraction,which is only 9.7 g/L.When the bioleaching time was extended to 80 days,copper extraction by preserved culture increases remarkably,and the concentration of copper finally achieves up to 18.3 g/L.On the other hand,copper extraction by the unpreserved culture does not show remarkable increase from 44th to the 80th day,and finally the total copper extraction is 19.8 g/L.As a result,total copper extraction in 80 days by preserved culture approaches that by unpreserved culture and freeze drying and frozen preservation even after 15 months does not bring much decrease of bioleaching ability.展开更多
Biodegradation parameters and kinetic characteristics for pre-treating waste strains of Klebsiella pneu-moniae were studied in laboratory scale with an insulated reactor by an innovative technique,autothermal thermo-p...Biodegradation parameters and kinetic characteristics for pre-treating waste strains of Klebsiella pneu-moniae were studied in laboratory scale with an insulated reactor by an innovative technique,autothermal thermo-philic aerobic digestion(ATAD) . Based on an Arrhenius-type equation,an empirical model was developed to corre-late the removal of total suspended solid(TSS) with the initial TSS concentration,influent reaction temperature,aeration rate and stirring rate. The reaction temperatures of the ATAD system could be raised from the ambient temperatures of 25 °C to a maximum temperature of 65 °C. The exponentials for the initial TSS concentration,aeration rate and stirring rate were 1.579,-0.8175 and-0.6549,respectively,and the apparent activation energy was 6.8774 kJ·mol-1. The correlation coefficient for the pre-exponential factor was 0.9223. The TSS removal effi-ciency predicted by the model was validated with an actual test,showing a maximum relative deviation of 10.79%. The new model has a good practicability.展开更多
A mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms was enriched from acid mine drainages(AMDs)samples collected from several sulphide mines in China,and the bioleaching of chalcopyrite was conducted both in sha...A mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms was enriched from acid mine drainages(AMDs)samples collected from several sulphide mines in China,and the bioleaching of chalcopyrite was conducted both in shake flask and bioreactor.The results show that in the shake flask,the mixture can tolerate 50 g/L chalcopyrite after being acclimated to gradually increased concentrations of chalcopyrite.The copper extraction increases obviously in bioleaching of chalcopyrite with moderately thermophilic microorganisms supplemented with 0.4 g/L yeast extract at 180 r/min,74% copper can be extracted in the pulp of 50 g/L chalcopyrite after 20 d.Compared with copper extractions of mesophilic culture,unacclimated culture and acclimated culture without addition of yeast extract,that of accliniated culture with addition of yeast extract is increased by 53%,44% and 16%,respectively.In a completely stirred tank reactor,the mass fraction of copper and total iron extraction reach up to 81% and 56%,respectively.The results also indicate that it is necessary to add a large amount of acid to the pulp to extract copper from chalcopyrite effectively.展开更多
In this study, a thermophilic oil-degrading bacterial consortium KO8-2 growing within the temperature range of 45-65 ℃ (with 55 ℃ being the optimum temperature) was isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Karamay in ...In this study, a thermophilic oil-degrading bacterial consortium KO8-2 growing within the temperature range of 45-65 ℃ (with 55 ℃ being the optimum temperature) was isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Karamay in Xinjiang, China. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that there were nine strains included in KO8-2, which originated from the genera of Bacillus, Geobacillus and Clostridium. They all belonged to thermophilic bacteria, and had been previously proved as degraders of at least one petroleum fraction. The crude oil degraded by KO8-2 was analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry, hydrocarbon group type analysis and gas chromatography. The results indicated that the bacterial consortium KO8-2 was able to utilize 64.33% of saturates, 27.06% of aromatics, 13.24% of resins and the oil removal efficiency reached up to 58.73% at 55 ℃ when the oil concentration was 10 g/L. Detailed analysis showed that KO8-2 was able to utilize the hydrocarbon components before C 19 , and the n-alkanes ranging from C 20 -C 33 were signifi- cantly degraded. The ratios of nC 17 /Pr and nC 18 /Ph were 3.12 and 3.87, respectively, before degradation, whereas after degradation the ratios reduced to 0.21 and 0.38, respectively. Compared with the control sample, the oil removal efficiency in KO8-2 composting reactor reached 50.12% after a degradation duration of 60 days.展开更多
Microbes are believed to play important roles in ecosystem function in many environments.The hot springs of Xiamen Island are close to the Xiamen Sea,and may have some characteristics different from those of inland ho...Microbes are believed to play important roles in ecosystem function in many environments.The hot springs of Xiamen Island are close to the Xiamen Sea,and may have some characteristics different from those of inland hot springs.Microbes living in the hot springs of Xiamen may have new characteristics.However,little is known about microbial communities of hot springs close to the Xiamen Sea.A culture-dependent survey of microbial population in the Xiamen hot springs was performed by using an approach combining total cellular protein profile identification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.A total of 328 isolates of bacteria were obtained from liquid and sediment samples from the Xiamen hot springs,including neutrophilic thermophilic bacteria and moderately thermophilic acidophiles.Neutrophilic thermophilic bacteria,which grow at a temperature range of 55-90℃ including Rhodothermus marinus(Strain 1),Thermus thermophilus(Strain 2),Thermus thiopara(Strain 3),Geobacillus stearothermophilus(Strain 4),Geobacillus thermoleovorans(Strain 5),and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes(Strain 6),were recovered by 2216E plates.Moderately thermophilic acidophiles,which can grow at temperatures above 50℃ and a pH range of 1.8-3.5 such as Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris(Strain 8),Sulfobacillus acidophilus(Strain 9),and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans(Strain 10),were isolated on selective solid medium containing sulfur and Fe2+.Among these strains,Rhodothermus marinus,Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus are not only thermophiles,but also halophiles.One bacterium strain(Strain 6) shared 99% nucleotide sequence homology with Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on the 16S rRNA gene sequence,but was quite different from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes in biological characteristics,suggesting that it may represent a novel thermophilic species.Results indicated that various species of neutrophilic thermophiles and moderately thermophilic acidophiles were widely distributed in the Xiamen hot springs and that Rhodothermus marinus and Thermus thermophilus dominated the cultivable microbial community.展开更多
Glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonium ions. Currently the determination of ammonium and glutamate is carried out using a bovine GDH enzyme, whic...Glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonium ions. Currently the determination of ammonium and glutamate is carried out using a bovine GDH enzyme, which lacks optimal thermostability for long term storage at room temperature. From samples of Deception Island, Antarctica, we obtained the thermophilic bacteria PID 15 belonging to the Bacillus genera with high GDH specific activity. This new enzyme exhibited NAD+ dependent activity and no activity was observed when NADP+ was used. This enzyme shows a specific activity of 4.7 U?mg-1 for the oxidative deamination reaction and 15.4 U?mg-1 for the reduction of α-ketoglutarate. This enzyme has an optimum temperature of 65°C and p H of 8.5 for the oxidative deamination. For the reduction of α-ketoglutarate, the optimum temperature is 60°C, with a p H of 8.0. One of the most important characteristics of this enzyme is its ability to retain more than 60% of its activity when it is incubated for 8 h at 65°C. The enzyme is also able to retain full activity when it is incubated for 48 d at 4°C and over 80% of its activity when it is incubated at 25°C. Characterization of its kinetics suggests that it primarily catalyzes the formation of α-ketoglutarate. This enzyme has an important biological role in the catabolism of glutamate and may have some interesting biotechnological applications based on its thermostable properties.展开更多
The study on arsenopyrite and realgar of bacterial oxidation shows that the chemical behaviors of different arsenic-bearing sulphides oxidated by thermophilic bacteria are quite distinct. Arsenopyrite is active and qu...The study on arsenopyrite and realgar of bacterial oxidation shows that the chemical behaviors of different arsenic-bearing sulphides oxidated by thermophilic bacteria are quite distinct. Arsenopyrite is active and quickly eroded in bacteria-bearing solution. With a high leaching rate over 95%, the arsenopyrite phase cannot be detected by X-ray diffraction(XRD). Arsenopyrite is highly toxic to bacteria that at the initial stage of bio-oxidation, bacterial growth is inhibited and the number of bacterium cell drops from 2.26 × 108/mL to the lowest 2.01 × 105/mL. At the later stages of bio-oxidation, bacteria grow fast and reach 2.23 × 108/mL. Comparably, realgar is inertial and resistive to bacterial corrosion and oxidation. Arsenic in realgar crystal is hard to be leached and the residue is still realgar phase, as indicated by XRD. The cell number of bacteria varies a little, decreasing from 2.26 × 108/mL to 2.01 × 107/mL, during the bacterial oxidation. The results show that the crystal structure and arsenic valency of arsenic-bearing sulphides play a vital role during the leaching process of bacterial oxidation.展开更多
文摘Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed the split-additions of nitrogen-rich substrate to composting materials and their effect on GHGs emissions as well as the quality of the composts. Nitrogen-rich substrates formulated from pig and goat manure were co-composted with MSW for a 12-weeks period by split adding at mesophilic (˚C) and thermophilic (>50˚C) stages in five different treatments. Representative samples from the compost were taken from each treatment for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological analysis. In-situ CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O gas emissions were also analyzed weekly during composting. It was observed that all the treatments showed significant organic matter decomposition, reaching thermophilic temperatures in the first week of composting. The absence affects the suitable agronomic properties. All nitrogen-rich substrate applied at thermophilic stage (Treatment two) recorded the highest N, P and K concentrations of 1.34%, 0.97% and 2.45%, respectively with highest nitrogen retention. In terms of GHG emissions, CO<sub>2</sub> was highest at the thermophilic stage when N-rich substrate was added in all treatment, while CH<sub>4</sub> was highest in the mesophilic stage with N-rich substrate addition. N<sub>2</sub>O showed no specific trend in the treatments. Split addition of the N-rich substrate for co-composting of MSW produced compost which is stable, has less nutrient loss and low GHG emissions. Split addition of a nitrogen-rich substrate could be an option for increasing the fertilizer value of MSW compost.
基金supported by the National Iranian Copper Industry Co.
文摘Mixed mesophilic and extreme thermophilic bioleaching were evaluated to remove copper from the molybdenite concentrate.Bioleaching tests were carried out in shake flasks and in a 50-L bioreactor.The shake flask tests were performed with different inoculum size,solids density,pH.and temperature in order to identify optimum conditions.The highest amount of copper elimination,75%was obtained with extreme thermophilic microorganisms(at 12%inoculation,10%solids,65℃and a pH of 1.5).The highest copper elimination by mesophilic microorganisms was 55%(at 12%inoculation,5%solids,30℃at pH 2).The optimum conditions in shake flask tests were applied to 7 days batch tests in a50-L bioreactor.Extreme thermophilic experiment gave the best copper elimination of 60%(at 12%inoculation,10%solids,65℃and pH 1.5).Mesophilic test removed 50%of the copper(at 12%inoculation,10%solids,35℃at pH 2).
文摘Hydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum PSU-2 was investigated both in batch and continuous reactors using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The hydrogen production determined from batch experiment of POME at an inoculum size of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% (v/v) was 161, 201, 246 and 296 mL H2/g-COD with COD removal efficiency of 21%, 23%, 23% and 23%, respectively. Continuous hydrogen production was start-up with 30% (v/v) inoculum in both ASBR and CSTR reactors and more than 30% COD removal could be obtained at HRT of 4 days, corresponding to OLR of 11.3 g COD/ L·day. Similar hydrogen production rates of 2.05 and2.16 LH2/L. day were obtained from ASBR and CSTR, respectively. COD removal efficiency of ASBR was 37.7%, while it was 44.8% for CSTR. However, ASBR was stable in term of alkalinity, while the CSTR was stable in term of hydrogen production, soluble metabolites concentration and alkalinity. Therefore, the CSTR was found to be more stable in hydrogen production than ASBR under the same OLR.
文摘Creosote is used for preservation of railway ties and timbers, electric utility poles, marine and foundation piling, fences and garden furniture. Creosote-treated wood waste may cause potential contamination of soil and water if they are not disposed properly. Creosote contains over 300 organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds and heterocyclic organic compounds, many of which are toxic to human and can cause damage to kidney, liver, eyes and skin. The feasibility of using a composting technique inoculated with the cellulose degrading actinomycetesThermobifidafusca as a mesophilic/thermophilic bioremediation option to degrade phenolic compounds in creosote treated wood waste was evaluated. The temperature profile of bioremediation process clearly identified mesophilic and thermophilic phases in both experiments. Different degradation rates were observed in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases. Fluctuations of pH was observed in both experiment as the result of the breakdown of organic nitrogen to ammonium in the first week and the formation of organic acids and the loss of ammonium with the exhaust gases in the latter stage. The moisture content decreased in both trials because of the net loss of water with the exhaust gas. Both experiments achieved similar reductions in total carbon and TKN, volatile solids and phenolic compounds, cellulose and lignin indicating similar levels of microbial activities during the composting process. The stability and maturity of the final products were also similar. The inoculation of the cellulolytic-thermophilicactinomycetesThermobifidafusca did not manifest observable differences in degrading cellulose, lignin and phenolic compounds compared with the control.
文摘The paper provides a critical comparison between mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic treatment of PTA wastewater through diagnosis of a case study. Aspects covered are bioavailability, biodegradability, microbial population, thermodynamics, kinetics involved and bio-reactor design for PTA wastewater treatment. The results of the case study suggests that one- stage thermophilic anaerobic reactor coupled with coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment unit and an aerobic post treatment unit could be techno-economically viable for PTA wastewater treatment to ensure that the final effluent quality conforms to the international standard. The in-formation emanated from this study could be useful and thought provoking to the professionals and academia in the area of PTA wastewater treatment and can serve as impetus toward the development of research lines in similar problems like the treatment of other petrochemical wastewater such as phenol-con- taining wastewater, benzene/benzoic acid-con- taining wastewater or wastewater from other similar industrial settings.
文摘The thermophilic filamentous fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus produces the largest amount of xylanase reported. In addition to this, it expresses large amount of other enzymes that have been used industrially or have academic interest. Thus, this fungus has a potential to be applied for biomass conversion to produce biofuel or other applications. In this study, the Biolog system was used to characterize the utilisation and growth of T. lanuginosus on 95 carbon sources. The carbohydrates based compounds, both single sugars and oligosaccharide, showed the best utilisation profile, with the pentose sugar xylose inducing the highest growth, followed by trehelose, raffinose, D-mannose turanose fructose and glucose. Among oligosaccharides, sucrose had the highest mycelium formation followed by stachyose, maltose, maltotriose, glycogen and dextrin. Interestingly the fungus also grew well on cellobiose suggesting that this fungus can produce cellulose hydrolysing proteins. D-alanine was the best amino acid to promote fungal growth while the effect of other amino acids tested was similar to the control. These results demonstrate the ability of this fungus to grow relatively well on most plant based compounds thus making this fungus a possible candidate for plant biomass conversion which can be applied to a number of biotechnological applications including biofuel production.
文摘A two-stage process has been developed for stabilization of sludge and removal of heavy metals from the secondary activated sludge with high rate of energy and time conservation.The first stage of the process involves autoheated thermophilic aerobic digestion at 55-60°C inoculated with less-acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms(ATAD).The results show that it is possible to maintain the autoheated conditions(55-60°C) in the ATAD reactor up to 24 hr,leading to reduction of 21% total solids(TS),27% volatile solids(VS),27% suspended solids(SS) and 33% volatile suspended solids(VSS) from the sludge.The sludge pH also decreased from 7 to 4.6 due to the activity of less-acidophilic thermophilic microorganisms.In the second stage operation,the digested sludge(pH 4.6,TS 31.6 g/L) from stage one was subjected to bioleaching in a continuous stirred tank reactor,operated at mean hydraulic retention times(HRTs) of 12,24 and 36 hr at 30°C.An HRT of 24 hr was found to be sufficient for removal of 70% Cu,70% Mn,75% Ni,and 80% Zn from the sludge.In all,39% VSS,76% Cu,78.2% Mn,79.5% Ni and 84.2% Zn were removed from the sludge in both the stages.
基金Project(2010CB630903)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(31200382)supported by the Chinese Science Foundation for Distinguished Group,China
文摘A refractory gold concentrate with 19% arsenic was treated by a mixed moderately thermophiles in an airlift bioreactor through an adaptation protocol. The moderately thermophiles could respond well to 20%(w/v) pulp density with less than 10% loss of productivity, and resist arsenic up to 15 g/L. There were a lot of jarosite, arsenolite and sulfur, but not scorodite and ferric arsenate in the bioleached residue. Jarosite passivation and lower sulfur-oxidizing activity of the cells due to the toxicity of the high concentrations of soluble arsenic and iron ions at low p H value should mainly response for the incomplete extraction at high pulp density. The initial bacterial community did not change in nature except for new found P aeruginosa ANSC, but sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms have been dominant microorganisms after a long time of adaptation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa originating from the gold concentrate should be closely relative to the metabolism of the organic matters contained in the refractory gold concentrate.
基金The Key Natural Science Foundation of Fujian under contract No. 2007J0004the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 40576076
文摘Viruses of thermophiles are of great interest due to their roles in gene transfer, global geochemical cycle and evolution of life on earth. However, the thermophilic bacteriophages have not been studied extensively. In this investigation, a typical bacteriophage BV1 was obtained from a thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. 6k512, which was isolated from an inshore hot spring in Xiamen of China. The BV1 contained a double-stranded linear DNA of 35 055 bp, which encodes 54 open reading frames (ORFs). Interestingly, eight of the 54 BV1 ORFs shared sequence similarities to genes from human disease-relevant bacteria. Seven proteins of the purified BV1 virions were identified by proteomic analysis. Determination of BV1 functional genomics would facilitate the better understanding of the mechanism for virus-thermophile interaction.
基金Project(2004CB619204) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(50621063) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(DYXM-115-02-2-07) supported by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association
文摘A moderately thermophilic acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium ZW-1 was isolated from Dexing mine, Jiangxi Province, China. The morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics, 16S rRNA sequence and bioleaching characterization of strain ZW-1 were studied. The optimum growth temperature is 48 ℃, and the optimum initial pH is 1.9. The strain can grow autotrophically by using ferrous iron or elemental sulfur as sole energy sources. The strain is also able to grow heterotrophically by using peptone and yeast extract powder, but not glucose. The cell density of strain ZW-1 can reach up to 1.02×108 /mL with addition of 0.4 g/L peptone. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with the published 16S rRNA sequences of the relative bacteria species. In the phylogenetic tree, strain ZW-1 is closely relative to Sulfobacilus acidophilus with more than 99% sequence similarity. The results of bioleaching experiments indicate that the strain could oxidize Fe2+ efficiently, and the maximum oxidizing rate is 0.295 g/(L·h). It could tolerate high concentration of Fe3+ and Cu2+ (35 g/L and 25 g/L, respectively). After 20 d, 44.6% of copper is extracted from chalcopyrite by using strain ZW-1 as inocula.
基金Project(2004CB619201) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProjects(50321402,30428014) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(NCET-06-0691) supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Chinese Universities
文摘Freeze drying and frozen preservation way was used to preserve a moderately thermophilic culture for bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate.After preservation of 15 months,the cell viability rate decreases to 22% with a cell density of 7×107 mL-1.When the growth time was extended from 8 days to 14 days,cell density would increase in a large scale to about 3×108 mL-1.In the bioleaching experiments,unpreserved and preserved cultures were compared for dissolving chalcopyrite concentrate.Before 44 days,the unpreserved culture can reach a high copper extraction of about 17.4 g/L.While the preserved culture shows a rather low copper extraction,which is only 9.7 g/L.When the bioleaching time was extended to 80 days,copper extraction by preserved culture increases remarkably,and the concentration of copper finally achieves up to 18.3 g/L.On the other hand,copper extraction by the unpreserved culture does not show remarkable increase from 44th to the 80th day,and finally the total copper extraction is 19.8 g/L.As a result,total copper extraction in 80 days by preserved culture approaches that by unpreserved culture and freeze drying and frozen preservation even after 15 months does not bring much decrease of bioleaching ability.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Foundation of Northeast Dianli University (BSJXM-200814)Foundations of Bureau of Jilin Province (2008424)
文摘Biodegradation parameters and kinetic characteristics for pre-treating waste strains of Klebsiella pneu-moniae were studied in laboratory scale with an insulated reactor by an innovative technique,autothermal thermo-philic aerobic digestion(ATAD) . Based on an Arrhenius-type equation,an empirical model was developed to corre-late the removal of total suspended solid(TSS) with the initial TSS concentration,influent reaction temperature,aeration rate and stirring rate. The reaction temperatures of the ATAD system could be raised from the ambient temperatures of 25 °C to a maximum temperature of 65 °C. The exponentials for the initial TSS concentration,aeration rate and stirring rate were 1.579,-0.8175 and-0.6549,respectively,and the apparent activation energy was 6.8774 kJ·mol-1. The correlation coefficient for the pre-exponential factor was 0.9223. The TSS removal effi-ciency predicted by the model was validated with an actual test,showing a maximum relative deviation of 10.79%. The new model has a good practicability.
基金Project(50621063, 40646029) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2004CB619204) supported by the National Basic Research Program
文摘A mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms was enriched from acid mine drainages(AMDs)samples collected from several sulphide mines in China,and the bioleaching of chalcopyrite was conducted both in shake flask and bioreactor.The results show that in the shake flask,the mixture can tolerate 50 g/L chalcopyrite after being acclimated to gradually increased concentrations of chalcopyrite.The copper extraction increases obviously in bioleaching of chalcopyrite with moderately thermophilic microorganisms supplemented with 0.4 g/L yeast extract at 180 r/min,74% copper can be extracted in the pulp of 50 g/L chalcopyrite after 20 d.Compared with copper extractions of mesophilic culture,unacclimated culture and acclimated culture without addition of yeast extract,that of accliniated culture with addition of yeast extract is increased by 53%,44% and 16%,respectively.In a completely stirred tank reactor,the mass fraction of copper and total iron extraction reach up to 81% and 56%,respectively.The results also indicate that it is necessary to add a large amount of acid to the pulp to extract copper from chalcopyrite effectively.
基金the support provided by the Research&Technology Development Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(No.2008D-4704-2)
文摘In this study, a thermophilic oil-degrading bacterial consortium KO8-2 growing within the temperature range of 45-65 ℃ (with 55 ℃ being the optimum temperature) was isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Karamay in Xinjiang, China. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that there were nine strains included in KO8-2, which originated from the genera of Bacillus, Geobacillus and Clostridium. They all belonged to thermophilic bacteria, and had been previously proved as degraders of at least one petroleum fraction. The crude oil degraded by KO8-2 was analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry, hydrocarbon group type analysis and gas chromatography. The results indicated that the bacterial consortium KO8-2 was able to utilize 64.33% of saturates, 27.06% of aromatics, 13.24% of resins and the oil removal efficiency reached up to 58.73% at 55 ℃ when the oil concentration was 10 g/L. Detailed analysis showed that KO8-2 was able to utilize the hydrocarbon components before C 19 , and the n-alkanes ranging from C 20 -C 33 were signifi- cantly degraded. The ratios of nC 17 /Pr and nC 18 /Ph were 3.12 and 3.87, respectively, before degradation, whereas after degradation the ratios reduced to 0.21 and 0.38, respectively. Compared with the control sample, the oil removal efficiency in KO8-2 composting reactor reached 50.12% after a degradation duration of 60 days.
基金The Scientific Research Project of Marine Public Welfare Industry of China under contract No.200805032China Ocean Mineral Resources R &D Association under contract No.DYXM-115-02-2-07the National Infrastructure of Natural Resources for Science and Technology Program of China under contract No.2005DKA21209
文摘Microbes are believed to play important roles in ecosystem function in many environments.The hot springs of Xiamen Island are close to the Xiamen Sea,and may have some characteristics different from those of inland hot springs.Microbes living in the hot springs of Xiamen may have new characteristics.However,little is known about microbial communities of hot springs close to the Xiamen Sea.A culture-dependent survey of microbial population in the Xiamen hot springs was performed by using an approach combining total cellular protein profile identification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.A total of 328 isolates of bacteria were obtained from liquid and sediment samples from the Xiamen hot springs,including neutrophilic thermophilic bacteria and moderately thermophilic acidophiles.Neutrophilic thermophilic bacteria,which grow at a temperature range of 55-90℃ including Rhodothermus marinus(Strain 1),Thermus thermophilus(Strain 2),Thermus thiopara(Strain 3),Geobacillus stearothermophilus(Strain 4),Geobacillus thermoleovorans(Strain 5),and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes(Strain 6),were recovered by 2216E plates.Moderately thermophilic acidophiles,which can grow at temperatures above 50℃ and a pH range of 1.8-3.5 such as Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris(Strain 8),Sulfobacillus acidophilus(Strain 9),and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans(Strain 10),were isolated on selective solid medium containing sulfur and Fe2+.Among these strains,Rhodothermus marinus,Thermus thermophilus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus are not only thermophiles,but also halophiles.One bacterium strain(Strain 6) shared 99% nucleotide sequence homology with Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on the 16S rRNA gene sequence,but was quite different from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes in biological characteristics,suggesting that it may represent a novel thermophilic species.Results indicated that various species of neutrophilic thermophiles and moderately thermophilic acidophiles were widely distributed in the Xiamen hot springs and that Rhodothermus marinus and Thermus thermophilus dominated the cultivable microbial community.
基金supported by INNOVA-CORFO 07CN13PXT-64Instituto Antártico Chileno (INACH)US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)
文摘Glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonium ions. Currently the determination of ammonium and glutamate is carried out using a bovine GDH enzyme, which lacks optimal thermostability for long term storage at room temperature. From samples of Deception Island, Antarctica, we obtained the thermophilic bacteria PID 15 belonging to the Bacillus genera with high GDH specific activity. This new enzyme exhibited NAD+ dependent activity and no activity was observed when NADP+ was used. This enzyme shows a specific activity of 4.7 U?mg-1 for the oxidative deamination reaction and 15.4 U?mg-1 for the reduction of α-ketoglutarate. This enzyme has an optimum temperature of 65°C and p H of 8.5 for the oxidative deamination. For the reduction of α-ketoglutarate, the optimum temperature is 60°C, with a p H of 8.0. One of the most important characteristics of this enzyme is its ability to retain more than 60% of its activity when it is incubated for 8 h at 65°C. The enzyme is also able to retain full activity when it is incubated for 48 d at 4°C and over 80% of its activity when it is incubated at 25°C. Characterization of its kinetics suggests that it primarily catalyzes the formation of α-ketoglutarate. This enzyme has an important biological role in the catabolism of glutamate and may have some interesting biotechnological applications based on its thermostable properties.
文摘The study on arsenopyrite and realgar of bacterial oxidation shows that the chemical behaviors of different arsenic-bearing sulphides oxidated by thermophilic bacteria are quite distinct. Arsenopyrite is active and quickly eroded in bacteria-bearing solution. With a high leaching rate over 95%, the arsenopyrite phase cannot be detected by X-ray diffraction(XRD). Arsenopyrite is highly toxic to bacteria that at the initial stage of bio-oxidation, bacterial growth is inhibited and the number of bacterium cell drops from 2.26 × 108/mL to the lowest 2.01 × 105/mL. At the later stages of bio-oxidation, bacteria grow fast and reach 2.23 × 108/mL. Comparably, realgar is inertial and resistive to bacterial corrosion and oxidation. Arsenic in realgar crystal is hard to be leached and the residue is still realgar phase, as indicated by XRD. The cell number of bacteria varies a little, decreasing from 2.26 × 108/mL to 2.01 × 107/mL, during the bacterial oxidation. The results show that the crystal structure and arsenic valency of arsenic-bearing sulphides play a vital role during the leaching process of bacterial oxidation.
