Objective:To evaluate parasite distribution and tissue tropism of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in experimentally infected mice using real time QPCR.Methods:In this survey 16 Balb/c mice were inoculated with 1×10...Objective:To evaluate parasite distribution and tissue tropism of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in experimentally infected mice using real time QPCR.Methods:In this survey 16 Balb/c mice were inoculated with 1×10~4 alive tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain.After 1,2,3 days post infection and the last day(before death),different tissues of mice including blood,brain,eye,liver,spleen,kidney,heart and muscle were harvested.Following tissues DNA extraction,the parasite burden was quantified using real time QPCR targeting the B1 gene(451 bp).Results:It showed that Toxoplasma after intraperitoneal injection was able to movement to various tissues in24 hours.Parasite burden was high in all tissues but the most number of parasites were observed in kidney,heart and liver,respectively.Conclusions:These data provide significant baseline information about Toxoplasma pathogenesis,vaccine monitoring and drug efficiency.展开更多
Natural clays have been used by man in infections of bacterial etiology, since the first historical registers. Our attention turned to a red-colored clay, known in the northeast of Brazil as “barro de louça”...Natural clays have been used by man in infections of bacterial etiology, since the first historical registers. Our attention turned to a red-colored clay, known in the northeast of Brazil as “barro de louça” (dish clay). These clays and other natural earth materials seem interesting to us, as the blockage of the liberation of toxins or inactivation, may be related to the interruption of infection cycles in the skin and mucous membranes. The adsorptive and absorptive properties of the mineral clays are well documented in the cure process of skin and gastrointestinal diseases. Susceptibility and bacterial tropism tests were carried out. The results were analyzed and interpreted according to the conventional microbiological protocol. The bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, did not present a susceptibility profile to an isotonic solution of clay, but there was an increase of the bacterial tropism as the concentration of the isotonic solution was increased, being the minimal observed concentration of 100 mg/mL. Our aim is to document a type of red clay from the northeast of Brazil with possible attraction properties (Tropism) to bacteria and their toxins.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the selective tropism of liver stem cells to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in an animal model and its feasibility as a vector to deliver therapeutic genes for targeted therapy of HCC. METHODS: WB-...AIM: To investigate the selective tropism of liver stem cells to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in an animal model and its feasibility as a vector to deliver therapeutic genes for targeted therapy of HCC. METHODS: WB-F344, a kind of rat liver stem cell, was infected with recombinant virus to establish a cell line with stable, high-level expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). An animal model of HCC in Wistar rats was established by implanting HCC cells (CBRH7919) combined with an immunosuppressive drug. EGFP labeled liver stem cells were injected into caudal veins of the animals and distribution was observed at different time points after injection. SDF-1 and c-kit expression in non-tumor liver and tumor tissue were analysed by immunohistochemistry for the relationshiop between the expression and migration of liver stem cells. Furthermore, hepatic stem cells were injected via the portal vein, hepatic artery, caudal vein, or directly into the pericancerous liver tissue, respectively, and effects on migration, localization, and proliferation of the hepatic stem cells within the tumor tissue were observed and analyzed. RESULTS: Recombinant adenovirus could deliver the EGFP gene to hepatic stem cells. A new stem cell line, named WB-EGFP, was established that stably expressed EGFP. WB-EGFP cells still showed selective tropism towards HCC and EGFP expression was stable in vivo. According to immunohistochemistry results, SDF-1 may not be related to the mechanisms of tropism of hepatic stem cells. Different application sites affected the distribution of liver stem cells. Injection via the portalvein was superior with regard to selective migration, localization, and proliferation of the hepatic stem cells within the tumor tissue. CONCLUSION: Liver stem cells have the biological behavior of selective migration to HCC in vivo and they could localize and proliferate within HCC tissue stably expressing the target gene. Liver stem cells are a potential tool for a targeted gene therapy of HCC.展开更多
People′s environmental tropism has an effect on their understanding of tourism-nature relationship,and also influences their attitudes to natural resources utilization and environmental protection.Taking Jiuzhaigou N...People′s environmental tropism has an effect on their understanding of tourism-nature relationship,and also influences their attitudes to natural resources utilization and environmental protection.Taking Jiuzhaigou National Park of China as a study case,the authors conducted some quantitative analyses with the tools of SPSS 16.0 and LISREL 8.7,to explore the influence of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in the natural tourist destination.Three hypotheses and the theoretic model of influences of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation have been tested and accepted based on the Structural Equation Model analysis on survey data collected in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China.Some conclusions were drawn as follows: 1) tourists′ human-prioritized concept influences their cognition to tourism-nature relationship.This concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to tourism,but a negative influence on their attitudes to nature conservation;2) tourists′ human-nature coordination concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to both tourism and nature conservation,especially to the latter.This paper generally proves that human′s environmental tropism does have an influence on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in natural tourist destinations.展开更多
Background: Mario Bertolotti, (1917) described LSTV-Lumbar spinal transitional vertebra as Bertolotti Syndrome a century ago and associated low back pain with it. Yet, it needs to be given significance in general orth...Background: Mario Bertolotti, (1917) described LSTV-Lumbar spinal transitional vertebra as Bertolotti Syndrome a century ago and associated low back pain with it. Yet, it needs to be given significance in general orthopaedic practice even now, and radiologists underreport it. LSTV is a congenital anatomical anomaly that Castellvi classified into four varying types. Purpose: I titled this phenomenon “Kiran Nandivada’s stuck blade in a grinder jar degenerative cascade by LSTV at L5-S1” to clearly explain how an abnormal mega-transverse apophysis with its various variations affects the weight-bearing mechanics as the L5-S1 which is a vital junction where the maximum body weight is directed into both the sacroiliac joints and if a transitional vertebra occurs it becomes detrimental and abnormally redirects the load-bearing forces and leads to a progressive degenerative cascade both proximally and distally. As the L5 vertebral rotations and other movements of flexion, extensions, lateral flexion are stuck like a bent grinder blade, the other areas of the region are damaged progressively as the pelvis, just like the grinder motor tries to move it, resulting in overheating and maybe even a burnout results in the form of facet arthritis, disc degeneration in the normal disc above, the transitional disc at L5-S1, foraminal osteophytes causing radiculopathy, sacroiliac joint arthritis. Material and Methods: Around 200 X-rays of children and adults with this congenital anomaly have been studied between 2020 and 2023. This is a retrospective study. Results: 1) Our study showed an Increased incidence of LSTV at 15%. 2) Patients ranged from asymptomatic, atypical lumbago to classical lumbago with sciatica and claudication. Findings supported facet and sacroiliac joint arthritis and the pain, relieved with physiotherapy, posture corrections, weight reduction, and lifestyle precautions, negating the need for local steroid injections, radiofrequency ablation or surgical excision as per our experience. Conclusion: Other dysplastic congenital manifestations like associated scoliosis, facet tropism and nerve root, and sacroiliac joint anomalies can co-exist. These radiological findings must be clearly explained to the patient so that the inherently progressive nature of this phenomenon is well understood and the patient can take the required precautions to slow them and suitable conservative treatment can be planned. In rare cases, radiofrequency ablation or even rarely a surgical resection could be beneficial, but the surgical approach could be complex as normal anatomy is changed. Hence, prior anaesthesia blocks and even scintigraphy are essential steps to clearly define and confirm the LSTV to be the actual cause of the pain.展开更多
The description and differentiation of the so-called "Cold" and "Hot" natures, the primary "Drug Naure" of Chinese medicine, is the focus of theoretical research. In this study, the diver...The description and differentiation of the so-called "Cold" and "Hot" natures, the primary "Drug Naure" of Chinese medicine, is the focus of theoretical research. In this study, the divergency between the "Cold" and the "Hot" natures was investigated through examining the temperature tropism of mice affected by Coptis chinensis Franch and its processed materials by using a cold/hot plate differentiating technology. After exposure to C. chinensis Franch, the macroscopic behavioral index of the remaining rate (RR) on a warm pad (40℃ ) significantly increased (P<0.05), suggesting the enhancement of Hot tropism. The internal indexes of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and oxygen consuming volume decreased significantly (P<0.05), suggesting the decapability of energy metabolism. This external behavior of Hot tropism might reflect the internal Cold nature of C. chinensis Franch. However, the processed materials of C. chinensis Franch exhibited a different Cold nature in temperature tropism compared with crude C. chinensis Franch (CC): the Cold nature of bile-processed C. chinensis Franch (BC) enhanced while the ginger-processed C. chinensis Franch (GC) changed inversely. The changing sequence was consistent with the theoretical prognostication. It is indicated that the external Cold & Hot natures of Chinese medicine may possibly reflect in an ethological way for the changes of animal’s temperature tropism which might be internally regulated by the body’s energy metabolism.展开更多
It is generally accepted that human influenza viruses preferentially bind to cell-surface glycoproteins/ glycolipids containing sialic acids in α2,6-linkage; while avian and equine influenza viruses preferentially bi...It is generally accepted that human influenza viruses preferentially bind to cell-surface glycoproteins/ glycolipids containing sialic acids in α2,6-linkage; while avian and equine influenza viruses preferentially bind to those containing sialic acids in α2,3-linkage. Even though this generalized view is accurate for H3 subtype isolates, it may not be accurate and absolute for all subtypes of influenza A viruses and, therefore, needs to be reevaluated carefully and realistically. Some of the studies published in major scientific journals on the subject of tissue tropism of influenza viruses are inconsistent and caused confusion in the scientific community. One of the reasons for the inconsistency is that most studies were quantitative descriptions of sialic acid receptor distributions based on lectin or influenza virus immunohistochemistry results with limited numbers of stained cells. In addition, recent studies indicate that α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids are not the sole receptors determining tissue and host tropism of influenza viruses. In fact, determinants for tissue and host tropism of human, avian and animal influenza viruses are more complex than what has been generally accepted. Other factors, such as glycan topology, concentration of invading viruses, local density of receptors, lipid raft microdomains, coreceptors or sialic acid-independent receptors, may also be important. To more efficiently control the global spread of pandemic influenza such as the current circulating influenza A H1N1, it is crucial to clarify the determinants for tissue and host tropism of influenza viruses through quantitative analysis of experimental results. In this review, I will comment on some conflicting issues related to tissue and host tropism of influenza viruses, discuss the importance of quantitative analysis of lectin and influenza virus immunohistochemistry results and point out directions for future studies in this area, which should lead to a better understanding of tissue and host tropism of influenza viruses.展开更多
HIV-1 co-receptor tropism is central for understanding the transmission and pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. We performed a genome-wide comparison between the adaptive evolution of R5 and X4 variants from HIV-1 subtyp...HIV-1 co-receptor tropism is central for understanding the transmission and pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. We performed a genome-wide comparison between the adaptive evolution of R5 and X4 variants from HIV-1 subtypes B and C. The results showed that R5 and X4 variants experienced differential evolutionary patterns and different HIV-1 genes encountered various positive selection pressures, suggesting that complex selection pressures are driving HIV-1 evolution. Compared with other hypervariable regions of Gp120, significantly more positively selected sites were detected in the V3 region of subtype B X4 variants, V2 region of subtype B R5 variants, and V1 and V4 regions of subtype C X4 variants, indicating an association of positive selection with co-receptor recognition/binding. Intriguingly, a significantly higher proportion (33.3% and 55.6%, P<0.05) of positively selected sites were identified in the C3 region than other conserved regions of Gp120 in all the analyzed HIV-1 variants, indicating that the C3 region might be more important to HIV-1 adaptation than previously thought. Approximately half of the positively selected sites identified in the env gene were identical between R5 and X4 variants. There were three common positively selected sites (96, 113 and 281) identified in Gp41 of all X4 and R5 variants from subtypes B and C. These sites might not only suggest a functional importance in viral survival and adaptation, but also imply a potential cross-immunogenicity between HIV-1 R5 and X4 variants, which has important implications for AIDS vaccine development.展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which is spread primary via respiratory droplets and infects the lungs.Current...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which is spread primary via respiratory droplets and infects the lungs.Currently widely used cell lines and animals are unable to accurately mimic human physiological conditions because of the abnormal status of cell lines(transformed or cancer cells)and species differences between animals and humans.Organoids are stem cell-derived selforganized three-dimensional culture in vitro and model the physiological conditions of natural organs.Here we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infected and extensively replicated in human embryonic stem cells(hESCs)-derived lung organoids,including airway and alveolar organoids which covered the complete infection and spread route for SARS-CoV-2 within lungs.The infected ceils were ciliated,club,and alveolar type 2(AT2)cells,which were sequentially located from the proximal to the distal airway and terminal alveoli,respectively.Additionally,RNA-seq revealed early cell response to virus infection including an unexpected downregulation of the metabolic processes,especially lipid metabolism,in addition to the well-known upregulation of immune response.Further,Remdesivir and a human neutralizing antibody potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung organoids.Therefore,human lung organoids can serve as a pathophysiological model to investigate the underlying mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to discover and test therapeutic drugs for COVID-19.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To study the meridian tropism(MT) for three Chinese medicines: Tinglizi(Semen Lepidii Apetali, TLZ), Yiyiren(Semen Coicis, YYR), Cheqianzi(Semen Plantaginis, CQZ) in vivo experiments.METHODS: The extracts o...OBJECTIVE: To study the meridian tropism(MT) for three Chinese medicines: Tinglizi(Semen Lepidii Apetali, TLZ), Yiyiren(Semen Coicis, YYR), Cheqianzi(Semen Plantaginis, CQZ) in vivo experiments.METHODS: The extracts of TLZ,YYR, CQZ were orally administered to rats at a dose 234, 700 and 350 mg/kg, respectively. The urinary excretion rate, loss in weight of rats and the electrolyte levels in the plasma were measured, in order to assess the mechanisms of the three traditional Chinese diuretic medicines.RESULTS: TLZ, YYR and CQZ exhibited obvious diuretic effect and reduced the weight of saline-loaded animals. All the three diuretic medicines differentially reduced various serum, urinary, lung, stomach, kidney and hormonal markers, thus indicating the different mechanisms of action and a close resemblance with their different meridian as per the MT theory.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the three Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) medicines-TLZ,YYR and CQZ-possess different Shamisen meridian.This can support the regimen of treating the same disease with different therapies in TCM theory.展开更多
Channel tropism is investigated and developed through long-term clinical practice.In recent years,the development of channel tropism theory has attracted increasing attention.This study analyzed channel tropism theory...Channel tropism is investigated and developed through long-term clinical practice.In recent years,the development of channel tropism theory has attracted increasing attention.This study analyzed channel tropism theory and the problems associated with it.Results showed that this theory and systems biology have a similar holistic viewpoint.Systems biology could provide novel insights and platform in the study of channel tropism.Some problems in channel tropism theory,including pharmacology and action mechanism,were investigated.展开更多
Objective To observe the meridian tropism of Polygoni Avicularis Herba by tissue distribution of avicularin in rats. Methods Tissue distribution of avicularin in rat following a single iv administration was appointed ...Objective To observe the meridian tropism of Polygoni Avicularis Herba by tissue distribution of avicularin in rats. Methods Tissue distribution of avicularin in rat following a single iv administration was appointed and observed. HPLC method was established and validated for the determination of avicularin in rat tissues. Results Kidney and bladder were the most important target tissue of avicularin. Conclusion HPLC method is successfully applied to tissues distribution study of avicularin after iv administration to rats, and the results explain Polygoni Avicularis Herba on bladder tropism reasonably.展开更多
Objective To establish an objective method for evaluating the intrinsic characteristics between hot and cold properties of herbal drugs and to study the hot property of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata(ALRP) and its...Objective To establish an objective method for evaluating the intrinsic characteristics between hot and cold properties of herbal drugs and to study the hot property of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata(ALRP) and its compatibility with Zingiberis Rhizoma(ZR) on animal temperature tropism.Methods The equipment with cold/hot pads was used to investigate the variety of temperature tropism among mice treated by ALRP and its compatibility with ZR.Meanwhile,the activities of adenosine triphosphatase(ATPase),total anti-oxidant capability(T-AOC),and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) were measured.Results Compared with the homologous ALRP group,the compatibility between ALRP and ZR(AZ) had a stronger action against the decreasing of remaining rate on hot pad(P < 0.05),suggesting an enhancement of cold tropism.Meanwhile,the internal indexes of Na+-K+-ATPase activity,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity,and oxygen consuming volume increased significantly(P < 0.05),suggesting an enhancement of energy metabolism.The changes of T-AOC and T-SOD activity suggested that AZ reinforced the anti-oxidative capability of mice.In addition,it could be inferred from cluster analysis that the activity of AZ was concretely stronger than that of homologous ALRP.Conclusion ALRP and ZR are both herbs with hot property,but AZ has an enhanced trend of hot property.This external behavior of cold tropism and the internal activity of energy metabolism and anti-oxidant might reflect the internal hot property in an intuitive and objective way.The changes of ATPase activity of liver tissue might be the mechanism of drug action.展开更多
Objective To establish an objective method for evaluating the intrinsic characteristics between cold and hot nature of Chinese materia medica (CMM) through the different effects of Mahuang decoction (MHD) and Maxing S...Objective To establish an objective method for evaluating the intrinsic characteristics between cold and hot nature of Chinese materia medica (CMM) through the different effects of Mahuang decoction (MHD) and Maxing Shigan decoction (MSD) on animal temperature tropism. Methods The equipment with cold/hot pads was used to investigate the variety of the temperature tropism between two groups of mice treated by MHD and MSD, respectively. Meanwhile, the activities of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), superoxide dismutase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde were measured. Results After treated by MHD, the macroscopic behavioral index of remaining rate on warm pad (40 ℃ ) of mice decreased significantly (P < 0.05), suggesting the enhancement of cold tropism, meanwhile, the internal indices of ATPase activity and oxygen consuming volume increased significantly (P < 0.05), suggesting the enhancement of energy metabolism. On the other hand, the above-mentioned indices in MSD group changed on the inverse way. Conclusion The relative drug nature of MHD and MSD revealed in this study is consistent with the theoretical prognostication or definition. It indicates that the internal cold and hot nature of CMM could be reflected in ethological way on the changes of animal temperature tropism which might be internally regulated by body energy metabolism.展开更多
基金prepared from Yousef Dadimoghaddam's MScthesis and supported by grant(no.90-31) from Deputy of Research,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.Sari,IranThe spousor or Junding organization had norole in the design or conduct of this research
文摘Objective:To evaluate parasite distribution and tissue tropism of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in experimentally infected mice using real time QPCR.Methods:In this survey 16 Balb/c mice were inoculated with 1×10~4 alive tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain.After 1,2,3 days post infection and the last day(before death),different tissues of mice including blood,brain,eye,liver,spleen,kidney,heart and muscle were harvested.Following tissues DNA extraction,the parasite burden was quantified using real time QPCR targeting the B1 gene(451 bp).Results:It showed that Toxoplasma after intraperitoneal injection was able to movement to various tissues in24 hours.Parasite burden was high in all tissues but the most number of parasites were observed in kidney,heart and liver,respectively.Conclusions:These data provide significant baseline information about Toxoplasma pathogenesis,vaccine monitoring and drug efficiency.
文摘Natural clays have been used by man in infections of bacterial etiology, since the first historical registers. Our attention turned to a red-colored clay, known in the northeast of Brazil as “barro de louça” (dish clay). These clays and other natural earth materials seem interesting to us, as the blockage of the liberation of toxins or inactivation, may be related to the interruption of infection cycles in the skin and mucous membranes. The adsorptive and absorptive properties of the mineral clays are well documented in the cure process of skin and gastrointestinal diseases. Susceptibility and bacterial tropism tests were carried out. The results were analyzed and interpreted according to the conventional microbiological protocol. The bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, did not present a susceptibility profile to an isotonic solution of clay, but there was an increase of the bacterial tropism as the concentration of the isotonic solution was increased, being the minimal observed concentration of 100 mg/mL. Our aim is to document a type of red clay from the northeast of Brazil with possible attraction properties (Tropism) to bacteria and their toxins.
文摘AIM: To investigate the selective tropism of liver stem cells to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in an animal model and its feasibility as a vector to deliver therapeutic genes for targeted therapy of HCC. METHODS: WB-F344, a kind of rat liver stem cell, was infected with recombinant virus to establish a cell line with stable, high-level expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). An animal model of HCC in Wistar rats was established by implanting HCC cells (CBRH7919) combined with an immunosuppressive drug. EGFP labeled liver stem cells were injected into caudal veins of the animals and distribution was observed at different time points after injection. SDF-1 and c-kit expression in non-tumor liver and tumor tissue were analysed by immunohistochemistry for the relationshiop between the expression and migration of liver stem cells. Furthermore, hepatic stem cells were injected via the portal vein, hepatic artery, caudal vein, or directly into the pericancerous liver tissue, respectively, and effects on migration, localization, and proliferation of the hepatic stem cells within the tumor tissue were observed and analyzed. RESULTS: Recombinant adenovirus could deliver the EGFP gene to hepatic stem cells. A new stem cell line, named WB-EGFP, was established that stably expressed EGFP. WB-EGFP cells still showed selective tropism towards HCC and EGFP expression was stable in vivo. According to immunohistochemistry results, SDF-1 may not be related to the mechanisms of tropism of hepatic stem cells. Different application sites affected the distribution of liver stem cells. Injection via the portalvein was superior with regard to selective migration, localization, and proliferation of the hepatic stem cells within the tumor tissue. CONCLUSION: Liver stem cells have the biological behavior of selective migration to HCC in vivo and they could localize and proliferate within HCC tissue stably expressing the target gene. Liver stem cells are a potential tool for a targeted gene therapy of HCC.
基金Under the auspices of Sino-British Fellowship Trust by British Academy (No.SG-47266)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.49571031)Foundation of China Scholarship Council (No.2008619067)
文摘People′s environmental tropism has an effect on their understanding of tourism-nature relationship,and also influences their attitudes to natural resources utilization and environmental protection.Taking Jiuzhaigou National Park of China as a study case,the authors conducted some quantitative analyses with the tools of SPSS 16.0 and LISREL 8.7,to explore the influence of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in the natural tourist destination.Three hypotheses and the theoretic model of influences of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation have been tested and accepted based on the Structural Equation Model analysis on survey data collected in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China.Some conclusions were drawn as follows: 1) tourists′ human-prioritized concept influences their cognition to tourism-nature relationship.This concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to tourism,but a negative influence on their attitudes to nature conservation;2) tourists′ human-nature coordination concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to both tourism and nature conservation,especially to the latter.This paper generally proves that human′s environmental tropism does have an influence on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in natural tourist destinations.
文摘Background: Mario Bertolotti, (1917) described LSTV-Lumbar spinal transitional vertebra as Bertolotti Syndrome a century ago and associated low back pain with it. Yet, it needs to be given significance in general orthopaedic practice even now, and radiologists underreport it. LSTV is a congenital anatomical anomaly that Castellvi classified into four varying types. Purpose: I titled this phenomenon “Kiran Nandivada’s stuck blade in a grinder jar degenerative cascade by LSTV at L5-S1” to clearly explain how an abnormal mega-transverse apophysis with its various variations affects the weight-bearing mechanics as the L5-S1 which is a vital junction where the maximum body weight is directed into both the sacroiliac joints and if a transitional vertebra occurs it becomes detrimental and abnormally redirects the load-bearing forces and leads to a progressive degenerative cascade both proximally and distally. As the L5 vertebral rotations and other movements of flexion, extensions, lateral flexion are stuck like a bent grinder blade, the other areas of the region are damaged progressively as the pelvis, just like the grinder motor tries to move it, resulting in overheating and maybe even a burnout results in the form of facet arthritis, disc degeneration in the normal disc above, the transitional disc at L5-S1, foraminal osteophytes causing radiculopathy, sacroiliac joint arthritis. Material and Methods: Around 200 X-rays of children and adults with this congenital anomaly have been studied between 2020 and 2023. This is a retrospective study. Results: 1) Our study showed an Increased incidence of LSTV at 15%. 2) Patients ranged from asymptomatic, atypical lumbago to classical lumbago with sciatica and claudication. Findings supported facet and sacroiliac joint arthritis and the pain, relieved with physiotherapy, posture corrections, weight reduction, and lifestyle precautions, negating the need for local steroid injections, radiofrequency ablation or surgical excision as per our experience. Conclusion: Other dysplastic congenital manifestations like associated scoliosis, facet tropism and nerve root, and sacroiliac joint anomalies can co-exist. These radiological findings must be clearly explained to the patient so that the inherently progressive nature of this phenomenon is well understood and the patient can take the required precautions to slow them and suitable conservative treatment can be planned. In rare cases, radiofrequency ablation or even rarely a surgical resection could be beneficial, but the surgical approach could be complex as normal anatomy is changed. Hence, prior anaesthesia blocks and even scintigraphy are essential steps to clearly define and confirm the LSTV to be the actual cause of the pain.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos 2007CB512607 and 2006CB504703)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No 30625042)
文摘The description and differentiation of the so-called "Cold" and "Hot" natures, the primary "Drug Naure" of Chinese medicine, is the focus of theoretical research. In this study, the divergency between the "Cold" and the "Hot" natures was investigated through examining the temperature tropism of mice affected by Coptis chinensis Franch and its processed materials by using a cold/hot plate differentiating technology. After exposure to C. chinensis Franch, the macroscopic behavioral index of the remaining rate (RR) on a warm pad (40℃ ) significantly increased (P<0.05), suggesting the enhancement of Hot tropism. The internal indexes of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and oxygen consuming volume decreased significantly (P<0.05), suggesting the decapability of energy metabolism. This external behavior of Hot tropism might reflect the internal Cold nature of C. chinensis Franch. However, the processed materials of C. chinensis Franch exhibited a different Cold nature in temperature tropism compared with crude C. chinensis Franch (CC): the Cold nature of bile-processed C. chinensis Franch (BC) enhanced while the ginger-processed C. chinensis Franch (GC) changed inversely. The changing sequence was consistent with the theoretical prognostication. It is indicated that the external Cold & Hot natures of Chinese medicine may possibly reflect in an ethological way for the changes of animal’s temperature tropism which might be internally regulated by the body’s energy metabolism.
文摘It is generally accepted that human influenza viruses preferentially bind to cell-surface glycoproteins/ glycolipids containing sialic acids in α2,6-linkage; while avian and equine influenza viruses preferentially bind to those containing sialic acids in α2,3-linkage. Even though this generalized view is accurate for H3 subtype isolates, it may not be accurate and absolute for all subtypes of influenza A viruses and, therefore, needs to be reevaluated carefully and realistically. Some of the studies published in major scientific journals on the subject of tissue tropism of influenza viruses are inconsistent and caused confusion in the scientific community. One of the reasons for the inconsistency is that most studies were quantitative descriptions of sialic acid receptor distributions based on lectin or influenza virus immunohistochemistry results with limited numbers of stained cells. In addition, recent studies indicate that α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids are not the sole receptors determining tissue and host tropism of influenza viruses. In fact, determinants for tissue and host tropism of human, avian and animal influenza viruses are more complex than what has been generally accepted. Other factors, such as glycan topology, concentration of invading viruses, local density of receptors, lipid raft microdomains, coreceptors or sialic acid-independent receptors, may also be important. To more efficiently control the global spread of pandemic influenza such as the current circulating influenza A H1N1, it is crucial to clarify the determinants for tissue and host tropism of influenza viruses through quantitative analysis of experimental results. In this review, I will comment on some conflicting issues related to tissue and host tropism of influenza viruses, discuss the importance of quantitative analysis of lectin and influenza virus immunohistochemistry results and point out directions for future studies in this area, which should lead to a better understanding of tissue and host tropism of influenza viruses.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30600352)the "Top-notch Personnel" Project of Ji-angsu University, the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB504200)the Open Research Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Virology of China (Grant No. 2009008)
文摘HIV-1 co-receptor tropism is central for understanding the transmission and pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. We performed a genome-wide comparison between the adaptive evolution of R5 and X4 variants from HIV-1 subtypes B and C. The results showed that R5 and X4 variants experienced differential evolutionary patterns and different HIV-1 genes encountered various positive selection pressures, suggesting that complex selection pressures are driving HIV-1 evolution. Compared with other hypervariable regions of Gp120, significantly more positively selected sites were detected in the V3 region of subtype B X4 variants, V2 region of subtype B R5 variants, and V1 and V4 regions of subtype C X4 variants, indicating an association of positive selection with co-receptor recognition/binding. Intriguingly, a significantly higher proportion (33.3% and 55.6%, P<0.05) of positively selected sites were identified in the C3 region than other conserved regions of Gp120 in all the analyzed HIV-1 variants, indicating that the C3 region might be more important to HIV-1 adaptation than previously thought. Approximately half of the positively selected sites identified in the env gene were identical between R5 and X4 variants. There were three common positively selected sites (96, 113 and 281) identified in Gp41 of all X4 and R5 variants from subtypes B and C. These sites might not only suggest a functional importance in viral survival and adaptation, but also imply a potential cross-immunogenicity between HIV-1 R5 and X4 variants, which has important implications for AIDS vaccine development.
基金This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82070002,82072329,81872511,and 81670093)Frontier Research Program of Bioland Laboratory(Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory)(2018GZR110105005)+6 种基金National Science and Technology Major Project(2018ZX10301101)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2018A030313455)the Program of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(2014B020212018)National Key Research and Development Project(2018YFA0507201)the special project for COVID-19 of Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Labo・ratory(2020GZR110106006)the emergency grants for prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 of Guangdong province(2020B111108001)National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talent(BX20190089).
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which is spread primary via respiratory droplets and infects the lungs.Currently widely used cell lines and animals are unable to accurately mimic human physiological conditions because of the abnormal status of cell lines(transformed or cancer cells)and species differences between animals and humans.Organoids are stem cell-derived selforganized three-dimensional culture in vitro and model the physiological conditions of natural organs.Here we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infected and extensively replicated in human embryonic stem cells(hESCs)-derived lung organoids,including airway and alveolar organoids which covered the complete infection and spread route for SARS-CoV-2 within lungs.The infected ceils were ciliated,club,and alveolar type 2(AT2)cells,which were sequentially located from the proximal to the distal airway and terminal alveoli,respectively.Additionally,RNA-seq revealed early cell response to virus infection including an unexpected downregulation of the metabolic processes,especially lipid metabolism,in addition to the well-known upregulation of immune response.Further,Remdesivir and a human neutralizing antibody potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung organoids.Therefore,human lung organoids can serve as a pathophysiological model to investigate the underlying mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to discover and test therapeutic drugs for COVID-19.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)Study on the Medicinal Properties of Xuanxie Lishui Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2013CB531802)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To study the meridian tropism(MT) for three Chinese medicines: Tinglizi(Semen Lepidii Apetali, TLZ), Yiyiren(Semen Coicis, YYR), Cheqianzi(Semen Plantaginis, CQZ) in vivo experiments.METHODS: The extracts of TLZ,YYR, CQZ were orally administered to rats at a dose 234, 700 and 350 mg/kg, respectively. The urinary excretion rate, loss in weight of rats and the electrolyte levels in the plasma were measured, in order to assess the mechanisms of the three traditional Chinese diuretic medicines.RESULTS: TLZ, YYR and CQZ exhibited obvious diuretic effect and reduced the weight of saline-loaded animals. All the three diuretic medicines differentially reduced various serum, urinary, lung, stomach, kidney and hormonal markers, thus indicating the different mechanisms of action and a close resemblance with their different meridian as per the MT theory.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the three Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) medicines-TLZ,YYR and CQZ-possess different Shamisen meridian.This can support the regimen of treating the same disease with different therapies in TCM theory.
基金This study is supported by the National Basic Research Program(Grant No.2009CB522707)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Wuhan City(Grant No.D201050231081)the Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(Grant No.Q20101081).
文摘Channel tropism is investigated and developed through long-term clinical practice.In recent years,the development of channel tropism theory has attracted increasing attention.This study analyzed channel tropism theory and the problems associated with it.Results showed that this theory and systems biology have a similar holistic viewpoint.Systems biology could provide novel insights and platform in the study of channel tropism.Some problems in channel tropism theory,including pharmacology and action mechanism,were investigated.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Huaihai Institute of Technology (2010HS09, KX10051)
文摘Objective To observe the meridian tropism of Polygoni Avicularis Herba by tissue distribution of avicularin in rats. Methods Tissue distribution of avicularin in rat following a single iv administration was appointed and observed. HPLC method was established and validated for the determination of avicularin in rat tissues. Results Kidney and bladder were the most important target tissue of avicularin. Conclusion HPLC method is successfully applied to tissues distribution study of avicularin after iv administration to rats, and the results explain Polygoni Avicularis Herba on bladder tropism reasonably.
基金National Natural Sciences Foundation (81173571)National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB512607)The Major Projects of the National Science and Technology (2012ZX10005010-002-002)
文摘Objective To establish an objective method for evaluating the intrinsic characteristics between hot and cold properties of herbal drugs and to study the hot property of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata(ALRP) and its compatibility with Zingiberis Rhizoma(ZR) on animal temperature tropism.Methods The equipment with cold/hot pads was used to investigate the variety of temperature tropism among mice treated by ALRP and its compatibility with ZR.Meanwhile,the activities of adenosine triphosphatase(ATPase),total anti-oxidant capability(T-AOC),and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) were measured.Results Compared with the homologous ALRP group,the compatibility between ALRP and ZR(AZ) had a stronger action against the decreasing of remaining rate on hot pad(P < 0.05),suggesting an enhancement of cold tropism.Meanwhile,the internal indexes of Na+-K+-ATPase activity,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity,and oxygen consuming volume increased significantly(P < 0.05),suggesting an enhancement of energy metabolism.The changes of T-AOC and T-SOD activity suggested that AZ reinforced the anti-oxidative capability of mice.In addition,it could be inferred from cluster analysis that the activity of AZ was concretely stronger than that of homologous ALRP.Conclusion ALRP and ZR are both herbs with hot property,but AZ has an enhanced trend of hot property.This external behavior of cold tropism and the internal activity of energy metabolism and anti-oxidant might reflect the internal hot property in an intuitive and objective way.The changes of ATPase activity of liver tissue might be the mechanism of drug action.
基金National Basic Research Program of China ("973" Program) (2007CB5126072006CB504703)National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (30625042)
文摘Objective To establish an objective method for evaluating the intrinsic characteristics between cold and hot nature of Chinese materia medica (CMM) through the different effects of Mahuang decoction (MHD) and Maxing Shigan decoction (MSD) on animal temperature tropism. Methods The equipment with cold/hot pads was used to investigate the variety of the temperature tropism between two groups of mice treated by MHD and MSD, respectively. Meanwhile, the activities of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), superoxide dismutase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde were measured. Results After treated by MHD, the macroscopic behavioral index of remaining rate on warm pad (40 ℃ ) of mice decreased significantly (P < 0.05), suggesting the enhancement of cold tropism, meanwhile, the internal indices of ATPase activity and oxygen consuming volume increased significantly (P < 0.05), suggesting the enhancement of energy metabolism. On the other hand, the above-mentioned indices in MSD group changed on the inverse way. Conclusion The relative drug nature of MHD and MSD revealed in this study is consistent with the theoretical prognostication or definition. It indicates that the internal cold and hot nature of CMM could be reflected in ethological way on the changes of animal temperature tropism which might be internally regulated by body energy metabolism.
