Promoting agricultural modernisation through technological change is an important strategy for China.China's carbon neutrality strategy is leading to systemic socio-economic changes that could exacerbate the uncer...Promoting agricultural modernisation through technological change is an important strategy for China.China's carbon neutrality strategy is leading to systemic socio-economic changes that could exacerbate the uncertainty of agricultural development.Therefore,applying a computable general equilibrium(CGE)model,this study characterises the agricultural sector in detail,introducing endogenous technological change proxied by research and development(R&D)to assess the impact of different technological change scenarios on agricultural development under the carbon neutrality target.The results show that allocating carbon revenue for R&D inputs can mitigate the significant negative impact of achieving carbon neutrality on knowledge capital and production in agricultural sectors.Overall,using carbon revenue only for R&D input in crop sectors has the optimal effect on increasing the agricultural sectors'knowledge capital,improving crop production and profit,reducing crop external dependence and promoting the synergistic reduction of carbon and pollutant emissions.However,this scenario has the largest negative impact on macro-economics and household welfare.In contrast,allocating carbon revenue to promote technological change in broader non-energy sectors or both crops and non-energy sectors can effectively mitigate negative socio-economic impacts,but the positive impact on agricultural development is minimal.These findings provide practical insights for the rational use of carbon revenue to expand agricultural R&D investment and ensure balanced agricultural and economic development under the carbon neutrality target.展开更多
This study analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of a climate change measure in Japan using a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with technological change as an endogenous variable. ...This study analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of a climate change measure in Japan using a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with technological change as an endogenous variable. In this way, a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between climate change and its measures, technology, and economy has been done. The model uses technological change as the accumulation of knowledge capital that is derived from research and development investment. The study investigates the impacts of a climate change measure considering the use of emission permit revenue and technological change induced by the policy implementation in the Japanese economy. Simulation results show that there is compatibility between CO2 emission reduction and positive effects on GDP that depends on the ways of the revenue use and technological change induced by emission reduction. However, it is not possible to find the ways to realize positive effects on both GDP and welfare simultaneously in the study. The sensitivity analysis for the elasticity of substitution between knowledge capital and other inputs also confirms the obtained results.展开更多
The technological change as an exogenous variable is introduced into the RCK model with endogenous fertility in this paper. It is proved that the model has at least a nonzero steady state and the nonzero steady state ...The technological change as an exogenous variable is introduced into the RCK model with endogenous fertility in this paper. It is proved that the model has at least a nonzero steady state and the nonzero steady state is unique when the parameters satisfies some conditions. By phrase protrait analysis, the unique nonzero steady state is saddle and the economy has a unique optimal growth path. The results obtained implies that the relationship between the technological change and population growth rate determinated by the economic structure and the parental ethies. For the economy in which the parents is selfish, promoting the technological change rate decreases the fertility at the steady state. On the other hand, for the economy in which the parents is less selfish, the fertility increases as the technological change rate increases.展开更多
We evaluate economic and environmental impacts of climate change mitigation in a country scale considering various time horizons in the analysis applying a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model w...We evaluate economic and environmental impacts of climate change mitigation in a country scale considering various time horizons in the analysis applying a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with endogenous technological change. Although there is a possibility that Gross Domestic Product （GDP） becomes larger for the abatement cases than the baseline case in the earlier years, it tends to be lower than that in the later years. The longer the time horizon and/or the more severe the abatement, the larger the negative impacts will be. When subsidizing R＆D investment, increase in GDP compared to the baseline case is realized in the middle of the time horizon, and the larger increase tends to be observed for the longer-term cases. These results would be due to technological change induced by the subsidies and emission abatement. Environmental indicators are also improved. We showed that the results were influenced by the target time horizon when using an intertemporal dynamic model.展开更多
Using 1987-2006panel data for China, we explore the dynamics of the skill premium. The present paper focuses on the skill premium as an explanation for why income differences are so large in China. Our empirics show t...Using 1987-2006panel data for China, we explore the dynamics of the skill premium. The present paper focuses on the skill premium as an explanation for why income differences are so large in China. Our empirics show that： the rise in the relative supply of skilled labor results in an increase, instead of a decrease, in the skill premium; domestic investment is not complementary with skill formation; the skill premium is higher in more developed provinces; economic openness facilitates an increase in the skill premium; whether foreign direct investment induces skill-based technology change or not, it drives up the skill premium. An array of policy prescriptions for reducing income differences and ensuring sustained economic growth are provided.展开更多
China has witnessed rapid economic development since 1978, and during the time, energy production and consumption developed at a tremendous speed as well. Energy efficiency which can be measured by energy consumption ...China has witnessed rapid economic development since 1978, and during the time, energy production and consumption developed at a tremendous speed as well. Energy efficiency which can be measured by energy consumption per unit of GDP, however, experienced continuous decrease. Theoretically, the change of energy efficiency can be attributed to industry structural change and technological change. In order to explain the transformation of Chinese energy efficiency, we adopt logarithmic mean Divisia index techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period of 1994-2005. We find that technological change is the dominant contributor in the decline of energy intensity, but the contribution has declined since 2001. The change in industry structure has decreased the energy intensity before 1998, but raised the intensity after 1998. Decomposed technological effects for all sectors indicate that technological progresses in high energy consuming industries such as raw chemical materials and chemical products, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and household contribute are the principal drivers of China's declining energy intensity.展开更多
This paper classifies capital into structure capital and equipment capital and uses the endogenous economic growth model to illustrate the role of capital-embodied technological change in economic growth. In addition,...This paper classifies capital into structure capital and equipment capital and uses the endogenous economic growth model to illustrate the role of capital-embodied technological change in economic growth. In addition, it adopts the capital quality index to adjust equipment capital stocks in order to examine the contribution to economic growth of capital- embodied technological change after adjusting for current capital service efficiency. The results show that embodied technological change （ETC） in equipment capital has an average annual growth rate of 4.78 percent, accounting for 10.6 percent of economic growth and 14.8 percent of the total capital contribution. The contribution of technological change varies with development stage and the contribution of different types of technological change varies. Compared with the 1980s, the period starting from the 1990s has seen a steady fall in the contribution of capital-embodied technological change, and a V-shaped evolution in the contribution of neutral technological change （NTC）, with the fall being larger than the rise.展开更多
A decomposition into components of the overall technological change is carried out.The overall technological change is decomposed into the technological change,which consists of autonomous shift and shape-deformation...A decomposition into components of the overall technological change is carried out.The overall technological change is decomposed into the technological change,which consists of autonomous shift and shape-deformation in isoquants of production function over table,the scale economics or diseconomies,and the technological change,which is determined by marginal rates of substitution of factors,capital/labor ratio(capital intensity)and its changes.Under the assumption of constant returns to scale the mathematical framework reduces exactly to Solow’s framework. The mathematical formula derived can be applied to measuring the overall technological change in its components.展开更多
In economics,opportunity cost means the maximum value of choosing one behavior over others in the situation where resources are limited(Parkin,2016).In the process of making reproductive decision,opportunity cost reve...In economics,opportunity cost means the maximum value of choosing one behavior over others in the situation where resources are limited(Parkin,2016).In the process of making reproductive decision,opportunity cost reveals the trade-off between time,resources,and economic benefits that individuals face when choosing to have children or not.During this process,the technological changes make the paths of career development diverse and rapidly changing,remarkably increasing the opportunity cost of childbirth and parenting.This leads to individuals more inclined to postpone or reduce childbirth when balancing their careers and families,thereby resulting in low fertility rates in developed economies.展开更多
Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenou...Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenous educational quality, this paper concludes that the technological progress of information industry in China is skill- biased, i.e. technological progress of information industry increases the demand for skilled labor while decreases the demand for unskilled labor, and aggravates the wage difference between these two types of labor. Due to the effect of educational quality, the ratio of skilled labor employment to unskilled labor employment will reach a dynamic equilibrium and the wage difference between skilled labor and unskilled labor will not increase continuously. This paper then proves the foregoing conclusion with data of information industry in 26 provinces （autonomous region, municipality）. Focusing on typical skill-intensive information industry, this paper mainly studies the influence of educational quality, which not only complements the theoretical analysis on dual effects of technological progress on employment, but also provides feasible and practical basis to policies promoting the development of technological progress and full employment in China.展开更多
The compilation of technology lists addressing climate change has a guiding effect on promoting technological research and development,demonstration,and popularization.It is also crucial for China to strengthen ecolog...The compilation of technology lists addressing climate change has a guiding effect on promoting technological research and development,demonstration,and popularization.It is also crucial for China to strengthen ecological civilization construction,achieve the carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality target,and enhance global climate governance capabilities.This study first proposes the existing classification outline of the technology promotion lists,technology demand lists,and future technology lists.Then,different methodologies are integrated on the basis of the existing outline of four technology lists:China’s existing technological promotion list for addressing climate change,China’s demand list for climate change mitigation technology,China’s key technology list for addressing climate change,and China’s future technology list for addressing climate change.What’s more,core technologies are analyzed in the aspects of technology maturity,carbon reduction cost,carbon reduction potential,economic benefits,social influence,uncertainty,etc.The results show that:key industries and sectors in China already have relatively mature mitigation/adaptation technologies to support the achievement of climate change targets.The multi-sectoral system of promoting climate friendly technologies has been established,which has played an active role in tackling climate change.Currently,climate technology needs are concentrated in the traditional technology and equipment upgrading,renewable energy technology,and management decision-making support technology.The key technologies are concentrated in 3 major areas and 12 technological directions that urgently need a breakthrough.For carbon emmission peak and nentrality,carbon depth reduction and zero carbon emissions and geoengineering technology(CDR and SRM)have played an important role in forming the structure of global emissions and achieving carbon neutrality in the future.Thus,the uncertainty assessment for the comprehensive technology cost effectiveness,technology integration direction,technical maturity,ethics and ecological impacts is supportive to the national technology strategy.Finally,the presented study proposes several policy implications for medium-and long-term technology deployment,improving technology conversion rate,promoting the research and development of core technologies,and forming a technology list collaborative update and release mechanism.展开更多
With the development of science and technology,the electronic component industry has become more and more extensive,covering circuits,electrical and electrical systems from small to large.Many of these parts have very...With the development of science and technology,the electronic component industry has become more and more extensive,covering circuits,electrical and electrical systems from small to large.Many of these parts have very high requirements for the production process,and the production process requires a certain amount of workshop space.In the traditional production process,soldering is mainly manual welding.With the development of intelligence,impersonality and automation,the design of electronic products will gradually move towards intelligence.In this process,the application and promotion of welding technology is essential.In order to ensure the production of automatic products,this paper studies and discusses the function control problems and solutions of the soldering machine.Loudspeaker(commonly known as loudspeaker)is one of the most widely used electronic devices.With the development of the electronic industry and the change of the market environment,major manufacturers are developing new products to meet the market demand and product performance.In order to meet the needs of a large number of high reliability electronic products with different structures now and in the future,automatic welding technology is required to ensure that the welding quality and reliability have certain advantages.展开更多
Crop yields are affected by climate change and technological advancement.Objectively and quantitatively evaluating the attribution of crop yield change to climate change and technological advancement will ensure susta...Crop yields are affected by climate change and technological advancement.Objectively and quantitatively evaluating the attribution of crop yield change to climate change and technological advancement will ensure sustainable development of agriculture under climate change.In this study,daily climate variables obtained from 553 meteorological stations in China for the period 1961-2010,detailed observations of maize from 653 agricultural meteorological stations for the period 1981-2010,and results using an Agro-Ecological Zones（AEZ） model,are used to explore the attribution of maize（Zea mays L.） yield change to climate change and technological advancement.In the AEZ model,the climatic potential productivity is examined through three step-by-step levels：photosynthetic potential productivity,photosynthetic thermal potential productivity,and climatic potential productivity.The relative impacts of different climate variables on climatic potential productivity of maize from 1961 to 2010 in China are then evaluated.Combined with the observations of maize,the contributions of climate change and technological advancement to maize yield from 1981 to 2010 in China are separated.The results show that,from 1961 to 2010,climate change had a significant adverse impact on the climatic potential productivity of maize in China.Decreased radiation and increased temperature were the main factors leading to the decrease of climatic potential productivity.However,changes in precipitation had only a small effect.The maize yields of the 14 main planting provinces in China increased obviously over the past 30 years,which was opposite to the decreasing trends of climatic potential productivity.This suggests that technological advancement has offset the negative effects of climate change on maize yield.Technological advancement contributed to maize yield increases by 99.6%-141.6%,while climate change contribution was from-41.4%to 0.4%.In particular,the actual maize yields in Shandong,Henan,Jilin,and Inner Mongolia increased by 98.4,90.4,98.7,and 121.5 kg hm^（-2） yr^（-1） over the past 30 years,respectively.Correspondingly,the maize yields affected by technological advancement increased by 113.7,97.9,111.5,and 124.8 kg hm^（-2） yr^（-1）,respectively.On the contrary,maize yields reduced markedly under climate change,with an average reduction of-9.0 kg hm^（-2） yr^（-1）.Our findings highlight that agronomic technological advancement has contributed dominantly to maize yield increases in China in the past three decades.展开更多
For a long time, the factors influencing a regional economic growth are mainly workforce, capital and scientific and technological progress. But with the further promotion of China＇s reform and opening-up and intensi...For a long time, the factors influencing a regional economic growth are mainly workforce, capital and scientific and technological progress. But with the further promotion of China＇s reform and opening-up and intensification of the further improvement degree, the main factors influencing a regional economic growth constantly change. This paper utilizes the relevant data of Sichuan to set up the econometric model and quantitatively studies the factors influencing economic growth of Sichuan. Through comparing the greatness that each factor influences the economic growth of Sichuan, the paper takes system changes as leading factor to influence the economic growth during 1984-2003 of Sichuan. At the same time, the upgrading of industrial structure will be a core of economic growth in the future, and the scientific and technological progress is the potential force of economic growth.展开更多
To meet the application requirements for a Ka-band space-based TT&C terminal for a launch vehicle,this paper proposes the implementation scheme of a space-based TT&C terminal,analyzes and solves the miniaturiz...To meet the application requirements for a Ka-band space-based TT&C terminal for a launch vehicle,this paper proposes the implementation scheme of a space-based TT&C terminal,analyzes and solves the miniaturized design of equipment and the key technology for high-efficiency heat dissipation.The phased array antenna test shows that without external heat dissipation measures,the phased array antenna can work for a long time to meet the working requirements of launch vehicle,which has been verified in the LM-8 mission,and has wide engineering application prospects.展开更多
Since its inaugural issue in 1986,the Journal of Computer Science and Technology(JCST)has been the premier English journal of China Computer Federation(CCF),serving international readers and authors by disseminating s...Since its inaugural issue in 1986,the Journal of Computer Science and Technology(JCST)has been the premier English journal of China Computer Federation(CCF),serving international readers and authors by disseminating scholarly and technical papers under a rigorous review process.展开更多
The China-Brazil Forum on Climate Change and Energy Technology Innovation opened in Tsinghua＇s Main Building on January 14, 2009. Mr. Samuel Pinheiro Guimaraes, Brazilian Vice-Minister for Foreign Issues, Professor L...The China-Brazil Forum on Climate Change and Energy Technology Innovation opened in Tsinghua＇s Main Building on January 14, 2009. Mr. Samuel Pinheiro Guimaraes, Brazilian Vice-Minister for Foreign Issues, Professor Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Director of COPPE, and representatives from Brazil＇s Embassy in China attended the Forum.展开更多
Purpose:We hope to provoke a conversation about preparing students for an uncertain future that unforeseeable technological innovations will transform in ways we cannot predict.The unprecedented disruption caused by t...Purpose:We hope to provoke a conversation about preparing students for an uncertain future that unforeseeable technological innovations will transform in ways we cannot predict.The unprecedented disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic makes this an opportune time to reconsiderall dimensions of education.Design/Approach/Methods:We present information on how technology is transforming virtually every aspect of our lives and the threats we face from social media,climate change,and growing inequality.We then analyze the adequacy of proposals for teaching new skills,such as 2Ist-Century Skills,to prepare students for a world of work that is changing at warp speed.Findings:Despite harbingers of a radically different future,most schools continue to operate much as they have for centuries,providing a one-size-fits-all education.Technology now enables an unprecedented degree of personalization.We can tailor learning opportunities to individual students'interests,talents,and potential with teachers serving as guides,resources,and critical friends.The Internet afford a cornucopia of learning opportunities-online courses,international experts,global collaborations,accessible databases,and libraries.Learning can occur virtually anywhere.Originality/Value:The future depends on decisions we are making today about education.The value of this article is that we call for rethinking every component of education rather than considering each element independently.展开更多
Using a counterfactual analysis approach, the present paper examines a host of conventional wisdoms relating to issues of farmer, the countryside and agriculture, which are believed to be all originated from the exist...Using a counterfactual analysis approach, the present paper examines a host of conventional wisdoms relating to issues of farmer, the countryside and agriculture, which are believed to be all originated from the existence of mass surplus laborers in China. When analyzing various sources of statistics, evidence shows that there is no longer a large pool of surplus laborers in rural China as most people believe. Based on this counterfactual result, all related events, such as the direction of agricultural technological changes, the level of comparative productivity of agricultural labor, and the degree of rural-urban income gap must be reconsidered.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.72204234,72074022]the National Social Science Foundation of China[Grant No.22AZD094]the project for Carbon Neutral General Knowledge Course Construction of China University of Geosciences.
文摘Promoting agricultural modernisation through technological change is an important strategy for China.China's carbon neutrality strategy is leading to systemic socio-economic changes that could exacerbate the uncertainty of agricultural development.Therefore,applying a computable general equilibrium(CGE)model,this study characterises the agricultural sector in detail,introducing endogenous technological change proxied by research and development(R&D)to assess the impact of different technological change scenarios on agricultural development under the carbon neutrality target.The results show that allocating carbon revenue for R&D inputs can mitigate the significant negative impact of achieving carbon neutrality on knowledge capital and production in agricultural sectors.Overall,using carbon revenue only for R&D input in crop sectors has the optimal effect on increasing the agricultural sectors'knowledge capital,improving crop production and profit,reducing crop external dependence and promoting the synergistic reduction of carbon and pollutant emissions.However,this scenario has the largest negative impact on macro-economics and household welfare.In contrast,allocating carbon revenue to promote technological change in broader non-energy sectors or both crops and non-energy sectors can effectively mitigate negative socio-economic impacts,but the positive impact on agricultural development is minimal.These findings provide practical insights for the rational use of carbon revenue to expand agricultural R&D investment and ensure balanced agricultural and economic development under the carbon neutrality target.
文摘This study analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of a climate change measure in Japan using a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with technological change as an endogenous variable. In this way, a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between climate change and its measures, technology, and economy has been done. The model uses technological change as the accumulation of knowledge capital that is derived from research and development investment. The study investigates the impacts of a climate change measure considering the use of emission permit revenue and technological change induced by the policy implementation in the Japanese economy. Simulation results show that there is compatibility between CO2 emission reduction and positive effects on GDP that depends on the ways of the revenue use and technological change induced by emission reduction. However, it is not possible to find the ways to realize positive effects on both GDP and welfare simultaneously in the study. The sensitivity analysis for the elasticity of substitution between knowledge capital and other inputs also confirms the obtained results.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China!(79970104)
文摘The technological change as an exogenous variable is introduced into the RCK model with endogenous fertility in this paper. It is proved that the model has at least a nonzero steady state and the nonzero steady state is unique when the parameters satisfies some conditions. By phrase protrait analysis, the unique nonzero steady state is saddle and the economy has a unique optimal growth path. The results obtained implies that the relationship between the technological change and population growth rate determinated by the economic structure and the parental ethies. For the economy in which the parents is selfish, promoting the technological change rate decreases the fertility at the steady state. On the other hand, for the economy in which the parents is less selfish, the fertility increases as the technological change rate increases.
文摘We evaluate economic and environmental impacts of climate change mitigation in a country scale considering various time horizons in the analysis applying a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with endogenous technological change. Although there is a possibility that Gross Domestic Product （GDP） becomes larger for the abatement cases than the baseline case in the earlier years, it tends to be lower than that in the later years. The longer the time horizon and/or the more severe the abatement, the larger the negative impacts will be. When subsidizing R＆D investment, increase in GDP compared to the baseline case is realized in the middle of the time horizon, and the larger increase tends to be observed for the longer-term cases. These results would be due to technological change induced by the subsidies and emission abatement. Environmental indicators are also improved. We showed that the results were influenced by the target time horizon when using an intertemporal dynamic model.
基金the National Science Foundation of China (No.70673072 and 70203008)the National Social Science Foundation (No.06 BJL 039) for financial support.
文摘Using 1987-2006panel data for China, we explore the dynamics of the skill premium. The present paper focuses on the skill premium as an explanation for why income differences are so large in China. Our empirics show that： the rise in the relative supply of skilled labor results in an increase, instead of a decrease, in the skill premium; domestic investment is not complementary with skill formation; the skill premium is higher in more developed provinces; economic openness facilitates an increase in the skill premium; whether foreign direct investment induces skill-based technology change or not, it drives up the skill premium. An array of policy prescriptions for reducing income differences and ensuring sustained economic growth are provided.
基金funded by National Science Foundation (Grant No.40535027,40871065)program of Enviromental Education Base of Chinese University Students
文摘China has witnessed rapid economic development since 1978, and during the time, energy production and consumption developed at a tremendous speed as well. Energy efficiency which can be measured by energy consumption per unit of GDP, however, experienced continuous decrease. Theoretically, the change of energy efficiency can be attributed to industry structural change and technological change. In order to explain the transformation of Chinese energy efficiency, we adopt logarithmic mean Divisia index techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period of 1994-2005. We find that technological change is the dominant contributor in the decline of energy intensity, but the contribution has declined since 2001. The change in industry structure has decreased the energy intensity before 1998, but raised the intensity after 1998. Decomposed technological effects for all sectors indicate that technological progresses in high energy consuming industries such as raw chemical materials and chemical products, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and household contribute are the principal drivers of China's declining energy intensity.
基金sponsored by the key project of the National Social Sciences Foundation (No.09AJY001)the youth projects of the National Social Sciences Foundation (No. 12CJY007 and No.10CJL011)
文摘This paper classifies capital into structure capital and equipment capital and uses the endogenous economic growth model to illustrate the role of capital-embodied technological change in economic growth. In addition, it adopts the capital quality index to adjust equipment capital stocks in order to examine the contribution to economic growth of capital- embodied technological change after adjusting for current capital service efficiency. The results show that embodied technological change （ETC） in equipment capital has an average annual growth rate of 4.78 percent, accounting for 10.6 percent of economic growth and 14.8 percent of the total capital contribution. The contribution of technological change varies with development stage and the contribution of different types of technological change varies. Compared with the 1980s, the period starting from the 1990s has seen a steady fall in the contribution of capital-embodied technological change, and a V-shaped evolution in the contribution of neutral technological change （NTC）, with the fall being larger than the rise.
文摘A decomposition into components of the overall technological change is carried out.The overall technological change is decomposed into the technological change,which consists of autonomous shift and shape-deformation in isoquants of production function over table,the scale economics or diseconomies,and the technological change,which is determined by marginal rates of substitution of factors,capital/labor ratio(capital intensity)and its changes.Under the assumption of constant returns to scale the mathematical framework reduces exactly to Solow’s framework. The mathematical formula derived can be applied to measuring the overall technological change in its components.
文摘In economics,opportunity cost means the maximum value of choosing one behavior over others in the situation where resources are limited(Parkin,2016).In the process of making reproductive decision,opportunity cost reveals the trade-off between time,resources,and economic benefits that individuals face when choosing to have children or not.During this process,the technological changes make the paths of career development diverse and rapidly changing,remarkably increasing the opportunity cost of childbirth and parenting.This leads to individuals more inclined to postpone or reduce childbirth when balancing their careers and families,thereby resulting in low fertility rates in developed economies.
基金This research is funded by the key project of National Social Science Foundation of China ＂Study on Major Issues and Countermeasures of Industrial Organization in China after the International Financial Crisis＂ （Approval No. 12AJY004） Major Research Projects on Humanities and Social Sciences of Shandong University ＂Study on Industrial Concentration, Enterprise Size and International Competitiveness of China＇s Manufacturing Industry against Economic Globalization＂ （Approval No.12RWZD15） Fund Project for Postgraduate＇s Independent Innovation of Shandong University ＂Study on the Impact Mechanism of IT Technical Progress on Employment.＂
文摘Combining the development status of information industry in China and based on theoretical discussions on labor demand and supply as well as the comprehensive analysis on endogenous technological progress and exogenous educational quality, this paper concludes that the technological progress of information industry in China is skill- biased, i.e. technological progress of information industry increases the demand for skilled labor while decreases the demand for unskilled labor, and aggravates the wage difference between these two types of labor. Due to the effect of educational quality, the ratio of skilled labor employment to unskilled labor employment will reach a dynamic equilibrium and the wage difference between skilled labor and unskilled labor will not increase continuously. This paper then proves the foregoing conclusion with data of information industry in 26 provinces （autonomous region, municipality）. Focusing on typical skill-intensive information industry, this paper mainly studies the influence of educational quality, which not only complements the theoretical analysis on dual effects of technological progress on employment, but also provides feasible and practical basis to policies promoting the development of technological progress and full employment in China.
基金Special Programm for Compiling the Fourth National Assessment Report on Climate Change of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
文摘The compilation of technology lists addressing climate change has a guiding effect on promoting technological research and development,demonstration,and popularization.It is also crucial for China to strengthen ecological civilization construction,achieve the carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality target,and enhance global climate governance capabilities.This study first proposes the existing classification outline of the technology promotion lists,technology demand lists,and future technology lists.Then,different methodologies are integrated on the basis of the existing outline of four technology lists:China’s existing technological promotion list for addressing climate change,China’s demand list for climate change mitigation technology,China’s key technology list for addressing climate change,and China’s future technology list for addressing climate change.What’s more,core technologies are analyzed in the aspects of technology maturity,carbon reduction cost,carbon reduction potential,economic benefits,social influence,uncertainty,etc.The results show that:key industries and sectors in China already have relatively mature mitigation/adaptation technologies to support the achievement of climate change targets.The multi-sectoral system of promoting climate friendly technologies has been established,which has played an active role in tackling climate change.Currently,climate technology needs are concentrated in the traditional technology and equipment upgrading,renewable energy technology,and management decision-making support technology.The key technologies are concentrated in 3 major areas and 12 technological directions that urgently need a breakthrough.For carbon emmission peak and nentrality,carbon depth reduction and zero carbon emissions and geoengineering technology(CDR and SRM)have played an important role in forming the structure of global emissions and achieving carbon neutrality in the future.Thus,the uncertainty assessment for the comprehensive technology cost effectiveness,technology integration direction,technical maturity,ethics and ecological impacts is supportive to the national technology strategy.Finally,the presented study proposes several policy implications for medium-and long-term technology deployment,improving technology conversion rate,promoting the research and development of core technologies,and forming a technology list collaborative update and release mechanism.
文摘With the development of science and technology,the electronic component industry has become more and more extensive,covering circuits,electrical and electrical systems from small to large.Many of these parts have very high requirements for the production process,and the production process requires a certain amount of workshop space.In the traditional production process,soldering is mainly manual welding.With the development of intelligence,impersonality and automation,the design of electronic products will gradually move towards intelligence.In this process,the application and promotion of welding technology is essential.In order to ensure the production of automatic products,this paper studies and discusses the function control problems and solutions of the soldering machine.Loudspeaker(commonly known as loudspeaker)is one of the most widely used electronic devices.With the development of the electronic industry and the change of the market environment,major manufacturers are developing new products to meet the market demand and product performance.In order to meet the needs of a large number of high reliability electronic products with different structures now and in the future,automatic welding technology is required to ensure that the welding quality and reliability have certain advantages.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371530)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201106020)China Meteorological Administration Special Climate Change Research Fund(CCSF201346)
文摘Crop yields are affected by climate change and technological advancement.Objectively and quantitatively evaluating the attribution of crop yield change to climate change and technological advancement will ensure sustainable development of agriculture under climate change.In this study,daily climate variables obtained from 553 meteorological stations in China for the period 1961-2010,detailed observations of maize from 653 agricultural meteorological stations for the period 1981-2010,and results using an Agro-Ecological Zones（AEZ） model,are used to explore the attribution of maize（Zea mays L.） yield change to climate change and technological advancement.In the AEZ model,the climatic potential productivity is examined through three step-by-step levels：photosynthetic potential productivity,photosynthetic thermal potential productivity,and climatic potential productivity.The relative impacts of different climate variables on climatic potential productivity of maize from 1961 to 2010 in China are then evaluated.Combined with the observations of maize,the contributions of climate change and technological advancement to maize yield from 1981 to 2010 in China are separated.The results show that,from 1961 to 2010,climate change had a significant adverse impact on the climatic potential productivity of maize in China.Decreased radiation and increased temperature were the main factors leading to the decrease of climatic potential productivity.However,changes in precipitation had only a small effect.The maize yields of the 14 main planting provinces in China increased obviously over the past 30 years,which was opposite to the decreasing trends of climatic potential productivity.This suggests that technological advancement has offset the negative effects of climate change on maize yield.Technological advancement contributed to maize yield increases by 99.6%-141.6%,while climate change contribution was from-41.4%to 0.4%.In particular,the actual maize yields in Shandong,Henan,Jilin,and Inner Mongolia increased by 98.4,90.4,98.7,and 121.5 kg hm^（-2） yr^（-1） over the past 30 years,respectively.Correspondingly,the maize yields affected by technological advancement increased by 113.7,97.9,111.5,and 124.8 kg hm^（-2） yr^（-1）,respectively.On the contrary,maize yields reduced markedly under climate change,with an average reduction of-9.0 kg hm^（-2） yr^（-1）.Our findings highlight that agronomic technological advancement has contributed dominantly to maize yield increases in China in the past three decades.
文摘For a long time, the factors influencing a regional economic growth are mainly workforce, capital and scientific and technological progress. But with the further promotion of China＇s reform and opening-up and intensification of the further improvement degree, the main factors influencing a regional economic growth constantly change. This paper utilizes the relevant data of Sichuan to set up the econometric model and quantitatively studies the factors influencing economic growth of Sichuan. Through comparing the greatness that each factor influences the economic growth of Sichuan, the paper takes system changes as leading factor to influence the economic growth during 1984-2003 of Sichuan. At the same time, the upgrading of industrial structure will be a core of economic growth in the future, and the scientific and technological progress is the potential force of economic growth.
文摘To meet the application requirements for a Ka-band space-based TT&C terminal for a launch vehicle,this paper proposes the implementation scheme of a space-based TT&C terminal,analyzes and solves the miniaturized design of equipment and the key technology for high-efficiency heat dissipation.The phased array antenna test shows that without external heat dissipation measures,the phased array antenna can work for a long time to meet the working requirements of launch vehicle,which has been verified in the LM-8 mission,and has wide engineering application prospects.
文摘Since its inaugural issue in 1986,the Journal of Computer Science and Technology(JCST)has been the premier English journal of China Computer Federation(CCF),serving international readers and authors by disseminating scholarly and technical papers under a rigorous review process.
文摘The China-Brazil Forum on Climate Change and Energy Technology Innovation opened in Tsinghua＇s Main Building on January 14, 2009. Mr. Samuel Pinheiro Guimaraes, Brazilian Vice-Minister for Foreign Issues, Professor Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Director of COPPE, and representatives from Brazil＇s Embassy in China attended the Forum.
文摘Purpose:We hope to provoke a conversation about preparing students for an uncertain future that unforeseeable technological innovations will transform in ways we cannot predict.The unprecedented disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic makes this an opportune time to reconsiderall dimensions of education.Design/Approach/Methods:We present information on how technology is transforming virtually every aspect of our lives and the threats we face from social media,climate change,and growing inequality.We then analyze the adequacy of proposals for teaching new skills,such as 2Ist-Century Skills,to prepare students for a world of work that is changing at warp speed.Findings:Despite harbingers of a radically different future,most schools continue to operate much as they have for centuries,providing a one-size-fits-all education.Technology now enables an unprecedented degree of personalization.We can tailor learning opportunities to individual students'interests,talents,and potential with teachers serving as guides,resources,and critical friends.The Internet afford a cornucopia of learning opportunities-online courses,international experts,global collaborations,accessible databases,and libraries.Learning can occur virtually anywhere.Originality/Value:The future depends on decisions we are making today about education.The value of this article is that we call for rethinking every component of education rather than considering each element independently.
基金National Social Science Foundation of China(No.06&ZD003)
文摘Using a counterfactual analysis approach, the present paper examines a host of conventional wisdoms relating to issues of farmer, the countryside and agriculture, which are believed to be all originated from the existence of mass surplus laborers in China. When analyzing various sources of statistics, evidence shows that there is no longer a large pool of surplus laborers in rural China as most people believe. Based on this counterfactual result, all related events, such as the direction of agricultural technological changes, the level of comparative productivity of agricultural labor, and the degree of rural-urban income gap must be reconsidered.
