In this article,I trace my career from an early interest in language that eventually led me to engage in Chinese medical translation.Born in the United Kingdom in 1954,I gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and ...In this article,I trace my career from an early interest in language that eventually led me to engage in Chinese medical translation.Born in the United Kingdom in 1954,I gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and Spanish from the University of Heriot-Watt,Edinburgh.Subsequent study of Chinese took me to Taiwan,China,where I gained an interest in Chinese medicine and developed a coherent linguistic approach to Chinese medical term translation,which I and various colleagues have systematically applied in the translation and compilation of numerous works spanning modern texts,classics,dictionaries,and language-learning materials.Our translation approach,though conforming to principles universally recognized by translation theorists,has proven to be highly controversial,with opponents in both Western and Chinese circles.展开更多
In this opinion paper, we introduce the expressions of dominant terminology and dominant term in the quantitative studies of science in analogy to the notion of dominant design in product development and innovation.
Context and Objective: Over the past few decades, terminologies developed for clinical descriptions have been increasingly used as key resources for knowledge management, data integration, and decision support to the ...Context and Objective: Over the past few decades, terminologies developed for clinical descriptions have been increasingly used as key resources for knowledge management, data integration, and decision support to the extent that today they have become essential in the biomedical and health field. Among these clinical terminologies, some may possess the characteristics of one or several types of representation. This is the case for the Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine—Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), which is both a clinical medical terminology and a formal ontology based on the principles of semantic web. Methods: We present and discuss, on one hand, the compliance of SNOMED CT with the requirements of a reference clinical terminology and, on the other hand, the specifications of the features and constructions of descriptive of SNOMED CT. Results: We demonstrate the consistency of the reference clinical terminology SNOMED CT with the principles stated in James J. Cimino’s desiderata and we also show that SNOMED CT contains an ontology based on the EL profile of OWL2 with some simplifications. Conclusions: The duality of SNOMED CT shown is crucial for understanding the versatility, depth, and scope in the health field.展开更多
With the incessant propulsion of the Open Door Policy,which is related to the consolidation of international collaborative partnerships,an increasing number of Chinese companies are moving toward cooperating countries...With the incessant propulsion of the Open Door Policy,which is related to the consolidation of international collaborative partnerships,an increasing number of Chinese companies are moving toward cooperating countries to participate in infrastructure construction,employing a win-win strategy in favor of the people and governments of both countries.Among the cooperation domains,our country’s electrical companies have achieved a series of remarkable results in the international Engineering,Procurement,and Construction(EPC)project market with their outstanding business capabilities and technical advantages.Nevertheless,some shortcomings cannot be overlooked,the most notable of which appears to be the impediment associated with engineering translation,which has always been an obsession among translators of Chinese companies.Taking the transmission line project in the Republic of Madagascar as an example,an analysis of French-Chinese translation methods of electrical engineering terminology in the field of the transmission line is carried out.展开更多
We report a case of a 12-year-old female with closed and open comedo without inflammatory lesions at the first visit. She had been treated with topical adapalene once daily, and closed and open comedo subsided without...We report a case of a 12-year-old female with closed and open comedo without inflammatory lesions at the first visit. She had been treated with topical adapalene once daily, and closed and open comedo subsided without inflammatory lesions one month after the treatment without any side effects induced by adapalen. The recurrence of comedo had not been observed afterwards. In the Japanese Dermatological Association (JDA) guidelines for the treatment of acne vulgaris, comedonal phase has not been stated. Then we propose the tentative new terminology of a comedonal phase and emphasize its importance in the early initial treatment for comedo to prevent the development of the acute inflammatory phase such as red papules and pustules and formation of acne scars.展开更多
To the Editor The report of the 1992 Atlanta consensus conference provided a framework for standardization of the terminology for description of acute pancreatitis and its complications[1].Terms such as“pancreatic ph...To the Editor The report of the 1992 Atlanta consensus conference provided a framework for standardization of the terminology for description of acute pancreatitis and its complications[1].Terms such as“pancreatic phlegmon”which had historically been subjected to differential interpretation were discontinued and modern terminology was introduced[1].With subsequent clinical usage and with the accrual of new knowledge it became clear that further changes were necessary.展开更多
The International Organization for Standardization(ISO)published its first terminology International Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis ISO 23961-1:2021 Traditional Chinese medicine-Vocabulary for diag...The International Organization for Standardization(ISO)published its first terminology International Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis ISO 23961-1:2021 Traditional Chinese medicine-Vocabulary for diagnostics-part1:Tongue on 5th November,2021.展开更多
Shortcomings of the Boltzmann physical kinetics and the Schr<span style="font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger wave mechanics are considered. From the position of nonlocal p...Shortcomings of the Boltzmann physical kinetics and the Schr<span style="font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger wave mechanics are considered. From the position of nonlocal physics, the Schr<span style="font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger equation is a local equation;this fact leads to the great shortcomings of the linear Schr<span style="font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger wave mechanics. Nonlocal nonlinear quantum mechanics is considered using the wave function terminology.展开更多
Technical Terminology refers to the professional terms of science and technology.The translation of technical terminologies be comes more and more important and urgent with the development of technology.This thesis be...Technical Terminology refers to the professional terms of science and technology.The translation of technical terminologies be comes more and more important and urgent with the development of technology.This thesis begins from the features of technical terminol ogies,combining with lots of relevant examples,and then discusses the methods and principles of English-Chinese translation of technical terminology which is in order to make some contribution to the technical terminology translation.展开更多
Terminology plays an important role in doing business English translation. This paper will try to give tentative definitions of what is terminology, of what is business English translation, and render some examples to...Terminology plays an important role in doing business English translation. This paper will try to give tentative definitions of what is terminology, of what is business English translation, and render some examples to exemplify the significant impacts of terminology in doing BET. In author's opinion the scope of "terminology" is quite broad.展开更多
BACKGROUND Published in 2015,the International Consensus Recommendations on Surveillance for Colorectal Endoscopic Neoplasia Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients(SCENIC)recommended abandonin...BACKGROUND Published in 2015,the International Consensus Recommendations on Surveillance for Colorectal Endoscopic Neoplasia Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients(SCENIC)recommended abandoning the use of diagnostic term“dysplasia-associated lesion or mass(DALM)”for polypoid dysplastic lesions detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The aim of this study was to investigate whether this recommendation had any influence on diagnostic terminologies used by pathologists in their practice.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all pathology reports for surveillance colonoscopic biopsies from ulcerative colitis(UC)patients in our institution during 1/2012-12/2014(pre-SCENIC)and 1/2016-12/2018(post-SCENIC).These included 1203 biopsies from 901 UC patients during the pre-SCENIC period and 1273 biopsies from 977 UC patients during the post-SCENIC period.Their corresponding endoscopic findings and histopathologic diagnoses were recorded.Clinical indications for total colectomy for UC patients and corresponding histopathologic findings in colectomy specimens were also recorded and compared.RESULTS A total of 347 and 419 polyps/polypoid lesions were identified during the preSCENIC and post-SCENIC periods,among which 60 and 104 were dysplastic/adenomatous,respectively.More polypoid dysplastic lesions were simply diagnosed as“adenoma”during the post-SCENIC period in comparison with the pre-SCENIC period(97.1%vs 65.0%;P<0.001).The number of cases with a comment in pathology reports regarding the distinction between DALM and sporadic adenoma was also significantly decreased during the post-SCENIC period(5.8%vs 38.3%;P<0.001).In addition,the term“dysplasia”was more consistently used for random biopsies during the post-SCENIC period.Furthermore,the terms“sessile serrated adenoma/polyp”(SSA/P)and“serrated epithelial change”(SEC)were more consistently used for polypoid lesions and random biopsies,respectively,during the post-SCENIC period,although these were not specifically addressed in the SCENIC recommendations.The indications for colectomy remained unchanged,however,despite the standardization of diagnostic terminologies.CONCLUSION The SCENIC recommendations relieve pathologists from the burden of distinguishing DALM from sporadic adenoma in IBD patients,which helps the standardization of diagnostic terminologies used by pathologists.The consistent use of the diagnostic terminologies may help reduce potential confusions to clinicians and patients.展开更多
The main goal of this observational and descriptive study is to evaluate whether the diagnosis axis of a nursing interface terminology meets the content validity criterion of being nursing-phenomena oriented. Nursing ...The main goal of this observational and descriptive study is to evaluate whether the diagnosis axis of a nursing interface terminology meets the content validity criterion of being nursing-phenomena oriented. Nursing diagnosis concepts were analyzed in terms of presence in the nursing literature, type of articles published and areas of disciplinary interest. The search strategy was conducted in three databases with limits in relation to period and languages. The final analysis included 287 nursing diagnosis concepts. The results showed that most of the concepts were identified in the scientific literature, with a homogeneous distribution of types of designs. Most of these concepts (87.7%) were studied from two or more areas of disciplinary interest. Validity studies on disciplinary controlled vocabularies may contribute to demonstrate the nursing influence on patients’ outcomes.展开更多
A range of different language systems for nursing diagnosis, interventions and outcomes are currently available. Nursing terminologies are intended to support nursing practice but they have to be evaluated. This study...A range of different language systems for nursing diagnosis, interventions and outcomes are currently available. Nursing terminologies are intended to support nursing practice but they have to be evaluated. This study aims to assess the results of an expert survey to establish the face validity of a nursing interface terminology. The study applied a descriptive design with a cross-sectional survey strategy using a written questionnaire administered to expert nurses working in hospitals. Sample size was estimated at 35 participants. The questionnaire included topics related to validity and reliability criteria for nursing controlled vocabularies described in the literature. Mean global score and criteria scoring at least 7 were considered main outcome measures. The analysis included descriptive statistics with a confidence level of 95%. The mean global score was 8.1. The mean score for the validity criteria was 8.4 and 7.8 for reliability and applicability criteria. Two of the criteria for reliability and applicability evaluation did not achieve minimum scores. According to the experts’ responses, this terminology meets face validity, but that improvements are required in some criteria and further research is needed to completely demonstrate its metric properties.展开更多
A geothermal resource can be defined as a reservoir inside the Earth from which heat can be extracted economically Geothermal resources are classified on the basis of different aspects, such as heat source, heat trans...A geothermal resource can be defined as a reservoir inside the Earth from which heat can be extracted economically Geothermal resources are classified on the basis of different aspects, such as heat source, heat transfer, reservoir tem perature, physical state, commercial utilization and geological settings. Unfortunately most of the current classifications that are used for geothermal systems are not complete. So, a combinational terminology of geological and tempera ture-based classifications would be more complete. This terminology can explain all geological situations, temperature and physical state of geothermal reservoir altogether. According to geological settings, in combinational terminology (from left to right), the class of geothermal resource’s name would be placed at first, then the physical state of reservoir (Liquid-dominated or Two-phase or Vapor-dominated) would be written and finally the class of the geothermal reser voir which is related to its temperature, is written.展开更多
Terminology consistency is important in scientific translation including Zhuangyi translation.However,terminology inconsistency frequently occurs in the translation of Zhuangyi texts.In this article,terminology incons...Terminology consistency is important in scientific translation including Zhuangyi translation.However,terminology inconsistency frequently occurs in the translation of Zhuangyi texts.In this article,terminology inconsistency in translations of Zhuangyi texts and its underlying causes are analyzed,assurance of terminology consistency aided by computer is discussed,and term consistency in Zhuangyi ballads is explored.展开更多
In publishing the "Selected Papers" of Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), thefounder of cybernetics, the American Society for Industrial and Applied Mathe-matics (Philadelphia) wrote in 1964 that "Professor No...In publishing the "Selected Papers" of Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), thefounder of cybernetics, the American Society for Industrial and Applied Mathe-matics (Philadelphia) wrote in 1964 that "Professor Norbert Wiener believedthat significant research topics are to be found in the ’crack’ between two fields"[1]. Norbert Wiener himself wrote in the introduction to his famous展开更多
Taxonomy denotes the hierarchical structure of a knowledge organization system.It has important applications in knowledge navigation,semantic annotation and semantic search.It is a useful instrument to study the multi...Taxonomy denotes the hierarchical structure of a knowledge organization system.It has important applications in knowledge navigation,semantic annotation and semantic search.It is a useful instrument to study the multilingual taxonomy generated automatically under the dynamic information environment in which massive amounts of information are processed and found.Multilingual taxonomy is the core component of the multilingual thesaurus or ontology.This paper presents two methods of bilingual generated taxonomy:Cross-language terminology clustering and mixed-language based terminology clustering.According to our experimental results of terminology clustering related to four specific subject domains,we found that if the parallel corpus is used to cluster multilingual terminologies,the method of using mixed-language based terminology clustering outperforms that of using the cross-language terminology clustering.展开更多
By analyzing the original foreign work Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine and taking it as a reference,this paper made a comparative study on the word-formation patterns,translation methods along with the translatio...By analyzing the original foreign work Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine and taking it as a reference,this paper made a comparative study on the word-formation patterns,translation methods along with the translations of specific terms of tongue proper,such as tongue colors,forms of tongue,motilities of tongue and sublingual veins in International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine and WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region.From a cross-cultural perspective,this paper emphasized the significance of the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terminology,and analyzed the merits and demerits of the English translations of TCM terms related to tongue proper from 2 different books,so as to provide references for the standardization of TCM terminology.展开更多
文摘In this article,I trace my career from an early interest in language that eventually led me to engage in Chinese medical translation.Born in the United Kingdom in 1954,I gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and Spanish from the University of Heriot-Watt,Edinburgh.Subsequent study of Chinese took me to Taiwan,China,where I gained an interest in Chinese medicine and developed a coherent linguistic approach to Chinese medical term translation,which I and various colleagues have systematically applied in the translation and compilation of numerous works spanning modern texts,classics,dictionaries,and language-learning materials.Our translation approach,though conforming to principles universally recognized by translation theorists,has proven to be highly controversial,with opponents in both Western and Chinese circles.
文摘In this opinion paper, we introduce the expressions of dominant terminology and dominant term in the quantitative studies of science in analogy to the notion of dominant design in product development and innovation.
文摘Context and Objective: Over the past few decades, terminologies developed for clinical descriptions have been increasingly used as key resources for knowledge management, data integration, and decision support to the extent that today they have become essential in the biomedical and health field. Among these clinical terminologies, some may possess the characteristics of one or several types of representation. This is the case for the Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine—Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), which is both a clinical medical terminology and a formal ontology based on the principles of semantic web. Methods: We present and discuss, on one hand, the compliance of SNOMED CT with the requirements of a reference clinical terminology and, on the other hand, the specifications of the features and constructions of descriptive of SNOMED CT. Results: We demonstrate the consistency of the reference clinical terminology SNOMED CT with the principles stated in James J. Cimino’s desiderata and we also show that SNOMED CT contains an ontology based on the EL profile of OWL2 with some simplifications. Conclusions: The duality of SNOMED CT shown is crucial for understanding the versatility, depth, and scope in the health field.
文摘With the incessant propulsion of the Open Door Policy,which is related to the consolidation of international collaborative partnerships,an increasing number of Chinese companies are moving toward cooperating countries to participate in infrastructure construction,employing a win-win strategy in favor of the people and governments of both countries.Among the cooperation domains,our country’s electrical companies have achieved a series of remarkable results in the international Engineering,Procurement,and Construction(EPC)project market with their outstanding business capabilities and technical advantages.Nevertheless,some shortcomings cannot be overlooked,the most notable of which appears to be the impediment associated with engineering translation,which has always been an obsession among translators of Chinese companies.Taking the transmission line project in the Republic of Madagascar as an example,an analysis of French-Chinese translation methods of electrical engineering terminology in the field of the transmission line is carried out.
文摘We report a case of a 12-year-old female with closed and open comedo without inflammatory lesions at the first visit. She had been treated with topical adapalene once daily, and closed and open comedo subsided without inflammatory lesions one month after the treatment without any side effects induced by adapalen. The recurrence of comedo had not been observed afterwards. In the Japanese Dermatological Association (JDA) guidelines for the treatment of acne vulgaris, comedonal phase has not been stated. Then we propose the tentative new terminology of a comedonal phase and emphasize its importance in the early initial treatment for comedo to prevent the development of the acute inflammatory phase such as red papules and pustules and formation of acne scars.
文摘To the Editor The report of the 1992 Atlanta consensus conference provided a framework for standardization of the terminology for description of acute pancreatitis and its complications[1].Terms such as“pancreatic phlegmon”which had historically been subjected to differential interpretation were discontinued and modern terminology was introduced[1].With subsequent clinical usage and with the accrual of new knowledge it became clear that further changes were necessary.
文摘The International Organization for Standardization(ISO)published its first terminology International Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis ISO 23961-1:2021 Traditional Chinese medicine-Vocabulary for diagnostics-part1:Tongue on 5th November,2021.
文摘Shortcomings of the Boltzmann physical kinetics and the Schr<span style="font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger wave mechanics are considered. From the position of nonlocal physics, the Schr<span style="font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger equation is a local equation;this fact leads to the great shortcomings of the linear Schr<span style="font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger wave mechanics. Nonlocal nonlinear quantum mechanics is considered using the wave function terminology.
文摘Technical Terminology refers to the professional terms of science and technology.The translation of technical terminologies be comes more and more important and urgent with the development of technology.This thesis begins from the features of technical terminol ogies,combining with lots of relevant examples,and then discusses the methods and principles of English-Chinese translation of technical terminology which is in order to make some contribution to the technical terminology translation.
文摘Terminology plays an important role in doing business English translation. This paper will try to give tentative definitions of what is terminology, of what is business English translation, and render some examples to exemplify the significant impacts of terminology in doing BET. In author's opinion the scope of "terminology" is quite broad.
文摘BACKGROUND Published in 2015,the International Consensus Recommendations on Surveillance for Colorectal Endoscopic Neoplasia Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients(SCENIC)recommended abandoning the use of diagnostic term“dysplasia-associated lesion or mass(DALM)”for polypoid dysplastic lesions detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The aim of this study was to investigate whether this recommendation had any influence on diagnostic terminologies used by pathologists in their practice.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all pathology reports for surveillance colonoscopic biopsies from ulcerative colitis(UC)patients in our institution during 1/2012-12/2014(pre-SCENIC)and 1/2016-12/2018(post-SCENIC).These included 1203 biopsies from 901 UC patients during the pre-SCENIC period and 1273 biopsies from 977 UC patients during the post-SCENIC period.Their corresponding endoscopic findings and histopathologic diagnoses were recorded.Clinical indications for total colectomy for UC patients and corresponding histopathologic findings in colectomy specimens were also recorded and compared.RESULTS A total of 347 and 419 polyps/polypoid lesions were identified during the preSCENIC and post-SCENIC periods,among which 60 and 104 were dysplastic/adenomatous,respectively.More polypoid dysplastic lesions were simply diagnosed as“adenoma”during the post-SCENIC period in comparison with the pre-SCENIC period(97.1%vs 65.0%;P<0.001).The number of cases with a comment in pathology reports regarding the distinction between DALM and sporadic adenoma was also significantly decreased during the post-SCENIC period(5.8%vs 38.3%;P<0.001).In addition,the term“dysplasia”was more consistently used for random biopsies during the post-SCENIC period.Furthermore,the terms“sessile serrated adenoma/polyp”(SSA/P)and“serrated epithelial change”(SEC)were more consistently used for polypoid lesions and random biopsies,respectively,during the post-SCENIC period,although these were not specifically addressed in the SCENIC recommendations.The indications for colectomy remained unchanged,however,despite the standardization of diagnostic terminologies.CONCLUSION The SCENIC recommendations relieve pathologists from the burden of distinguishing DALM from sporadic adenoma in IBD patients,which helps the standardization of diagnostic terminologies used by pathologists.The consistent use of the diagnostic terminologies may help reduce potential confusions to clinicians and patients.
文摘The main goal of this observational and descriptive study is to evaluate whether the diagnosis axis of a nursing interface terminology meets the content validity criterion of being nursing-phenomena oriented. Nursing diagnosis concepts were analyzed in terms of presence in the nursing literature, type of articles published and areas of disciplinary interest. The search strategy was conducted in three databases with limits in relation to period and languages. The final analysis included 287 nursing diagnosis concepts. The results showed that most of the concepts were identified in the scientific literature, with a homogeneous distribution of types of designs. Most of these concepts (87.7%) were studied from two or more areas of disciplinary interest. Validity studies on disciplinary controlled vocabularies may contribute to demonstrate the nursing influence on patients’ outcomes.
文摘A range of different language systems for nursing diagnosis, interventions and outcomes are currently available. Nursing terminologies are intended to support nursing practice but they have to be evaluated. This study aims to assess the results of an expert survey to establish the face validity of a nursing interface terminology. The study applied a descriptive design with a cross-sectional survey strategy using a written questionnaire administered to expert nurses working in hospitals. Sample size was estimated at 35 participants. The questionnaire included topics related to validity and reliability criteria for nursing controlled vocabularies described in the literature. Mean global score and criteria scoring at least 7 were considered main outcome measures. The analysis included descriptive statistics with a confidence level of 95%. The mean global score was 8.1. The mean score for the validity criteria was 8.4 and 7.8 for reliability and applicability criteria. Two of the criteria for reliability and applicability evaluation did not achieve minimum scores. According to the experts’ responses, this terminology meets face validity, but that improvements are required in some criteria and further research is needed to completely demonstrate its metric properties.
文摘A geothermal resource can be defined as a reservoir inside the Earth from which heat can be extracted economically Geothermal resources are classified on the basis of different aspects, such as heat source, heat transfer, reservoir tem perature, physical state, commercial utilization and geological settings. Unfortunately most of the current classifications that are used for geothermal systems are not complete. So, a combinational terminology of geological and tempera ture-based classifications would be more complete. This terminology can explain all geological situations, temperature and physical state of geothermal reservoir altogether. According to geological settings, in combinational terminology (from left to right), the class of geothermal resource’s name would be placed at first, then the physical state of reservoir (Liquid-dominated or Two-phase or Vapor-dominated) would be written and finally the class of the geothermal reser voir which is related to its temperature, is written.
基金This project is sponsored by Guangxi First-rate Discipline Construction Project-Traditional Chinese Medicine(Gui Jiao Ke Yan[2018]12)Development Program of High-level Talent Team under Qihuang Project of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine-Basic Research and Application Study of Detoxifying Prescriptions in Zhuang Medicine(2018005)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education-Research on Cultivation of Vocational Development Competencies for Postgraduates in Ethnic Medicine(GY2020105).
文摘Terminology consistency is important in scientific translation including Zhuangyi translation.However,terminology inconsistency frequently occurs in the translation of Zhuangyi texts.In this article,terminology inconsistency in translations of Zhuangyi texts and its underlying causes are analyzed,assurance of terminology consistency aided by computer is discussed,and term consistency in Zhuangyi ballads is explored.
文摘In publishing the "Selected Papers" of Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), thefounder of cybernetics, the American Society for Industrial and Applied Mathe-matics (Philadelphia) wrote in 1964 that "Professor Norbert Wiener believedthat significant research topics are to be found in the ’crack’ between two fields"[1]. Norbert Wiener himself wrote in the introduction to his famous
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:70903032)the Foundation for Humanities and Social Science of the Chinese Ministry of Education(Grant No.:08JC870007)
文摘Taxonomy denotes the hierarchical structure of a knowledge organization system.It has important applications in knowledge navigation,semantic annotation and semantic search.It is a useful instrument to study the multilingual taxonomy generated automatically under the dynamic information environment in which massive amounts of information are processed and found.Multilingual taxonomy is the core component of the multilingual thesaurus or ontology.This paper presents two methods of bilingual generated taxonomy:Cross-language terminology clustering and mixed-language based terminology clustering.According to our experimental results of terminology clustering related to four specific subject domains,we found that if the parallel corpus is used to cluster multilingual terminologies,the method of using mixed-language based terminology clustering outperforms that of using the cross-language terminology clustering.
基金Supported by Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Cultivation Project(NO.ZY3-GJHZ-1-1001-11)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Special Technical Standard Project(NO.14DZ0500400)。
文摘By analyzing the original foreign work Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine and taking it as a reference,this paper made a comparative study on the word-formation patterns,translation methods along with the translations of specific terms of tongue proper,such as tongue colors,forms of tongue,motilities of tongue and sublingual veins in International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine and WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region.From a cross-cultural perspective,this paper emphasized the significance of the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)terminology,and analyzed the merits and demerits of the English translations of TCM terms related to tongue proper from 2 different books,so as to provide references for the standardization of TCM terminology.
