Instead of relying on the erroneous principles of Special Relativity, this paper proposes a new theory based on the emission of photons by a source and their re-emission by a transparent medium. Through over 60 articl...Instead of relying on the erroneous principles of Special Relativity, this paper proposes a new theory based on the emission of photons by a source and their re-emission by a transparent medium. Through over 60 articles, we have demonstrated that Special Relativity is based on optical experiments and observations that have been incorrectly explained by the theory of a non-existent ether. Our findings show that all known experiments can be explained using classical concepts of space and time, thereby refuting the theory of relativity. This article also addresses the fallacy of the widely accepted etheric Doppler effects and its significant role in the history of science.展开更多
β decay is one of the most fundamental and thoroughly studied nuclear decay. Surprisingly, the β decay rates were found to have a periodic time variability [1]. However, others argued that there is no evidence for s...β decay is one of the most fundamental and thoroughly studied nuclear decay. Surprisingly, the β decay rates were found to have a periodic time variability [1]. However, others argued that there is no evidence for such cyclic deviation from the exponential first order kinetics decay law [2]. Here we propose that the β decay is a pseudo-first order exchange reaction triggered by uddũexotic mesons and propose a QCD gas theory. In analogy to the atmospheric gas density, the proposed QCD gas density drops with elevation from the sun. Accordingly, we propose that the β decay rate periodic variability is due to the pseudo-first order exchange reaction kinetics and the QCD gas atmospheric density drop. The proposed QCD gas may be a possible candidate for Einstein’s general theory of relativity ether [3]. Our main results are the derived formulas for calculating the effective mass of the QCD gas and the cosmology perfect fluid equation of state dimensionless parameter, based on the measured ratio of the β decay rates at the earth trajectory aphelion and perihelion dates. .展开更多
In this article, we address the solution of the Einstein’s equations in the vacuum region surrounding a spherically symmetric mass distribution. There are two different types of mathematical solutions, depending on t...In this article, we address the solution of the Einstein’s equations in the vacuum region surrounding a spherically symmetric mass distribution. There are two different types of mathematical solutions, depending on the value of a constant of integration. These two types of solutions are analysed from a physical point of view. The comparison with the linear theory limit is also considered. This leads to a new solution, different from the well known one. If one considers the observational data in the weak field limit this new solution is in agreement with the available data. While the traditional Schwarzschild solution is characterized by a horizon at r=2GM/c2, no horizon exists in this new solution.展开更多
In contrast to the solutions of applied mathematics to Zeno’s paradoxes, I focus on the concept of motion and show that, by distinguishing two different forms of motion, Zeno’s apparent paradoxes are not paradoxical...In contrast to the solutions of applied mathematics to Zeno’s paradoxes, I focus on the concept of motion and show that, by distinguishing two different forms of motion, Zeno’s apparent paradoxes are not paradoxical at all. Zeno’s paradoxes indirectly prove that distances are not composed of extensionless points and, in general, that a higher dimension cannot be completely composed of lower ones. Conversely, lower dimensions can be understood as special cases of higher dimensions. To illustrate this approach, I consider Cantor’s only apparent proof that the real numbers are uncountable. However, his widely accepted indirect proof has the disadvantage that it depends on whether there is another way to make the real numbers countable. Cantor rightly assumes that there can be no smallest number between 0 and 1, and therefore no beginning of counting. For this reason he arbitrarily lists the real numbers in order to show with his diagonal method that this list can never be complete. The situation is different if we start with the largest number between 0 and 1 (0.999…) and use the method of an inverted triangle, which can be understood as a special fractal form. Here we can construct a vertical and a horizontal stratification with which it is actually possible to construct all real numbers between 0 and 1 without exception. Each column is infinite, and each number in that column is the starting point of a new triangle, while each row is finite. Even in a simple sine curve, we experience finiteness with respect to the y-axis and infinity with respect to the x-axis. The first parts of this article show that Zeno’s assumptions contradict the concept of motion as such, so it is not surprising that this misconstruction leads to contradictions. In the last part, I discuss Cantor’s diagonal method and explain the method of an inverted triangle that is internally structured like a fractal by repeating this inverted triangle at each column. The consequence is that we encounter two very different methods of counting. Vertically it is continuous, horizontally it is discrete. While Frege, Tarski, Cantor, Gödel and the Vienna Circle tried to derive the higher dimension from the lower, a procedure that always leads to new contradictions and antinomies (Tarski, Russell), I take the opposite approach here, in which I derive the lower dimension from the higher. This perspective seems to fail because Tarski, Russell, Wittgenstein, and especially the Vienna Circle have shown that the completeness of the absolute itself is logically contradictory. For this reason, we agree with Hegel in assuming that we can never fully comprehend the Absolute, but only its particular manifestations—otherwise we would be putting ourselves in the place of the Absolute, or even God. Nevertheless, we can understand the Absolute in its particular expressions, as I will show with the modest example of the triangle proof of the combined horizontal and vertical countability of the real numbers, which I developed in rejection of Cantor’s diagonal proof. .展开更多
The New General System theory was developed to be a theory of everything for complex systems within the world we can observe.This theory was constructed by supplementing a new mind-ether ontology into Bertalanffy’s g...The New General System theory was developed to be a theory of everything for complex systems within the world we can observe.This theory was constructed by supplementing a new mind-ether ontology into Bertalanffy’s general system theory framework.This theory is basically a generalization of classical mechanics rather than a revolution to it taken both by Einstein and Bohr in developing their relativity theory and quantum mechanics.The purpose of this paper is to reveal the reasons why Einstein and many others fail to unify relativity theory with quantum mechanics through comparing the main differences in philosophical opinions among NGST,Einstein,and Bohr.It is the hope of the authors that this clarification could speed up the unification process.展开更多
When D:ξ→η is a linear ordinary differential (OD) or partial differential (PD) operator, a “direct problem” is to find the generating compatibility conditions (CC) in the form of an operator D<sub>1:</su...When D:ξ→η is a linear ordinary differential (OD) or partial differential (PD) operator, a “direct problem” is to find the generating compatibility conditions (CC) in the form of an operator D<sub>1:</sub>η→ξ such that Dξ = η implies D<sub>1</sub>η = 0. When D is involutive, the procedure provides successive first-order involutive operators D<sub>1</sub>,...,D<sub>n </sub>when the ground manifold has dimension n. Conversely, when D<sub>1</sub> is given, a much more difficult “inverse problem” is to look for an operator D:ξ→η having the generating CC D<sub>1</sub>η = 0. If this is possible, that is when the differential module defined by D<sub>1</sub> is “torsion-free”, that is when there does not exist any observable quantity which is a sum of derivatives of η that could be a solution of an autonomous OD or PD equation for itself, one shall say that the operator D<sub>1</sub> is parametrized by D. The parametrization is said to be “minimum” if the differential module defined by D does not contain a free differential submodule. The systematic use of the adjoint of a differential operator provides a constructive test with five steps using double differential duality. We prove and illustrate through many explicit examples the fact that a control system is controllable if and only if it can be parametrized. Accordingly, the controllability of any OD or PD control system is a “built in” property not depending on the choice of the input and output variables among the system variables. In the OD case and when D<sub>1</sub> is formally surjective, controllability just amounts to the formal injectivity of ad(D<sub>1</sub>), even in the variable coefficients case, a result still not acknowledged by the control community. Among other applications, the parametrization of the Cauchy stress operator in arbitrary dimension n has attracted many famous scientists (G. B. Airy in 1863 for n = 2, J. C. Maxwell in 1870, E. Beltrami in 1892 for n = 3, and A. Einstein in 1915 for n = 4). We prove that all these works are already explicitly using the self-adjoint Einstein operator, which cannot be parametrized and the comparison needs no comment. As a byproduct, they are all based on a confusion between the so-called div operator D<sub>2</sub> induced from the Bianchi operator and the Cauchy operator, adjoint of the Killing operator D which is parametrizing the Riemann operator D<sub>1</sub> for an arbitrary n. This purely mathematical result deeply questions the origin and existence of gravitational waves, both with the mathematical foundations of general relativity. As a matter of fact, this new framework provides a totally open domain of applications for computer algebra as the quoted test can be studied by means of Pommaret bases and related recent packages.展开更多
Analysis of a four-dimensional displacement vector on the fabric of space-time in the special or general case into two Four-dimensional vectors, according to specific conditions leads to the splitting of the total fab...Analysis of a four-dimensional displacement vector on the fabric of space-time in the special or general case into two Four-dimensional vectors, according to specific conditions leads to the splitting of the total fabric of space-time into a positive subspace-time that represents the space of causality and a negative subspace-time which represents a space without causality, thus, in the special case, we have new transformations for the coordinates of space and time modified from Lorentz transformations specific to each subspace, where the contraction of length disappears and the speed of light is no longer a universal constant. In the general case, we have new types of matric tensor, one for positive subspace-time and the other for negative subspace-time. We also find that the speed of the photon decreases in positive subspace-time until it reaches zero and increases in negative subspace-time until it reaches the speed of light when the photon reaches the Schwarzschild radius.展开更多
Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The ...Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.展开更多
It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality ...It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.展开更多
In this paper, I have studied the properties of atomic and molecular world along with general and special theories of relativity. This is an attempt to merge Gravity into the standard model in order to complete the Gr...In this paper, I have studied the properties of atomic and molecular world along with general and special theories of relativity. This is an attempt to merge Gravity into the standard model in order to complete the Grand Unification Theory. The merger of gravity into the other forces i.e. electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces should be well defined and in the boundaries of Gauge Group theory. The Lorentz transformations used in the theory too are invariant under SU(2) type of space. The relative force exerted on two separate quantum systems is also discussed along with Dark matter and Dark energy at a quantum level. I have also tried to solve the Banach-Tarski theorem by applications of Heisenbergs Uncertainty principle in the later part of the paper. Detailed particle Chirality in standard model is redefined to fit in the criterion of operators used in the same process. Possible existence of a new quasi particle is also included in the paper along with its properties.展开更多
According to some local properties of Lorentz transformation, Einstein stated: 'Vetheitiss greater than that of light have no possibility of existence.' He neglected to point out the applicable range of the sp...According to some local properties of Lorentz transformation, Einstein stated: 'Vetheitiss greater than that of light have no possibility of existence.' He neglected to point out the applicable range of the special theory of relativity. In fact, it could only be applied to the subluminal-speeds. This paper shows that if ones think of the possibility of the existence of the superluminal-speeds and redescribe the special theory of relativity following Einstein's way, it could be supposed that the physical spacetime is a Finsler spacetime, characterized by the metric ds4=gijkldxidxidxkdxl. If so, a new spactime transformation could be found by invariant ds4 and the theory of relativity is discussed on this transformation it is possible that the Finsler spacetime F(x,y) may be endowed with a catastrophic nature. Based on the different properties between the ds2 and ds4, it is discussed that the flat spacetime will also have the catastrophic nature on the Finsler metric ds4. The spacetime transformations and the Physical quantities will suddenly change at the catastrophe set of the spacetime, the light cone. It will be supposed that only the dual velocity of the superluminal-speeds could be observed. If so, a particle with the superluminal-speed v> c could be regarded as its anti-particle with the dual velocity v1=c2/ v< c. On the other hand, it could be assumed that the horizon of the field of the general relativity is also a catastrophic set. If so, a particle with the superluminal-speeds could be projected near the horizon of these fields, and the particle will move on the sauce-like curves. It is very interesting that, in the Schwarzschild fields, the theoretical calculation for the sauce-like curves should be in agreement with tie data of the superluminal expansion of extragalactic radio sources observed year after year. (see Gao, 1992b).The ca- tastrophe of spacetime has some deep cosmological means. According to the some interested subjects in the Process of evolution of the universe the catastrophe nature of the Finsler spacetime and its cosmological impli= cations are discussed. It is shown that the nature of the universal evolution could be attributed to the geometric features of the Finsler spacetime. (see Cao, 1993)展开更多
The studies of the PQL are based on propagation of Paraquantum logical states ψ in a representative Lattice of four vertices. Based in interpretations that consider resulting information of measurements in physical s...The studies of the PQL are based on propagation of Paraquantum logical states ψ in a representative Lattice of four vertices. Based in interpretations that consider resulting information of measurements in physical systems are found paraquantum equations for computation of the physical quantities in real physical systems. In the first part of this work we presented a study of Relativity theory which involved the time and the space with their characteristics as degrees of evidence applied in Paraquantum Logical Model. Now, in this second Part we present a study of application of the PQL in resolution of phenomena of physical systems that involve concepts of the Relativity Theory and the correlation of these effects with the Newtonian Universe and Quantum Mechanics. Considering physical fundamental quantities varying periodically in amplitude, we introduce the paraquantum equations which consider frequency in the analysis. From of these mathematical relationships obtained in the PQL Lattice some main physical constants related to the studies of De Broglie appeared. With the equations of Energy obtained through the analyses is demonstrated that the Paraquantum Logic is capable to correlate values and to unify the several study areas of the Physical Science.展开更多
Special Relativity Theory is more than 110 years aged and during this period it was elaborated until minuscule details. However, there might be some logically deduced discrepancies, which demand a scrupulous study. No...Special Relativity Theory is more than 110 years aged and during this period it was elaborated until minuscule details. However, there might be some logically deduced discrepancies, which demand a scrupulous study. Nonetheless, every search for inherent contradictions is an uphill task. The author of the considered paper proposed a situation with two series of synchronized clocks. Each series is at rest in its own frame of reference, but one of them is deemed to be stationary and other is moving with a constant relative velocity. The author believes this situation to be contradictable. But really, the suitable mathematical analysis proves that it is none other than a consequence of neglecting the basic tenets of the theory.展开更多
The standard theory of general relativity (GR) can be written in a form proposed by Eddington using the parametric representation of the metric tensor. In this paper, the equations of the standard theory of GR using t...The standard theory of general relativity (GR) can be written in a form proposed by Eddington using the parametric representation of the metric tensor. In this paper, the equations of the standard theory of GR using the parametric representation are first developed. Afterwards, the fundamental ideas of a new type of abelian self-interacting gauge theory are presented. Finally, it is shown that the gauge field equations of this new theory are identical to the parametric form of Einstein’s equations of general relativity. It is concluded that classical gravity can be described either by the usual theory of GR in a curved space-time or, alternatively as a self-interacting gauge theory independent of the dynamics of space-time.展开更多
Talcing Dirac's large number hypothesis as true, we have shown [Commun.Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703] the inconsistency of applying Einstein's theory ofgeneral relativity with fixed gravitation c...Talcing Dirac's large number hypothesis as true, we have shown [Commun.Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703] the inconsistency of applying Einstein's theory ofgeneral relativity with fixed gravitation constant G to cosmology, and a modified theory for varyingG is found, which reduces to Einstein's theory outside the gravitating body for phenomena of shortduration in small distances, thereby agrees with all the crucial tests formerly supportingEinstein's theory. The modified theory, when applied to the usual homogeneous cosmological model,gives rise to a variable cosmological tensor term determined by the derivatives of G, in place ofthe cosmological constant term usually introduced ad hoc. Without any free parameter thetheoretical Hubble's relation obtained from the modified theory seems not in contradiction toobservations, as Dr. Wang's preliminary analysis of the recent data indicates [Commun. Theor. Phys.(Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703]. As a complement to Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004)703 we shall study in this paper the modification of electromagnetism due to Dirac's large numberhypothesis in more detail to show that the approximation of geometric optics still leads to nullgeodesies for the path of light, and that the general relation between the luminosity distance andthe proper geometric distance is still valid in our theory as in Einstein's theory, and give theequations for homogeneous cosmological model involving matter plus electromagnetic radiation.Finally we consider the impact of the modification to quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics,and arrive at a systematic theory of evolving natural constants including Planck's h as well asBoltzmann's k_B by finding out their cosmologically combined counterparts with factors ofappropriate powers of G that may remain truly constant to cosmologically long time.展开更多
This article suggests a new metric theory of gravitation, in which metric field is determined not only by matter and nongravitational field but also by vector graviton field, and in principle there is no need to intro...This article suggests a new metric theory of gravitation, in which metric field is determined not only by matter and nongravitational field but also by vector graviton field, and in principle there is no need to introduce the Einstein's tensor. In order to satisfy automatically the geodesic postulate, an additional coordinate condition is needed. For the spherically symmetric static field, it leads us to quite different conclusions from those of Einstein's general relativity in the interior region of the surface of infinite redshift. Accurate to the first order of , it obtains the same results about the four experimental tests of general relativity.展开更多
By using combinatorics, we give a new proof for the recurrence relations of the characteristic polynomial coefficients, and we further obtain an explicit expression for the generic term of the coefficient sequence, wh...By using combinatorics, we give a new proof for the recurrence relations of the characteristic polynomial coefficients, and we further obtain an explicit expression for the generic term of the coefficient sequence, which yields the trace formulae of the Cayley-Hamilton＇s theorem with all coefficients explicitly given. This implies a byproduct, a complete expression for the determinant of any finite-dimensional matrix in terms of the traces of its successive powers. And we discuss some of their applications to ehiral perturbation theory and general relativity.展开更多
In this article, we investigate the physical consequences that would result if electromagnetic field quanta were emitted at random speeds by a source and if the receiver could only perceive the fraction of the quantum...In this article, we investigate the physical consequences that would result if electromagnetic field quanta were emitted at random speeds by a source and if the receiver could only perceive the fraction of the quantum field that is slower than the speed of light in its individual rest frame. The analysis shows that this plausible hypothesis eliminates the weak points of conventional emission theories and that both postulates of special relativity are fulfilled. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that this theory can explain numerous experiments that are usually interpreted using different aspects of special relativity. However, the resulting quantum field theory is not equivalent to the special theory of relativity and requires neither spacetime nor Lorentz transformation. Furthermore, this approach offers a starting point for interpreting quantum effects and effects that contradict the special theory of relativity.展开更多
New geometrical model of time is suggested where time of body’s motion is defined as the length of its trajectories in four-dimension space-time. Within suggested approach periodical motions in clocks correspond to d...New geometrical model of time is suggested where time of body’s motion is defined as the length of its trajectories in four-dimension space-time. Within suggested approach periodical motions in clocks correspond to definite length of four-dimension trajectories that is clocks appear to be standards for measurements of length in four-dimension space analogously as hard sticks are standards for measurements of length in three-dimension space. This means that space and time are entities of the same geometrical nature. A suggested interpretation of time leads to necessity of changes in general theory of relativity. These changes are unessential for body’s motion in weak gravitational field.展开更多
The electromagnetic waves are considered in this article as the mediators of interaction in the Meissner Effect or the diamagnetic property of the superconductors. During the cooling of a superconductor electromagneti...The electromagnetic waves are considered in this article as the mediators of interaction in the Meissner Effect or the diamagnetic property of the superconductors. During the cooling of a superconductor electromagnetic waves may be released when the electrons occupy lower states of the energy. These electromagnetic waves may combine in circularly, elliptically and spherically rotating way, being called in this article the rounded electromagnetic fields. The application of the Lorentz transformation of the Special Theory of Relativity to the magnetic vectors of the mediating electromagnetic fields implies the magnetic orthogoniopedic effect inside the bulk of a superconductor in the Meissner Effect.展开更多
文摘Instead of relying on the erroneous principles of Special Relativity, this paper proposes a new theory based on the emission of photons by a source and their re-emission by a transparent medium. Through over 60 articles, we have demonstrated that Special Relativity is based on optical experiments and observations that have been incorrectly explained by the theory of a non-existent ether. Our findings show that all known experiments can be explained using classical concepts of space and time, thereby refuting the theory of relativity. This article also addresses the fallacy of the widely accepted etheric Doppler effects and its significant role in the history of science.
文摘β decay is one of the most fundamental and thoroughly studied nuclear decay. Surprisingly, the β decay rates were found to have a periodic time variability [1]. However, others argued that there is no evidence for such cyclic deviation from the exponential first order kinetics decay law [2]. Here we propose that the β decay is a pseudo-first order exchange reaction triggered by uddũexotic mesons and propose a QCD gas theory. In analogy to the atmospheric gas density, the proposed QCD gas density drops with elevation from the sun. Accordingly, we propose that the β decay rate periodic variability is due to the pseudo-first order exchange reaction kinetics and the QCD gas atmospheric density drop. The proposed QCD gas may be a possible candidate for Einstein’s general theory of relativity ether [3]. Our main results are the derived formulas for calculating the effective mass of the QCD gas and the cosmology perfect fluid equation of state dimensionless parameter, based on the measured ratio of the β decay rates at the earth trajectory aphelion and perihelion dates. .
文摘In this article, we address the solution of the Einstein’s equations in the vacuum region surrounding a spherically symmetric mass distribution. There are two different types of mathematical solutions, depending on the value of a constant of integration. These two types of solutions are analysed from a physical point of view. The comparison with the linear theory limit is also considered. This leads to a new solution, different from the well known one. If one considers the observational data in the weak field limit this new solution is in agreement with the available data. While the traditional Schwarzschild solution is characterized by a horizon at r=2GM/c2, no horizon exists in this new solution.
文摘In contrast to the solutions of applied mathematics to Zeno’s paradoxes, I focus on the concept of motion and show that, by distinguishing two different forms of motion, Zeno’s apparent paradoxes are not paradoxical at all. Zeno’s paradoxes indirectly prove that distances are not composed of extensionless points and, in general, that a higher dimension cannot be completely composed of lower ones. Conversely, lower dimensions can be understood as special cases of higher dimensions. To illustrate this approach, I consider Cantor’s only apparent proof that the real numbers are uncountable. However, his widely accepted indirect proof has the disadvantage that it depends on whether there is another way to make the real numbers countable. Cantor rightly assumes that there can be no smallest number between 0 and 1, and therefore no beginning of counting. For this reason he arbitrarily lists the real numbers in order to show with his diagonal method that this list can never be complete. The situation is different if we start with the largest number between 0 and 1 (0.999…) and use the method of an inverted triangle, which can be understood as a special fractal form. Here we can construct a vertical and a horizontal stratification with which it is actually possible to construct all real numbers between 0 and 1 without exception. Each column is infinite, and each number in that column is the starting point of a new triangle, while each row is finite. Even in a simple sine curve, we experience finiteness with respect to the y-axis and infinity with respect to the x-axis. The first parts of this article show that Zeno’s assumptions contradict the concept of motion as such, so it is not surprising that this misconstruction leads to contradictions. In the last part, I discuss Cantor’s diagonal method and explain the method of an inverted triangle that is internally structured like a fractal by repeating this inverted triangle at each column. The consequence is that we encounter two very different methods of counting. Vertically it is continuous, horizontally it is discrete. While Frege, Tarski, Cantor, Gödel and the Vienna Circle tried to derive the higher dimension from the lower, a procedure that always leads to new contradictions and antinomies (Tarski, Russell), I take the opposite approach here, in which I derive the lower dimension from the higher. This perspective seems to fail because Tarski, Russell, Wittgenstein, and especially the Vienna Circle have shown that the completeness of the absolute itself is logically contradictory. For this reason, we agree with Hegel in assuming that we can never fully comprehend the Absolute, but only its particular manifestations—otherwise we would be putting ourselves in the place of the Absolute, or even God. Nevertheless, we can understand the Absolute in its particular expressions, as I will show with the modest example of the triangle proof of the combined horizontal and vertical countability of the real numbers, which I developed in rejection of Cantor’s diagonal proof. .
基金This work was supported by Zhejiang Key R&D Program No.2021C03157start-up funding from Westlake University under grant number 041030150118Scientific Research Funding Project of Westlake University under Grant No.2021WUFP017.
文摘The New General System theory was developed to be a theory of everything for complex systems within the world we can observe.This theory was constructed by supplementing a new mind-ether ontology into Bertalanffy’s general system theory framework.This theory is basically a generalization of classical mechanics rather than a revolution to it taken both by Einstein and Bohr in developing their relativity theory and quantum mechanics.The purpose of this paper is to reveal the reasons why Einstein and many others fail to unify relativity theory with quantum mechanics through comparing the main differences in philosophical opinions among NGST,Einstein,and Bohr.It is the hope of the authors that this clarification could speed up the unification process.
文摘When D:ξ→η is a linear ordinary differential (OD) or partial differential (PD) operator, a “direct problem” is to find the generating compatibility conditions (CC) in the form of an operator D<sub>1:</sub>η→ξ such that Dξ = η implies D<sub>1</sub>η = 0. When D is involutive, the procedure provides successive first-order involutive operators D<sub>1</sub>,...,D<sub>n </sub>when the ground manifold has dimension n. Conversely, when D<sub>1</sub> is given, a much more difficult “inverse problem” is to look for an operator D:ξ→η having the generating CC D<sub>1</sub>η = 0. If this is possible, that is when the differential module defined by D<sub>1</sub> is “torsion-free”, that is when there does not exist any observable quantity which is a sum of derivatives of η that could be a solution of an autonomous OD or PD equation for itself, one shall say that the operator D<sub>1</sub> is parametrized by D. The parametrization is said to be “minimum” if the differential module defined by D does not contain a free differential submodule. The systematic use of the adjoint of a differential operator provides a constructive test with five steps using double differential duality. We prove and illustrate through many explicit examples the fact that a control system is controllable if and only if it can be parametrized. Accordingly, the controllability of any OD or PD control system is a “built in” property not depending on the choice of the input and output variables among the system variables. In the OD case and when D<sub>1</sub> is formally surjective, controllability just amounts to the formal injectivity of ad(D<sub>1</sub>), even in the variable coefficients case, a result still not acknowledged by the control community. Among other applications, the parametrization of the Cauchy stress operator in arbitrary dimension n has attracted many famous scientists (G. B. Airy in 1863 for n = 2, J. C. Maxwell in 1870, E. Beltrami in 1892 for n = 3, and A. Einstein in 1915 for n = 4). We prove that all these works are already explicitly using the self-adjoint Einstein operator, which cannot be parametrized and the comparison needs no comment. As a byproduct, they are all based on a confusion between the so-called div operator D<sub>2</sub> induced from the Bianchi operator and the Cauchy operator, adjoint of the Killing operator D which is parametrizing the Riemann operator D<sub>1</sub> for an arbitrary n. This purely mathematical result deeply questions the origin and existence of gravitational waves, both with the mathematical foundations of general relativity. As a matter of fact, this new framework provides a totally open domain of applications for computer algebra as the quoted test can be studied by means of Pommaret bases and related recent packages.
文摘Analysis of a four-dimensional displacement vector on the fabric of space-time in the special or general case into two Four-dimensional vectors, according to specific conditions leads to the splitting of the total fabric of space-time into a positive subspace-time that represents the space of causality and a negative subspace-time which represents a space without causality, thus, in the special case, we have new transformations for the coordinates of space and time modified from Lorentz transformations specific to each subspace, where the contraction of length disappears and the speed of light is no longer a universal constant. In the general case, we have new types of matric tensor, one for positive subspace-time and the other for negative subspace-time. We also find that the speed of the photon decreases in positive subspace-time until it reaches zero and increases in negative subspace-time until it reaches the speed of light when the photon reaches the Schwarzschild radius.
文摘Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.
文摘It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.
文摘In this paper, I have studied the properties of atomic and molecular world along with general and special theories of relativity. This is an attempt to merge Gravity into the standard model in order to complete the Grand Unification Theory. The merger of gravity into the other forces i.e. electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces should be well defined and in the boundaries of Gauge Group theory. The Lorentz transformations used in the theory too are invariant under SU(2) type of space. The relative force exerted on two separate quantum systems is also discussed along with Dark matter and Dark energy at a quantum level. I have also tried to solve the Banach-Tarski theorem by applications of Heisenbergs Uncertainty principle in the later part of the paper. Detailed particle Chirality in standard model is redefined to fit in the criterion of operators used in the same process. Possible existence of a new quasi particle is also included in the paper along with its properties.
基金The project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘According to some local properties of Lorentz transformation, Einstein stated: 'Vetheitiss greater than that of light have no possibility of existence.' He neglected to point out the applicable range of the special theory of relativity. In fact, it could only be applied to the subluminal-speeds. This paper shows that if ones think of the possibility of the existence of the superluminal-speeds and redescribe the special theory of relativity following Einstein's way, it could be supposed that the physical spacetime is a Finsler spacetime, characterized by the metric ds4=gijkldxidxidxkdxl. If so, a new spactime transformation could be found by invariant ds4 and the theory of relativity is discussed on this transformation it is possible that the Finsler spacetime F(x,y) may be endowed with a catastrophic nature. Based on the different properties between the ds2 and ds4, it is discussed that the flat spacetime will also have the catastrophic nature on the Finsler metric ds4. The spacetime transformations and the Physical quantities will suddenly change at the catastrophe set of the spacetime, the light cone. It will be supposed that only the dual velocity of the superluminal-speeds could be observed. If so, a particle with the superluminal-speed v> c could be regarded as its anti-particle with the dual velocity v1=c2/ v< c. On the other hand, it could be assumed that the horizon of the field of the general relativity is also a catastrophic set. If so, a particle with the superluminal-speeds could be projected near the horizon of these fields, and the particle will move on the sauce-like curves. It is very interesting that, in the Schwarzschild fields, the theoretical calculation for the sauce-like curves should be in agreement with tie data of the superluminal expansion of extragalactic radio sources observed year after year. (see Gao, 1992b).The ca- tastrophe of spacetime has some deep cosmological means. According to the some interested subjects in the Process of evolution of the universe the catastrophe nature of the Finsler spacetime and its cosmological impli= cations are discussed. It is shown that the nature of the universal evolution could be attributed to the geometric features of the Finsler spacetime. (see Cao, 1993)
文摘The studies of the PQL are based on propagation of Paraquantum logical states ψ in a representative Lattice of four vertices. Based in interpretations that consider resulting information of measurements in physical systems are found paraquantum equations for computation of the physical quantities in real physical systems. In the first part of this work we presented a study of Relativity theory which involved the time and the space with their characteristics as degrees of evidence applied in Paraquantum Logical Model. Now, in this second Part we present a study of application of the PQL in resolution of phenomena of physical systems that involve concepts of the Relativity Theory and the correlation of these effects with the Newtonian Universe and Quantum Mechanics. Considering physical fundamental quantities varying periodically in amplitude, we introduce the paraquantum equations which consider frequency in the analysis. From of these mathematical relationships obtained in the PQL Lattice some main physical constants related to the studies of De Broglie appeared. With the equations of Energy obtained through the analyses is demonstrated that the Paraquantum Logic is capable to correlate values and to unify the several study areas of the Physical Science.
文摘Special Relativity Theory is more than 110 years aged and during this period it was elaborated until minuscule details. However, there might be some logically deduced discrepancies, which demand a scrupulous study. Nonetheless, every search for inherent contradictions is an uphill task. The author of the considered paper proposed a situation with two series of synchronized clocks. Each series is at rest in its own frame of reference, but one of them is deemed to be stationary and other is moving with a constant relative velocity. The author believes this situation to be contradictable. But really, the suitable mathematical analysis proves that it is none other than a consequence of neglecting the basic tenets of the theory.
文摘The standard theory of general relativity (GR) can be written in a form proposed by Eddington using the parametric representation of the metric tensor. In this paper, the equations of the standard theory of GR using the parametric representation are first developed. Afterwards, the fundamental ideas of a new type of abelian self-interacting gauge theory are presented. Finally, it is shown that the gauge field equations of this new theory are identical to the parametric form of Einstein’s equations of general relativity. It is concluded that classical gravity can be described either by the usual theory of GR in a curved space-time or, alternatively as a self-interacting gauge theory independent of the dynamics of space-time.
文摘Talcing Dirac's large number hypothesis as true, we have shown [Commun.Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703] the inconsistency of applying Einstein's theory ofgeneral relativity with fixed gravitation constant G to cosmology, and a modified theory for varyingG is found, which reduces to Einstein's theory outside the gravitating body for phenomena of shortduration in small distances, thereby agrees with all the crucial tests formerly supportingEinstein's theory. The modified theory, when applied to the usual homogeneous cosmological model,gives rise to a variable cosmological tensor term determined by the derivatives of G, in place ofthe cosmological constant term usually introduced ad hoc. Without any free parameter thetheoretical Hubble's relation obtained from the modified theory seems not in contradiction toobservations, as Dr. Wang's preliminary analysis of the recent data indicates [Commun. Theor. Phys.(Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703]. As a complement to Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004)703 we shall study in this paper the modification of electromagnetism due to Dirac's large numberhypothesis in more detail to show that the approximation of geometric optics still leads to nullgeodesies for the path of light, and that the general relation between the luminosity distance andthe proper geometric distance is still valid in our theory as in Einstein's theory, and give theequations for homogeneous cosmological model involving matter plus electromagnetic radiation.Finally we consider the impact of the modification to quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics,and arrive at a systematic theory of evolving natural constants including Planck's h as well asBoltzmann's k_B by finding out their cosmologically combined counterparts with factors ofappropriate powers of G that may remain truly constant to cosmologically long time.
文摘This article suggests a new metric theory of gravitation, in which metric field is determined not only by matter and nongravitational field but also by vector graviton field, and in principle there is no need to introduce the Einstein's tensor. In order to satisfy automatically the geodesic postulate, an additional coordinate condition is needed. For the spherically symmetric static field, it leads us to quite different conclusions from those of Einstein's general relativity in the interior region of the surface of infinite redshift. Accurate to the first order of , it obtains the same results about the four experimental tests of general relativity.
基金The project supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘By using combinatorics, we give a new proof for the recurrence relations of the characteristic polynomial coefficients, and we further obtain an explicit expression for the generic term of the coefficient sequence, which yields the trace formulae of the Cayley-Hamilton＇s theorem with all coefficients explicitly given. This implies a byproduct, a complete expression for the determinant of any finite-dimensional matrix in terms of the traces of its successive powers. And we discuss some of their applications to ehiral perturbation theory and general relativity.
文摘In this article, we investigate the physical consequences that would result if electromagnetic field quanta were emitted at random speeds by a source and if the receiver could only perceive the fraction of the quantum field that is slower than the speed of light in its individual rest frame. The analysis shows that this plausible hypothesis eliminates the weak points of conventional emission theories and that both postulates of special relativity are fulfilled. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that this theory can explain numerous experiments that are usually interpreted using different aspects of special relativity. However, the resulting quantum field theory is not equivalent to the special theory of relativity and requires neither spacetime nor Lorentz transformation. Furthermore, this approach offers a starting point for interpreting quantum effects and effects that contradict the special theory of relativity.
文摘New geometrical model of time is suggested where time of body’s motion is defined as the length of its trajectories in four-dimension space-time. Within suggested approach periodical motions in clocks correspond to definite length of four-dimension trajectories that is clocks appear to be standards for measurements of length in four-dimension space analogously as hard sticks are standards for measurements of length in three-dimension space. This means that space and time are entities of the same geometrical nature. A suggested interpretation of time leads to necessity of changes in general theory of relativity. These changes are unessential for body’s motion in weak gravitational field.
文摘The electromagnetic waves are considered in this article as the mediators of interaction in the Meissner Effect or the diamagnetic property of the superconductors. During the cooling of a superconductor electromagnetic waves may be released when the electrons occupy lower states of the energy. These electromagnetic waves may combine in circularly, elliptically and spherically rotating way, being called in this article the rounded electromagnetic fields. The application of the Lorentz transformation of the Special Theory of Relativity to the magnetic vectors of the mediating electromagnetic fields implies the magnetic orthogoniopedic effect inside the bulk of a superconductor in the Meissner Effect.
