Ruthenium(Ru)has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum-gr...Ruthenium(Ru)has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum-group metal.Herein,based on the idea of strong metal–support interaction(SMSI)regulation,Ru/TiN catalysts with different degrees of TiN overlayer over Ru nanoparticles were fabricated,which were applied to the alkaline electrolytic water.Characterizations reveal that the TiN overlayer would gradually encapsulate the Ru nanoparticles and induce more electron transfer from Ru nanoparticles to TiN support by the Ru–N–Ti bond as the SMSI degree increased.Further study shows that the exposed Ru–TiN interfaces greatly promote the H_(2) desorption capacity.Thus,the Ru/TiN-300 with a moderate SMSI degree exhibits excellent HER performance,with an overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2).Also,due to the encapsulation role of TiN overlayer on Ru nanoparticles,it displays super long-term stability with a very slight potential change after 24 h.This study provides a deep insight into the influence of the SMSI effect between Ru and TiN on HER and offers a novel approach for preparing efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts through SMSI engineering.展开更多
The development of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is hindered by the disadvantages of shuttling of polysulfides and the sluggish redox kinetics of the conversion of sulfur species during discharge and charge.Herein,the...The development of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is hindered by the disadvantages of shuttling of polysulfides and the sluggish redox kinetics of the conversion of sulfur species during discharge and charge.Herein,the crystallinities of a titanium nitride(TiN)film on copper-embedded carbon nanofibers(Cu-CNFs)are regulated and the nanofibers are used as interlayers to resolve the aforementioned crucial issues.A low-crystalline TiN-coated Cu-CNF(L-TiN-Cu-CNF)interlayer is compared with its highly crystalline counterpart(H-TiN-Cu-CNFs).It is demonstrated that the L-TiN coating not only strengthens the chemical adsorption toward polysulfides but also greatly accelerates the electrochemical conversion of polysulfides.Due to robust carbon frameworks and enhanced kinetics,impressive highrate performance at 2 C(913 mAh g^(-1)based on sulfur)as well as remarkable cyclic stability up to 300 cycles(626 mAh g^(-1))with capacity retention of 46.5%is realized for L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayer-configured Li-S batteries.Even under high loading(3.8 mg cm^(-2))of sulfur and relatively lean electrolyte(10μL electrolyte per milligram sulfur)conditions,the Li-S battery equipped with L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayers delivers a high capacity of 1144 mAh g^(-1)with cathodic capacity of 4.25 mAh cm^(-2)at 0.1 C,providing a potential pathway toward the design of multifunctional interlayers for highly efficient Li-S batteries.展开更多
We report a one‐pot surfactant‐free wet‐chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of palladium/titanium nitride(Pd/TiN)and Pd/carbon(Pd/C)composites,in which^5 nm Pd NPs were uniformly dispersed on TiN or C.In t...We report a one‐pot surfactant‐free wet‐chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of palladium/titanium nitride(Pd/TiN)and Pd/carbon(Pd/C)composites,in which^5 nm Pd NPs were uniformly dispersed on TiN or C.In terms of catalytic performance,Pd/TiN showed enhanced efficiency and stability compared with those of Pd/C and bare TiN in the electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination(EHDC)reaction of 2,4‐dichlorophenol(2,4‐DCP)in aqueous solution.The superior performance of Pd/TiN arises from the promotion effect of TiN.Strong metal‐support interactions modified the electronic structure of Pd,which optimized generation of H*ads and 2,4‐DCP adsorption/activation.The cathode potential plays a vital role in controlling the EHDC efficiency and the product distribution.A working potential of?0.80 V was shown to be optimal for achieving the highest EHDC efficiency and maximizing conversion of 2,4‐DCP to phenol(P).Our studies of the reaction pathway show that EHDC of 2,4‐DCP on Pd/TiN proceeded by 2,4‐DCP→p‐chlorophenol(p‐CP),o‐chlorophenol(o‐CP)→P;however,Pd/TiN presented little selectivity for cleavage of p‐C‐Cl vs o‐C‐Cl.This work presents a new approach to enhancing Pd performance towards EHDC through the effects of a support.The strategy demonstrated here could also be extended to design highly efficient catalysts for other hydrogenation reactions.展开更多
Titanium nitride thin films were deposited on silicon by high power impulse magnetron sputtering(HiPIMS)method at different frequencies(162-637 Hz)and pulse-on time(60-322μs).Response surface methodology(RSM)was empl...Titanium nitride thin films were deposited on silicon by high power impulse magnetron sputtering(HiPIMS)method at different frequencies(162-637 Hz)and pulse-on time(60-322μs).Response surface methodology(RSM)was employed to study the simultaneous effect of frequency and pulse-on time on the current waveforms and the crystallographic orientation,microstructure,and in particular,the deposition rate of titanium nitride at constant time and average power equal to 250 W.The crystallographic structure and morphology of deposited films were analyzed using XRD and FESEM,respectively.It is found that the deposition rate of HiPIMS samples is tremendously dependent on pulse-on time and frequency of pulses where the deposition rate changes from 4.5 to 14.5 nm/min.The regression equations and analyses of variance(ANOVA)reveal that the maximum deposition rate(equal to(17±0.8)nm/min)occurs when the frequency is 537 Hz and pulse-on time is 212μs.The experimental measurement of the deposition rate under this condition gives rise to the deposition rate of 16.7 nm/min that is in good agreement with the predicted value.展开更多
The surface properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy coated with titanium nitride, TiN+TiC+Ti(C,N)/DLC (diamond like carbon), TiN/DLC and TiC/DLC films by plasma-based ion implantation (PBII) with nitrogen, PBII with nitrogen th...The surface properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy coated with titanium nitride, TiN+TiC+Ti(C,N)/DLC (diamond like carbon), TiN/DLC and TiC/DLC films by plasma-based ion implantation (PBII) with nitrogen, PBII with nitrogen then acetylene, PBII with nitrogen then glow discharge deposition with acetylene plus hydrogen and PBII with acetylene then glow discharge deposition with acetylene plus hydrogen respectively were studied. The corresponding films are found getting dimmer, showing light gold or gold, smoky color (uneven), light red in black (uneven), and graphite black separately. The corresponding film resistivities are given. Antioxidation ability of the titanium nitride film is poor, while the existence of carbon (or carbide) improves the antioxidation ability of the films. Having undergone excellent intermediate transitional region of nitrogen and carbon implantation, the top DLC layer of the TiN+TiC+Ti(C,N)/DLC multilayer are formed after the carbon implantation has the best adhesion with the substrate among all the multilayers. Although microhardness of the samples increases in the order of coatings of titanium nitride, TiN/DLC, TiN+TiC+Ti(C,N)/DLC and TiC/DLC, the TiN/DLC and TiC/DLC multilayers have greater brittleness as compared with other films.展开更多
Composite,diffusive titanium nitride layers formed on a titanium and aluminum sub-layer were produced on the AZ91D magnesium alloy.The layers were obtained using a hybrid method which combined the PVD processes with t...Composite,diffusive titanium nitride layers formed on a titanium and aluminum sub-layer were produced on the AZ91D magnesium alloy.The layers were obtained using a hybrid method which combined the PVD processes with the final sealing by a hydrothermal treatment.The microstructure,resistance to corrosion,mechanical damage,and frictional wear of the layers were examined.The properties of the AZ91D alloy covered with these layers were compared with those of the untreated alloy and of some engineering materials such as 316L stainless steel,100Cr6 bearing steel,and the AZ91D alloy subjected to commercial anodizing.It has been found that the composite diffusive nitride layer produced on the AZ91D alloy and then sealed by the hydrothermal treatment ensures the corrosion resistance comparable with that of 316L stainless steel.The layers are characterized by higher electrochemical durability which is due to the surface being overbuilt with the titanium oxides formed,as shown by the XPS examinations,from titanium nitride during the hydrothermal treatment.The composite titanium nitride layers exhibit high resistance to mechanical damage and wear,including frictional wear which is comparable with that of 100Cr6 bearing steel.The performance properties of the AZ91D magnesium alloy covered with the composite titanium nitride coating are substantially superior to those of the alloy subjected to commercial anodizing which is the dominant technique employed in industrial practice.展开更多
The equilibrium lattice parameter, relative volume V/V0, elastic constants Cij, and bulk modulus of titanium nitride are successfully obtained using the ab initio planewave pseudopotential （PW-PP） method within the ...The equilibrium lattice parameter, relative volume V/V0, elastic constants Cij, and bulk modulus of titanium nitride are successfully obtained using the ab initio planewave pseudopotential （PW-PP） method within the framework of density functional theory. The quasi-harmonic Debye model, using a set of total energy vs molar volume obtained with the PW-PP method, is applied to the study of the elastic properties and vibrational effects. We analyze the relationship between the bulk modulus and temperature up to 2000 K and obtain the relationship between bulk modulus B and pressure at different temperatures. It is found that the bulk modulus B increases monotonously with increasing pressure and decreases with increasing temperature. Moreover, the Debye temperature is determined from the non-equilibrium Gibbs functions.展开更多
Titanium nitride （TiN） nanoparticles were prepared from a novel refluxing-derived precursor.The organic/inorganic hybrid precursor was prepared by a two-stage refluxing method using hydrous TiO2 as titania source an...Titanium nitride （TiN） nanoparticles were prepared from a novel refluxing-derived precursor.The organic/inorganic hybrid precursor was prepared by a two-stage refluxing method using hydrous TiO2 as titania source and n-dodecane as carbon source.The precursor was heat-treated to 1 200 °C in flowing ammonia （NH3） to get TiN nanoparticles.The phase and chemical compositions were investigated by means of XRD,Raman spectroscopy and XPS.Samples microstructure was studied by means of SEM,TEM and SEAD.XRD pattern indicated that the product was face-centered cubic TiN with a lattice constant a = 4.236 · and average crystallite sizes of 35.2 nm.Raman spectra indicated that long time refluxing results in Alkane dehydrogenation and the formation of coke on TiO2 nanoparticles.Oxygen presence in TiN lattice was confirmed by XPS investigation.The particle size that was showed by Electron microscopy photographs ranged from 20 to 60 nm.展开更多
A diffusive titanium nitride layers were produced on AZ91 D magnesium alloy by a hybrid method which combines the titanium coating physical vapor deposition（PVD） with subsequent nitriding. The layers are composed of...A diffusive titanium nitride layers were produced on AZ91 D magnesium alloy by a hybrid method which combines the titanium coating physical vapor deposition（PVD） with subsequent nitriding. The layers are composed of a thin surface zone of titanium nitrides and oxides, an intermediate titanium zone and Ti-Al-Mg type diffusive zone. Since the layers improve the corrosion resistance, the best corrosion resistance is obtained when the layers are produced on aluminum base sub-layer by oxynitriding.展开更多
Catalysts of carbon monoxide oxidation were synthesized by deposition of platinum on titanium nitride (TiN). Two substrates with an average particle size of 18 and 36 nm were obtained by hydrogen reduction of titanium...Catalysts of carbon monoxide oxidation were synthesized by deposition of platinum on titanium nitride (TiN). Two substrates with an average particle size of 18 and 36 nm were obtained by hydrogen reduction of titanium tetrachloride in a stream of microwave plasma of nitrogen. The surface of the catalysts was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The data obtained by us in the present work indicate the presence of oxynitride as a transition layer between nitride and oxide. It was found that the CO oxidation rate on the 9 - 15 wt.% Pt loaded TiN catalysts is 120 times higher than that on the platinum black with a specific surface of 30 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Increase in the reaction rate of CO oxidation on Pt/TiN catalysts as compared to platinum black can be associated with both an increase in the concentration of CO molecules adsorbed and a decrease in the activation energy of the reaction. Catalysts are promising for use in catalytic air purification systems.展开更多
Objective:To study the characteristics of the intraocular lens using ion beam sputtering depositing titanium nitride thin film on the intraocular lens(IOLs).Methods:To deposite titanium nitride thin film on the top of...Objective:To study the characteristics of the intraocular lens using ion beam sputtering depositing titanium nitride thin film on the intraocular lens(IOLs).Methods:To deposite titanium nitride thin film on the top of intraocular lens by ion beam sputtering depositing.We analyzed the surface morphology of intraocular lens through SEM and AFM.We detected intraocular lens resolution through the measurement of intraocular lens.Biocompatibility of intraocular lens is preliminary evaluated in this test.Results:The surface morphology of intraocular lens material was not changed,and was in line with the requirements of smoothness.Resolution was in line with national requirements.Unmodified and modified IOLs's cytotoxicity were 1 and 0.6 grade respectively.Hemolytic rates of modified and unmodified were both less than 5%.Conclusion:Ion beam sputtering deposition of objects didn't only affect the surface morphology and the basic optical performance,but also can enhance the biocompatibility of intraocular lens.Ion beam sputtering deposition technique has provided new methods for the surface modification of IOLs and PMMA materials.展开更多
Simultaneous development of well impedance matching and strong loss capability has become a mainstream method for achieving outstanding electromagnetic microwave absorption(EMWA)performances over wide temperature rang...Simultaneous development of well impedance matching and strong loss capability has become a mainstream method for achieving outstanding electromagnetic microwave absorption(EMWA)performances over wide temperature range.However,it is difficult to pursue both due to the mutual restraint of relationship between impedance matching and loss capability about temperature.Here,we propose a flexible regulation engineering of titanium nitride(TiN)nanofibrous membranes(NMs,TNMs),which could be distributed uniformly in the polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)matrix and contributed to the formation of abundant local conductive networks,generating the local conductive loss and enhancing the loss ability of EMWs.Moreover,when the TNMs are used as functional units and dispersed in the matrix,the corresponding composites exhibit an outstanding anti-reflection effect on microwaves.As hoped,under the precondition of good impedance matching,local conductive loss and polarization loss together improve the loss capacity at room temperature,and polarization loss can compensate the local conductive loss to acquire effective dielectric response at elevated temperature.Benefiting from the reasonably synergistic loss ability caused by flexible regulation engineering,the corresponding composites exhibit the perfect EMWA performances in a wide temperature range from 298 to 573 K.This work not only elaborates the ponderable insights of independent membrane in the composition-structure-function connection,but also provides a feasible tactic for resolving coexistence of well impedance matching and strong loss capability issues in wide temperature spectrum.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have been regarded as promising energy-storage systems,due to their high theoretical capacity and energy density.However,the carbonaceous sulfur hosts suffer from weak binding force betwe...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have been regarded as promising energy-storage systems,due to their high theoretical capacity and energy density.However,the carbonaceous sulfur hosts suffer from weak binding force between the hosts and polysulfides,restricting the cyclic stability of sulfur electrode.Meantime,the presence of binder and conductive agent in the traditional electrode reduces its energy density.This study demonstrates that titanium nitride(TiN)nanorod array on carbon cloth(CC)is employed as a flexible host for highly stable Li-S batteries via solvothermal synthesis-nitridation strategy.On the one hand,the flexible integrated network composed of three-dimensional TiN nanorod array and CC significantly improves the conductivity,increases the electron transport and electrolyte penetration of cathode.On the other hand,the 3D structure of TiN/CC and the enhanced polarity of TiN effectively strengthen the physical and chemical double adsorption for polysulfides.As a result,the combination of TiN nanorod array and CC synergistic ally promotes sulfur utilization and electrochemical performances of S@TiN/CC cathode.A discharge capacity of1015.2 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.5C after 250 cycles and 604.1mAh·g^(-1)at 3C after 250 cycles is realized.Under a larger current density of 5C,the resulting S@TiN/CC cathode maintains a high discharge capacity of 666.6 mAh·g^(-1)and the Coulombic efficiency of about 100%.展开更多
Pulse microwave excite thermoacoustic(TA)shockwave to destroy tumor cells in situ.This has promising applications for precise tumor therapy in deep tissue.Nanoparticle(NP)with high microwave-acoustic conversion is the...Pulse microwave excite thermoacoustic(TA)shockwave to destroy tumor cells in situ.This has promising applications for precise tumor therapy in deep tissue.Nanoparticle(NP)with high microwave-acoustic conversion is the key to enhance the efficiency of therapy.In this study,we firstly developed defect-rich titanium nitride nanoparticles(TiN NPs)for pulse microwave excited thermoacoustic(MTA)therapy.Due to a large number of local structural defects and charge carriers,TiN NPs exhibit excellent electromagnetic absorption through the dual mechanisms of dielectric loss and resistive loss.With pulsed microwave irradiation,it efficiently converts the microwave energy into shockwave via thermocavitation effect,achieving localized mechanical damage of mitochondria in the tumor cell and yielding a precise antitumor effect.In addition to the therapeutic function,the NP-mediated TA process also generates images that provide valuable information,including tumor size,shape,and location for treatment planning and monitoring.The experimental results showed that the TiN NPs could be efficiently accumulated in the tumor via intravenous infusion.With the deep tissue penetration characteristics of microwave,the proposed TiN-mediated MTA therapy effectively and precisely cures tumors in deep tissue without any detectable side effects.The results indicated that defect-rich TiN NPs are promising candidates for tumor therapy.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have become attractive energy storage devices,owing to their high energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the stability of the zinc-metal anode has been retarded...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have become attractive energy storage devices,owing to their high energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the stability of the zinc-metal anode has been retarded by dendrites and side reactions during the cycling process,limiting its practical application in secondary batteries.In this work,porous titanium nitride(TiN)nanosheets with a high surface area are demonstrated as a multiplefunction anode coating to realize long-term dendrite-free AZIBs.The TiN nanosheets with the features of high specific surface area and metallic properties optimize electron conduction and zinc-ion flux,lowering the polarization on the electrode surface.In this way,the TiN-coated zinc electrodes exhibit a long cycle performance for more than 600 h without any dendrite formation.In addition,the full AZIB assembly based on the TiN-coated zinc electrode has a stable cycling performance for over 600 cycles with 97.04%capacity retention.This work expands applications of the inorganic porous materials as protective layers in high-energy battery systems.展开更多
Titanium nitride precipitation on a primary inclusion particle during solidification of bearing steel has been tracked by varying temperature in a confocal scanning violet laser microscope.Upon precipitation,an obviou...Titanium nitride precipitation on a primary inclusion particle during solidification of bearing steel has been tracked by varying temperature in a confocal scanning violet laser microscope.Upon precipitation,an obvious growth of titanium nitride on a primary inclusion particle was observed due to the rapid solute diffusion in liquid steel.The onset of titanium nitride precipitation did not change with primary inclusion particle size,but the time of growth was greater for a smaller primary inclusion particle.Meanwhile,the particle size displayed little influence on the total precipitated amount of titanium nitride on it under the same conditions.At the later period of solidification,almost no change occurred in inclusion size,but the inclusion shape varied from circle to almost square in two-dimension,or cubic in three-dimension,to attain the equilibrium with steel.展开更多
Because of its good stability and conductivity,titanium nitride(TiN)is considered to be a very promising alternative support for Pt catalyst;however,the preparation of TiN supports is still challenging.In this work,at...Because of its good stability and conductivity,titanium nitride(TiN)is considered to be a very promising alternative support for Pt catalyst;however,the preparation of TiN supports is still challenging.In this work,atomic layer deposition was facilely adopted to fabricate TiN nanoparticles onto carbon nanotubes(CNTs),and then the prepared TiN/CNTs hybrid was used as a support of Pt catalyst.The resulting TiN/CNTs-supported Pt nanoparticles(Pt@TiN/CNTs)nanocomposite showed higher catalytic activity and long-term stability toward the oxygen reduction reaction than the commercial Pt/C,which should be due to the high conductivity and high stability of TiN support,as well as the favorable Pt-TiN strong interaction.展开更多
The effect of titanium on the as-cast structure and the growth form of titanium precipitates, and the effect of cooling rate on the size and distribution of titanium precipitates were studied. It is shown that Ti-rich...The effect of titanium on the as-cast structure and the growth form of titanium precipitates, and the effect of cooling rate on the size and distribution of titanium precipitates were studied. It is shown that Ti-rich precipitates acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites play an important role in refining the grain size and increasing the equiaxed grain ratio. Cooling rate has a great effect on the size and distribution of precipitates. The number of precipitates increases and the size decreases with the increase of cooling rate. Ti-rich particles acting as het- erogeneous nucleation sites at the onset of solidification are observed in the experiment. This result suggests that TiN nucleated on Ti2O3 is an effective inoculant for δ-ferrite during solidification in low carbon steel.展开更多
To characterize the effects of alloying elements on inclusion dissolution of titanium nitride, the content profiles of elements around TiN/Ti boundary α phase regions in liquid titanium alloys have been experimentall...To characterize the effects of alloying elements on inclusion dissolution of titanium nitride, the content profiles of elements around TiN/Ti boundary α phase regions in liquid titanium alloys have been experimentally carried out. Four kinds of commercial alloys of CpTi, Ti64, Ti17 and Ti6242 containing different α stabilizing or β stabilizing elements are examined through artificially embedding the TiN sponge particle into liquid alloys in VAR conditions. The content profiles of nitrogen and alloying elements around TiN/Ti boundary were measured by WDX and microprobe for as cast samples. The content profiles of nitrogen and alloying elements around N containing solid in α Ti region of these alloys show a common features of a steep change. In particular, the content profiles of elements for Ti6242 demonstrate unique change of a more gentle change tendency and further deeper into the alloy matrix. The experiment results show that, the differences among composite effects of alloying elements in different alloys within nitrogen induced diffusion α region result in different dissolution and diffusion behaviors to overcome the α phase region barriers.展开更多
The characteristics of nitrided layers prepared on commercially pure titanium substrates by direct current nitrogen arc are presented by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM...The characteristics of nitrided layers prepared on commercially pure titanium substrates by direct current nitrogen arc are presented by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） micrographs as well as X-ray diffraction （ XRD ）. The titanium nitride （ TiN ） dendrites were fully developed with interconnected cellular morphologies at the top surface but grew almost perpendicular to the integrace with coarser arms in the middle area. Also less TiN was found near the interface. The energy inputs had an obvious effect on the microstructures and the hardness of the nitrided layers. The maximum micro-hardness was 2 500 HV at the top surface which was over 9 times higher than that of the substrate.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22075159,22002066)Shandong Taishan Scholars Project(Grant Nos.ts20190932,tsqn202103058)+1 种基金Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials(Grant No.202203404)Postdoctoral Applied Research Project in Qingdao,and the Youth Innovation Team Project of Shandong Provincial Education Department(Grant No.2019KJC023).
文摘Ruthenium(Ru)has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum-group metal.Herein,based on the idea of strong metal–support interaction(SMSI)regulation,Ru/TiN catalysts with different degrees of TiN overlayer over Ru nanoparticles were fabricated,which were applied to the alkaline electrolytic water.Characterizations reveal that the TiN overlayer would gradually encapsulate the Ru nanoparticles and induce more electron transfer from Ru nanoparticles to TiN support by the Ru–N–Ti bond as the SMSI degree increased.Further study shows that the exposed Ru–TiN interfaces greatly promote the H_(2) desorption capacity.Thus,the Ru/TiN-300 with a moderate SMSI degree exhibits excellent HER performance,with an overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2).Also,due to the encapsulation role of TiN overlayer on Ru nanoparticles,it displays super long-term stability with a very slight potential change after 24 h.This study provides a deep insight into the influence of the SMSI effect between Ru and TiN on HER and offers a novel approach for preparing efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts through SMSI engineering.
基金China Scholarship Council,Grant/Award Number:201806950083Advanced Materials research program of the Zernike National Research CentreFaculty of Science and Engineering(FSE),University of Groningen。
文摘The development of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries is hindered by the disadvantages of shuttling of polysulfides and the sluggish redox kinetics of the conversion of sulfur species during discharge and charge.Herein,the crystallinities of a titanium nitride(TiN)film on copper-embedded carbon nanofibers(Cu-CNFs)are regulated and the nanofibers are used as interlayers to resolve the aforementioned crucial issues.A low-crystalline TiN-coated Cu-CNF(L-TiN-Cu-CNF)interlayer is compared with its highly crystalline counterpart(H-TiN-Cu-CNFs).It is demonstrated that the L-TiN coating not only strengthens the chemical adsorption toward polysulfides but also greatly accelerates the electrochemical conversion of polysulfides.Due to robust carbon frameworks and enhanced kinetics,impressive highrate performance at 2 C(913 mAh g^(-1)based on sulfur)as well as remarkable cyclic stability up to 300 cycles(626 mAh g^(-1))with capacity retention of 46.5%is realized for L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayer-configured Li-S batteries.Even under high loading(3.8 mg cm^(-2))of sulfur and relatively lean electrolyte(10μL electrolyte per milligram sulfur)conditions,the Li-S battery equipped with L-TiN-Cu-CNF interlayers delivers a high capacity of 1144 mAh g^(-1)with cathodic capacity of 4.25 mAh cm^(-2)at 0.1 C,providing a potential pathway toward the design of multifunctional interlayers for highly efficient Li-S batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51508055,51502277)Chongqing Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Xm2016020)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2016M602660)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2016jcyjA0154)Innovative Research Team of Chongqing(CXTDG201602014)~~
文摘We report a one‐pot surfactant‐free wet‐chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of palladium/titanium nitride(Pd/TiN)and Pd/carbon(Pd/C)composites,in which^5 nm Pd NPs were uniformly dispersed on TiN or C.In terms of catalytic performance,Pd/TiN showed enhanced efficiency and stability compared with those of Pd/C and bare TiN in the electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination(EHDC)reaction of 2,4‐dichlorophenol(2,4‐DCP)in aqueous solution.The superior performance of Pd/TiN arises from the promotion effect of TiN.Strong metal‐support interactions modified the electronic structure of Pd,which optimized generation of H*ads and 2,4‐DCP adsorption/activation.The cathode potential plays a vital role in controlling the EHDC efficiency and the product distribution.A working potential of?0.80 V was shown to be optimal for achieving the highest EHDC efficiency and maximizing conversion of 2,4‐DCP to phenol(P).Our studies of the reaction pathway show that EHDC of 2,4‐DCP on Pd/TiN proceeded by 2,4‐DCP→p‐chlorophenol(p‐CP),o‐chlorophenol(o‐CP)→P;however,Pd/TiN presented little selectivity for cleavage of p‐C‐Cl vs o‐C‐Cl.This work presents a new approach to enhancing Pd performance towards EHDC through the effects of a support.The strategy demonstrated here could also be extended to design highly efficient catalysts for other hydrogenation reactions.
文摘Titanium nitride thin films were deposited on silicon by high power impulse magnetron sputtering(HiPIMS)method at different frequencies(162-637 Hz)and pulse-on time(60-322μs).Response surface methodology(RSM)was employed to study the simultaneous effect of frequency and pulse-on time on the current waveforms and the crystallographic orientation,microstructure,and in particular,the deposition rate of titanium nitride at constant time and average power equal to 250 W.The crystallographic structure and morphology of deposited films were analyzed using XRD and FESEM,respectively.It is found that the deposition rate of HiPIMS samples is tremendously dependent on pulse-on time and frequency of pulses where the deposition rate changes from 4.5 to 14.5 nm/min.The regression equations and analyses of variance(ANOVA)reveal that the maximum deposition rate(equal to(17±0.8)nm/min)occurs when the frequency is 537 Hz and pulse-on time is 212μs.The experimental measurement of the deposition rate under this condition gives rise to the deposition rate of 16.7 nm/min that is in good agreement with the predicted value.
文摘The surface properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy coated with titanium nitride, TiN+TiC+Ti(C,N)/DLC (diamond like carbon), TiN/DLC and TiC/DLC films by plasma-based ion implantation (PBII) with nitrogen, PBII with nitrogen then acetylene, PBII with nitrogen then glow discharge deposition with acetylene plus hydrogen and PBII with acetylene then glow discharge deposition with acetylene plus hydrogen respectively were studied. The corresponding films are found getting dimmer, showing light gold or gold, smoky color (uneven), light red in black (uneven), and graphite black separately. The corresponding film resistivities are given. Antioxidation ability of the titanium nitride film is poor, while the existence of carbon (or carbide) improves the antioxidation ability of the films. Having undergone excellent intermediate transitional region of nitrogen and carbon implantation, the top DLC layer of the TiN+TiC+Ti(C,N)/DLC multilayer are formed after the carbon implantation has the best adhesion with the substrate among all the multilayers. Although microhardness of the samples increases in the order of coatings of titanium nitride, TiN/DLC, TiN+TiC+Ti(C,N)/DLC and TiC/DLC, the TiN/DLC and TiC/DLC multilayers have greater brittleness as compared with other films.
文摘Composite,diffusive titanium nitride layers formed on a titanium and aluminum sub-layer were produced on the AZ91D magnesium alloy.The layers were obtained using a hybrid method which combined the PVD processes with the final sealing by a hydrothermal treatment.The microstructure,resistance to corrosion,mechanical damage,and frictional wear of the layers were examined.The properties of the AZ91D alloy covered with these layers were compared with those of the untreated alloy and of some engineering materials such as 316L stainless steel,100Cr6 bearing steel,and the AZ91D alloy subjected to commercial anodizing.It has been found that the composite diffusive nitride layer produced on the AZ91D alloy and then sealed by the hydrothermal treatment ensures the corrosion resistance comparable with that of 316L stainless steel.The layers are characterized by higher electrochemical durability which is due to the surface being overbuilt with the titanium oxides formed,as shown by the XPS examinations,from titanium nitride during the hydrothermal treatment.The composite titanium nitride layers exhibit high resistance to mechanical damage and wear,including frictional wear which is comparable with that of 100Cr6 bearing steel.The performance properties of the AZ91D magnesium alloy covered with the composite titanium nitride coating are substantially superior to those of the alloy subjected to commercial anodizing which is the dominant technique employed in industrial practice.
基金supported by the Science and Technology of Henan Province in China(No.082300410050)the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talentsin Universities of Henan Province in China(Grant No.2008HASTIT008)
文摘The equilibrium lattice parameter, relative volume V/V0, elastic constants Cij, and bulk modulus of titanium nitride are successfully obtained using the ab initio planewave pseudopotential （PW-PP） method within the framework of density functional theory. The quasi-harmonic Debye model, using a set of total energy vs molar volume obtained with the PW-PP method, is applied to the study of the elastic properties and vibrational effects. We analyze the relationship between the bulk modulus and temperature up to 2000 K and obtain the relationship between bulk modulus B and pressure at different temperatures. It is found that the bulk modulus B increases monotonously with increasing pressure and decreases with increasing temperature. Moreover, the Debye temperature is determined from the non-equilibrium Gibbs functions.
基金Funded by Key Technologies Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province (No.2006Z02-17)
文摘Titanium nitride （TiN） nanoparticles were prepared from a novel refluxing-derived precursor.The organic/inorganic hybrid precursor was prepared by a two-stage refluxing method using hydrous TiO2 as titania source and n-dodecane as carbon source.The precursor was heat-treated to 1 200 °C in flowing ammonia （NH3） to get TiN nanoparticles.The phase and chemical compositions were investigated by means of XRD,Raman spectroscopy and XPS.Samples microstructure was studied by means of SEM,TEM and SEAD.XRD pattern indicated that the product was face-centered cubic TiN with a lattice constant a = 4.236 · and average crystallite sizes of 35.2 nm.Raman spectra indicated that long time refluxing results in Alkane dehydrogenation and the formation of coke on TiO2 nanoparticles.Oxygen presence in TiN lattice was confirmed by XPS investigation.The particle size that was showed by Electron microscopy photographs ranged from 20 to 60 nm.
基金Project(N N507 5898 38)supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center,Poland
文摘A diffusive titanium nitride layers were produced on AZ91 D magnesium alloy by a hybrid method which combines the titanium coating physical vapor deposition（PVD） with subsequent nitriding. The layers are composed of a thin surface zone of titanium nitrides and oxides, an intermediate titanium zone and Ti-Al-Mg type diffusive zone. Since the layers improve the corrosion resistance, the best corrosion resistance is obtained when the layers are produced on aluminum base sub-layer by oxynitriding.
文摘Catalysts of carbon monoxide oxidation were synthesized by deposition of platinum on titanium nitride (TiN). Two substrates with an average particle size of 18 and 36 nm were obtained by hydrogen reduction of titanium tetrachloride in a stream of microwave plasma of nitrogen. The surface of the catalysts was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The data obtained by us in the present work indicate the presence of oxynitride as a transition layer between nitride and oxide. It was found that the CO oxidation rate on the 9 - 15 wt.% Pt loaded TiN catalysts is 120 times higher than that on the platinum black with a specific surface of 30 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Increase in the reaction rate of CO oxidation on Pt/TiN catalysts as compared to platinum black can be associated with both an increase in the concentration of CO molecules adsorbed and a decrease in the activation energy of the reaction. Catalysts are promising for use in catalytic air purification systems.
文摘Objective:To study the characteristics of the intraocular lens using ion beam sputtering depositing titanium nitride thin film on the intraocular lens(IOLs).Methods:To deposite titanium nitride thin film on the top of intraocular lens by ion beam sputtering depositing.We analyzed the surface morphology of intraocular lens through SEM and AFM.We detected intraocular lens resolution through the measurement of intraocular lens.Biocompatibility of intraocular lens is preliminary evaluated in this test.Results:The surface morphology of intraocular lens material was not changed,and was in line with the requirements of smoothness.Resolution was in line with national requirements.Unmodified and modified IOLs's cytotoxicity were 1 and 0.6 grade respectively.Hemolytic rates of modified and unmodified were both less than 5%.Conclusion:Ion beam sputtering deposition of objects didn't only affect the surface morphology and the basic optical performance,but also can enhance the biocompatibility of intraocular lens.Ion beam sputtering deposition technique has provided new methods for the surface modification of IOLs and PMMA materials.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22305066 and U1704253).
文摘Simultaneous development of well impedance matching and strong loss capability has become a mainstream method for achieving outstanding electromagnetic microwave absorption(EMWA)performances over wide temperature range.However,it is difficult to pursue both due to the mutual restraint of relationship between impedance matching and loss capability about temperature.Here,we propose a flexible regulation engineering of titanium nitride(TiN)nanofibrous membranes(NMs,TNMs),which could be distributed uniformly in the polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)matrix and contributed to the formation of abundant local conductive networks,generating the local conductive loss and enhancing the loss ability of EMWs.Moreover,when the TNMs are used as functional units and dispersed in the matrix,the corresponding composites exhibit an outstanding anti-reflection effect on microwaves.As hoped,under the precondition of good impedance matching,local conductive loss and polarization loss together improve the loss capacity at room temperature,and polarization loss can compensate the local conductive loss to acquire effective dielectric response at elevated temperature.Benefiting from the reasonably synergistic loss ability caused by flexible regulation engineering,the corresponding composites exhibit the perfect EMWA performances in a wide temperature range from 298 to 573 K.This work not only elaborates the ponderable insights of independent membrane in the composition-structure-function connection,but also provides a feasible tactic for resolving coexistence of well impedance matching and strong loss capability issues in wide temperature spectrum.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22179064,91963119,21805140,51772157,21905141,22203046 and62174087)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2018M642287)+2 种基金Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral Research Grant Program (No.2018K156C)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)the Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays。
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have been regarded as promising energy-storage systems,due to their high theoretical capacity and energy density.However,the carbonaceous sulfur hosts suffer from weak binding force between the hosts and polysulfides,restricting the cyclic stability of sulfur electrode.Meantime,the presence of binder and conductive agent in the traditional electrode reduces its energy density.This study demonstrates that titanium nitride(TiN)nanorod array on carbon cloth(CC)is employed as a flexible host for highly stable Li-S batteries via solvothermal synthesis-nitridation strategy.On the one hand,the flexible integrated network composed of three-dimensional TiN nanorod array and CC significantly improves the conductivity,increases the electron transport and electrolyte penetration of cathode.On the other hand,the 3D structure of TiN/CC and the enhanced polarity of TiN effectively strengthen the physical and chemical double adsorption for polysulfides.As a result,the combination of TiN nanorod array and CC synergistic ally promotes sulfur utilization and electrochemical performances of S@TiN/CC cathode.A discharge capacity of1015.2 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.5C after 250 cycles and 604.1mAh·g^(-1)at 3C after 250 cycles is realized.Under a larger current density of 5C,the resulting S@TiN/CC cathode maintains a high discharge capacity of 666.6 mAh·g^(-1)and the Coulombic efficiency of about 100%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62075066)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(Nos.2019A1515012054)+1 种基金the Scientific and Technological Planning Project of Guangzhou City(No.201805010002)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.2019050001).
文摘Pulse microwave excite thermoacoustic(TA)shockwave to destroy tumor cells in situ.This has promising applications for precise tumor therapy in deep tissue.Nanoparticle(NP)with high microwave-acoustic conversion is the key to enhance the efficiency of therapy.In this study,we firstly developed defect-rich titanium nitride nanoparticles(TiN NPs)for pulse microwave excited thermoacoustic(MTA)therapy.Due to a large number of local structural defects and charge carriers,TiN NPs exhibit excellent electromagnetic absorption through the dual mechanisms of dielectric loss and resistive loss.With pulsed microwave irradiation,it efficiently converts the microwave energy into shockwave via thermocavitation effect,achieving localized mechanical damage of mitochondria in the tumor cell and yielding a precise antitumor effect.In addition to the therapeutic function,the NP-mediated TA process also generates images that provide valuable information,including tumor size,shape,and location for treatment planning and monitoring.The experimental results showed that the TiN NPs could be efficiently accumulated in the tumor via intravenous infusion.With the deep tissue penetration characteristics of microwave,the proposed TiN-mediated MTA therapy effectively and precisely cures tumors in deep tissue without any detectable side effects.The results indicated that defect-rich TiN NPs are promising candidates for tumor therapy.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21925110,21890750,21890754,21890751,and U1832168)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB36000000)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK5290000001)the Institute of Energy,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(21KZS213)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(1808085MB26)。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have become attractive energy storage devices,owing to their high energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the stability of the zinc-metal anode has been retarded by dendrites and side reactions during the cycling process,limiting its practical application in secondary batteries.In this work,porous titanium nitride(TiN)nanosheets with a high surface area are demonstrated as a multiplefunction anode coating to realize long-term dendrite-free AZIBs.The TiN nanosheets with the features of high specific surface area and metallic properties optimize electron conduction and zinc-ion flux,lowering the polarization on the electrode surface.In this way,the TiN-coated zinc electrodes exhibit a long cycle performance for more than 600 h without any dendrite formation.In addition,the full AZIB assembly based on the TiN-coated zinc electrode has a stable cycling performance for over 600 cycles with 97.04%capacity retention.This work expands applications of the inorganic porous materials as protective layers in high-energy battery systems.
基金the financial support provided by the Key Technology Development of Bearing Steel for Major Equipment of China(No.2012AA03A503)
文摘Titanium nitride precipitation on a primary inclusion particle during solidification of bearing steel has been tracked by varying temperature in a confocal scanning violet laser microscope.Upon precipitation,an obvious growth of titanium nitride on a primary inclusion particle was observed due to the rapid solute diffusion in liquid steel.The onset of titanium nitride precipitation did not change with primary inclusion particle size,but the time of growth was greater for a smaller primary inclusion particle.Meanwhile,the particle size displayed little influence on the total precipitated amount of titanium nitride on it under the same conditions.At the later period of solidification,almost no change occurred in inclusion size,but the inclusion shape varied from circle to almost square in two-dimension,or cubic in three-dimension,to attain the equilibrium with steel.
基金financially supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2016JL007 and ZR2014JL010)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21775078)。
文摘Because of its good stability and conductivity,titanium nitride(TiN)is considered to be a very promising alternative support for Pt catalyst;however,the preparation of TiN supports is still challenging.In this work,atomic layer deposition was facilely adopted to fabricate TiN nanoparticles onto carbon nanotubes(CNTs),and then the prepared TiN/CNTs hybrid was used as a support of Pt catalyst.The resulting TiN/CNTs-supported Pt nanoparticles(Pt@TiN/CNTs)nanocomposite showed higher catalytic activity and long-term stability toward the oxygen reduction reaction than the commercial Pt/C,which should be due to the high conductivity and high stability of TiN support,as well as the favorable Pt-TiN strong interaction.
文摘The effect of titanium on the as-cast structure and the growth form of titanium precipitates, and the effect of cooling rate on the size and distribution of titanium precipitates were studied. It is shown that Ti-rich precipitates acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites play an important role in refining the grain size and increasing the equiaxed grain ratio. Cooling rate has a great effect on the size and distribution of precipitates. The number of precipitates increases and the size decreases with the increase of cooling rate. Ti-rich particles acting as het- erogeneous nucleation sites at the onset of solidification are observed in the experiment. This result suggests that TiN nucleated on Ti2O3 is an effective inoculant for δ-ferrite during solidification in low carbon steel.
文摘To characterize the effects of alloying elements on inclusion dissolution of titanium nitride, the content profiles of elements around TiN/Ti boundary α phase regions in liquid titanium alloys have been experimentally carried out. Four kinds of commercial alloys of CpTi, Ti64, Ti17 and Ti6242 containing different α stabilizing or β stabilizing elements are examined through artificially embedding the TiN sponge particle into liquid alloys in VAR conditions. The content profiles of nitrogen and alloying elements around TiN/Ti boundary were measured by WDX and microprobe for as cast samples. The content profiles of nitrogen and alloying elements around N containing solid in α Ti region of these alloys show a common features of a steep change. In particular, the content profiles of elements for Ti6242 demonstrate unique change of a more gentle change tendency and further deeper into the alloy matrix. The experiment results show that, the differences among composite effects of alloying elements in different alloys within nitrogen induced diffusion α region result in different dissolution and diffusion behaviors to overcome the α phase region barriers.
文摘The characteristics of nitrided layers prepared on commercially pure titanium substrates by direct current nitrogen arc are presented by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） micrographs as well as X-ray diffraction （ XRD ）. The titanium nitride （ TiN ） dendrites were fully developed with interconnected cellular morphologies at the top surface but grew almost perpendicular to the integrace with coarser arms in the middle area. Also less TiN was found near the interface. The energy inputs had an obvious effect on the microstructures and the hardness of the nitrided layers. The maximum micro-hardness was 2 500 HV at the top surface which was over 9 times higher than that of the substrate.
