In this paper, the new organization for unit testing embedding pair-wise mode is proposed with the core thought focused on the cooperation of programmer and tester by “cross-testing”. The typical content of unit tes...In this paper, the new organization for unit testing embedding pair-wise mode is proposed with the core thought focused on the cooperation of programmer and tester by “cross-testing”. The typical content of unit testing for the new organizing mode should have three aspects, including self-checking, cross-testing and independent-testing. For cross-testing, executing “pair-wise” mode, mainly tackles data testing, function testing and state testing, which function testing must be done by details and state testing must be considered for completeness. With the specializing of independent-testing, it should be taken as more rigid testing without arbitrariness. Consequently, strategy and measure are addressed for data testing focusing on boundary testing and function/state testing. And organizing method of procedure and key points of tackling unit testing are investigated for the new organizing mode. In order to assess the validity of our study and approach, a series of actual examples are demonstrated for GUI software. The result indicates that the execution of unit testing for the new organizing mode is effective and applicable.展开更多
Both unit and integration testing are incredibly crucial for almost any software application because each of them operates a distinct process to examine the product.Due to resource constraints,when software is subject...Both unit and integration testing are incredibly crucial for almost any software application because each of them operates a distinct process to examine the product.Due to resource constraints,when software is subjected to modifications,the drastic increase in the count of test cases forces the testers to opt for a test optimization strategy.One such strategy is test case prioritization(TCP).Existing works have propounded various methodologies that re-order the system-level test cases intending to boost either the fault detection capabilities or the coverage efficacy at the earliest.Nonetheless,singularity in objective functions and the lack of dissimilitude among the re-ordered test sequences have degraded the cogency of their approaches.Considering such gaps and scenarios when the meteoric and continuous updations in the software make the intensive unit and integration testing process more fragile,this study has introduced a memetics-inspired methodology for TCP.The proposed structure is first embedded with diverse parameters,and then traditional steps of the shuffled-frog-leaping approach(SFLA)are followed to prioritize the test cases at unit and integration levels.On 5 standard test functions,a comparative analysis is conducted between the established algorithms and the proposed approach,where the latter enhances the coverage rate and fault detection of re-ordered test sets.Investigation results related to the mean average percentage of fault detection(APFD)confirmed that the proposed approach exceeds the memetic,basic multi-walk,PSO,and optimized multi-walk by 21.7%,13.99%,12.24%,and 11.51%,respectively.展开更多
The tide level displays information about the state of the sea current and the tidal motion. The tide level of the southern coast of Japan Island is affected strongly by Kuroshio Current flowing in the western part of...The tide level displays information about the state of the sea current and the tidal motion. The tide level of the southern coast of Japan Island is affected strongly by Kuroshio Current flowing in the western part of North Pacific Ocean. When Kuroshio takes the straight path and flow along the Japan Islands, the tide level increases, and it is calculated from two tide level data observed at Kushimoto and Uragami in the southern part of Kii Peninsula. In contrast, the tide level decreases at the time when Kuroshio leaves from the Japan Islands. In this paper, the hourly tidal data are analyzed using the Autocorrelation Function (ACF) and the Mutual Information (MI) and the phase trajectories at first. We classify the results into 5 types of tidal motion. Each categorized type is investigated and characterized precisely using the mean tide level and the unit root test (ADF test) next. The frequency of the type having unstable tidal motion increases when the Kuroshio Current is non-meandering or in a transition state or the tide level is high, and the type shows a non-stationary process. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio Current meanders, the tidal motion tends to take a periodical and stable state and the motion is a stationary process. Though it is not frequent, we also discover a type of stationary and irregular tidal motion.展开更多
Banking is an essential sector of Palestine’s economy.More credits provided by banks are considered to have a positive impact on economic growth so that the overall objective of this study is to examine the impact of...Banking is an essential sector of Palestine’s economy.More credits provided by banks are considered to have a positive impact on economic growth so that the overall objective of this study is to examine the impact of bank lending on economic growth in Palestine.The study employs the Augmented Dickey-Fuller to test for stationarity in the time series,The Johansen co-integration,Vector Autoregressive Model and Vector Error Correction Model are employed to identify the long-run and short-run dynamics among the variables,and Granger causality test in order to determine the direction of causality.The study finds that a long run relationship exists among the variables and insignificant short run relationship.Also,the study findings show that there is unidirectional causality and runs from GDP to bank lending.The insignificant contribution of bank lending to GDP is attributed to the fact that banks are not highly interested in lending to the production sector of the economy due to the high level of risk.However,the primary empirical evidence reveals that bank lending doesn’t cause economic growth,but economic growth causes bank lending.展开更多
We used panel data analysis to evaluate the relative purchasing power parity(PPP)hypothesis of the ten ASEAN member countries between 1973 and 2015.We incorporated the cross-sectionally augmented panel unit root test ...We used panel data analysis to evaluate the relative purchasing power parity(PPP)hypothesis of the ten ASEAN member countries between 1973 and 2015.We incorporated the cross-sectionally augmented panel unit root test as proposed by Pesaran(J Appl Econ 22:265-312,2007).For panel cointegration analysis,we employed the four error-correction-based Westerlund(Oxf Bull Econ Stat 69:709-748,2007)panel cointegration tests.The Westerlund(Oxf Bull Econ Stat 69:709-748,2007)tests are general enough to permit a large degree of heterogeneity,both in the long-run cointegrating relationship and in the short-run dynamics,and dependence within as well as across the cross-sectional units.To check the robustness of the results,we further estimated the cointegration test excluding Indonesia and Brunei.The findings support our initial results.Further,all the results overwhelmingly support the relative PPP hypothesis.Consequently,the monetary authority would be able to implement a self-regulating monetary policy.It would also be able to control the exchange rates.展开更多
Accelerated life testing(ALT)has been widely used to obtain information about the product's life characteristics at normal conditions in a relatively short period of time.Two key issues with ALT are test design an...Accelerated life testing(ALT)has been widely used to obtain information about the product's life characteristics at normal conditions in a relatively short period of time.Two key issues with ALT are test design and data analysis.The test design of constant stress ALT was studied in this paper.The test design usually combines engineering experiences with optimization models.Such approaches are hard to be implemented by practitioners.A"pure"empirical approach was presented to address this issue.With the proposed approach,some of the decision variables are determined based on the results from the literature,some of the other variables are determined based on engineering analysis and /or judgment,and the remaining variables are determined based on the empirical relations developed in this paper.A real-world example is included to illustrate the appropriateness of the proposed approach.展开更多
Black tea and green tea are the most important tea in the world.In this paper we analyze the relationship of the world green price and black tea price.The results show that:in the world tea markets,the world black tea...Black tea and green tea are the most important tea in the world.In this paper we analyze the relationship of the world green price and black tea price.The results show that:in the world tea markets,the world black tea price and the world green tea price have no co-integration,independent of the curve segmentation.In the major green tea countries,there are co-integration relationships between China and Japan,China and Brazil,Japan and Brazil,while Vietnam has a first-order stationary sequence.In the major black tea countries,Sri Lanka and India have no co-integration,Sri Lanka and Indonesia no co-integration,India and Indonesia no co-integration,Sri Lanka and Kenya have co-integration,India and Kenya have co-integration,Kenya and Indonesia have co-integration.展开更多
A great deal of economic problems are related to detecting the stability of time series data,where the main interest is in the unit root test.In this paper,we consider the unit root testing problem with errors being l...A great deal of economic problems are related to detecting the stability of time series data,where the main interest is in the unit root test.In this paper,we consider the unit root testing problem with errors being long-memory processes with the LARCH structure.A new test statistic is developed by using the random weighted bootstrap method.It turns out that the proposed statistic has a chisquared distribution asymptotically regardless of the process being stationary or nonst at ionary,and with or without an intercept term.The simulation results show that the statistic has a desired finite sample performance in terms of both size and power.A real data application is also given relying on the inflation rate data of 17 countries.展开更多
Objective To analyze the scale of domestic OTC drug market and its influencing factors,so as to predict its future market and provide a scientific basis for pharmaceutical enterprises to grasp the opportunities in the...Objective To analyze the scale of domestic OTC drug market and its influencing factors,so as to predict its future market and provide a scientific basis for pharmaceutical enterprises to grasp the opportunities in the market.Methods The scale of OTC drug market from 1999 to 2018 in China and its influencing factors were analyzed by unit root test,Granger causality test and co-integration test.Results and Conclusion From the perspective of the global pharmaceutical market,OTC drug market has broad prospects and great development potential.Since the influence of GDP and the number of elderly populations on the scale of OTC drug market is positive,the predicted growth rate of OTC market in the next three years is 5.82%,5.86%and 5.90%,respectively.展开更多
文摘In this paper, the new organization for unit testing embedding pair-wise mode is proposed with the core thought focused on the cooperation of programmer and tester by “cross-testing”. The typical content of unit testing for the new organizing mode should have three aspects, including self-checking, cross-testing and independent-testing. For cross-testing, executing “pair-wise” mode, mainly tackles data testing, function testing and state testing, which function testing must be done by details and state testing must be considered for completeness. With the specializing of independent-testing, it should be taken as more rigid testing without arbitrariness. Consequently, strategy and measure are addressed for data testing focusing on boundary testing and function/state testing. And organizing method of procedure and key points of tackling unit testing are investigated for the new organizing mode. In order to assess the validity of our study and approach, a series of actual examples are demonstrated for GUI software. The result indicates that the execution of unit testing for the new organizing mode is effective and applicable.
文摘Both unit and integration testing are incredibly crucial for almost any software application because each of them operates a distinct process to examine the product.Due to resource constraints,when software is subjected to modifications,the drastic increase in the count of test cases forces the testers to opt for a test optimization strategy.One such strategy is test case prioritization(TCP).Existing works have propounded various methodologies that re-order the system-level test cases intending to boost either the fault detection capabilities or the coverage efficacy at the earliest.Nonetheless,singularity in objective functions and the lack of dissimilitude among the re-ordered test sequences have degraded the cogency of their approaches.Considering such gaps and scenarios when the meteoric and continuous updations in the software make the intensive unit and integration testing process more fragile,this study has introduced a memetics-inspired methodology for TCP.The proposed structure is first embedded with diverse parameters,and then traditional steps of the shuffled-frog-leaping approach(SFLA)are followed to prioritize the test cases at unit and integration levels.On 5 standard test functions,a comparative analysis is conducted between the established algorithms and the proposed approach,where the latter enhances the coverage rate and fault detection of re-ordered test sets.Investigation results related to the mean average percentage of fault detection(APFD)confirmed that the proposed approach exceeds the memetic,basic multi-walk,PSO,and optimized multi-walk by 21.7%,13.99%,12.24%,and 11.51%,respectively.
文摘The tide level displays information about the state of the sea current and the tidal motion. The tide level of the southern coast of Japan Island is affected strongly by Kuroshio Current flowing in the western part of North Pacific Ocean. When Kuroshio takes the straight path and flow along the Japan Islands, the tide level increases, and it is calculated from two tide level data observed at Kushimoto and Uragami in the southern part of Kii Peninsula. In contrast, the tide level decreases at the time when Kuroshio leaves from the Japan Islands. In this paper, the hourly tidal data are analyzed using the Autocorrelation Function (ACF) and the Mutual Information (MI) and the phase trajectories at first. We classify the results into 5 types of tidal motion. Each categorized type is investigated and characterized precisely using the mean tide level and the unit root test (ADF test) next. The frequency of the type having unstable tidal motion increases when the Kuroshio Current is non-meandering or in a transition state or the tide level is high, and the type shows a non-stationary process. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio Current meanders, the tidal motion tends to take a periodical and stable state and the motion is a stationary process. Though it is not frequent, we also discover a type of stationary and irregular tidal motion.
文摘Banking is an essential sector of Palestine’s economy.More credits provided by banks are considered to have a positive impact on economic growth so that the overall objective of this study is to examine the impact of bank lending on economic growth in Palestine.The study employs the Augmented Dickey-Fuller to test for stationarity in the time series,The Johansen co-integration,Vector Autoregressive Model and Vector Error Correction Model are employed to identify the long-run and short-run dynamics among the variables,and Granger causality test in order to determine the direction of causality.The study finds that a long run relationship exists among the variables and insignificant short run relationship.Also,the study findings show that there is unidirectional causality and runs from GDP to bank lending.The insignificant contribution of bank lending to GDP is attributed to the fact that banks are not highly interested in lending to the production sector of the economy due to the high level of risk.However,the primary empirical evidence reveals that bank lending doesn’t cause economic growth,but economic growth causes bank lending.
基金We do not receive any financial assistance from any agency.All the cost associated with preparing article bear by authors solely.
文摘We used panel data analysis to evaluate the relative purchasing power parity(PPP)hypothesis of the ten ASEAN member countries between 1973 and 2015.We incorporated the cross-sectionally augmented panel unit root test as proposed by Pesaran(J Appl Econ 22:265-312,2007).For panel cointegration analysis,we employed the four error-correction-based Westerlund(Oxf Bull Econ Stat 69:709-748,2007)panel cointegration tests.The Westerlund(Oxf Bull Econ Stat 69:709-748,2007)tests are general enough to permit a large degree of heterogeneity,both in the long-run cointegrating relationship and in the short-run dynamics,and dependence within as well as across the cross-sectional units.To check the robustness of the results,we further estimated the cointegration test excluding Indonesia and Brunei.The findings support our initial results.Further,all the results overwhelmingly support the relative PPP hypothesis.Consequently,the monetary authority would be able to implement a self-regulating monetary policy.It would also be able to control the exchange rates.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71371035)
文摘Accelerated life testing(ALT)has been widely used to obtain information about the product's life characteristics at normal conditions in a relatively short period of time.Two key issues with ALT are test design and data analysis.The test design of constant stress ALT was studied in this paper.The test design usually combines engineering experiences with optimization models.Such approaches are hard to be implemented by practitioners.A"pure"empirical approach was presented to address this issue.With the proposed approach,some of the decision variables are determined based on the results from the literature,some of the other variables are determined based on engineering analysis and /or judgment,and the remaining variables are determined based on the empirical relations developed in this paper.A real-world example is included to illustrate the appropriateness of the proposed approach.
文摘Black tea and green tea are the most important tea in the world.In this paper we analyze the relationship of the world green price and black tea price.The results show that:in the world tea markets,the world black tea price and the world green tea price have no co-integration,independent of the curve segmentation.In the major green tea countries,there are co-integration relationships between China and Japan,China and Brazil,Japan and Brazil,while Vietnam has a first-order stationary sequence.In the major black tea countries,Sri Lanka and India have no co-integration,Sri Lanka and Indonesia no co-integration,India and Indonesia no co-integration,Sri Lanka and Kenya have co-integration,India and Kenya have co-integration,Kenya and Indonesia have co-integration.
基金supported by the NNSF of China(Grant Nos.11971208 and 11601197)the NNSF of China(Grant No.61973145)+5 种基金the Outstanding Youth Fund Project of the Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20224ACB211003)supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.GJJ200545)the Postgraduate Innovation Project of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.YC2021–B124)NSSF of China(Grant No.21BTJ035)supported by the National Major Social Science Project of China(Grant No.21&ZD152)Natural Science Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Grant No.jxsq2023201048)。
文摘A great deal of economic problems are related to detecting the stability of time series data,where the main interest is in the unit root test.In this paper,we consider the unit root testing problem with errors being long-memory processes with the LARCH structure.A new test statistic is developed by using the random weighted bootstrap method.It turns out that the proposed statistic has a chisquared distribution asymptotically regardless of the process being stationary or nonst at ionary,and with or without an intercept term.The simulation results show that the statistic has a desired finite sample performance in terms of both size and power.A real data application is also given relying on the inflation rate data of 17 countries.
文摘Objective To analyze the scale of domestic OTC drug market and its influencing factors,so as to predict its future market and provide a scientific basis for pharmaceutical enterprises to grasp the opportunities in the market.Methods The scale of OTC drug market from 1999 to 2018 in China and its influencing factors were analyzed by unit root test,Granger causality test and co-integration test.Results and Conclusion From the perspective of the global pharmaceutical market,OTC drug market has broad prospects and great development potential.Since the influence of GDP and the number of elderly populations on the scale of OTC drug market is positive,the predicted growth rate of OTC market in the next three years is 5.82%,5.86%and 5.90%,respectively.
