The Urban Commune of Maradi in Niger experienced increasingly frequent flooding following rainy episodes generating volumes and water flows that are difficult to control in recent years. This study aims to determine t...The Urban Commune of Maradi in Niger experienced increasingly frequent flooding following rainy episodes generating volumes and water flows that are difficult to control in recent years. This study aims to determine the impacts of runoff water in Commune II of Maradi City and to assess the role of urban planning in runoff management, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of urban sanitation in Maradi. The methodological approach used consisted of: 1) an interpretation of documentary data, 2) gathering information on runoff at several sites in the study area, and 3) interviews and questionnaires with local communities. This approach made it possible to understand the degree of vulnerability of the populations to flooding and then to propose sustainable solutions to reduce the vulnerability of the affected populations, through the implementation of effective urban rainwater management practices (USWMP). The results show that the impacts of runoff are mainly related to the lack of adequate storm water drainage networks in the area, but also to the nature of the habitats. Geomorphological factors such as the nature of the soil, the slope of the terrain and the altitude increase the degree of risk. In addition, the inadequacy and dilapidation of the drainage systems of the canals and above all the anarchic occupation of the land linked to accelerated urbanization are the cause of flooding by stagnation of rainwater. A phenomenon now linked to numerous deteriorations of urban equipment, the runoff of rainwater in the city of Maradi carries so many pollutants that municipalities, businesses and individuals should put in place pollution prevention measures.展开更多
The pollutants in urban storm runoff,which lead to an non-point source contamination of water environment around cities,are of great concerns.The distributions of typical contaminants and the variations of their speci...The pollutants in urban storm runoff,which lead to an non-point source contamination of water environment around cities,are of great concerns.The distributions of typical contaminants and the variations of their species in short term storm runoff from different land surfaces in Xiamen City were investigated.The concentrations of various contaminants,including organic matter,nutrients(i.e.,N and P) and heavy metals,were significantly higher in parking lot and road runoff than those in roof and lawn runoff.The early runoff samples from traffic road and parking lot contained much high total nitrogen(TN 6-19 mg/L) and total phosphorus(TP 1-3 mg/L).A large proportion(around 60%) of TN existed as total dissolved nitrogen(TDN) species in most runoff.The percentage of TDN and the percentage of total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively stable during the rain events and did not decrease as dramatically as TN and TP.In addition,only parking lot and road runoff were contaminated by heavy metals,and both Pb(25-120 μg/L) and Zn(0.1-1.2 mg/L) were major heavy metals contaminating both runoff.Soluble Pb and Zn were predominantly existed as labile complex species(50%-99%),which may be adsorbed onto the surfaces of suspended particles and could be easily released out when pH decreased.This would have the great impact to the environment.展开更多
Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs).Pollutant loads could also be calculated...Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs).Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall,catchment area and runoff coefficient.In this study,runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables.The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads.Overall,the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs;perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.展开更多
Dissolved organic matter(DOM)plays a major role in ecological systems and influences the fate and transportation of many pollutants.Despite the significance of DOM,understanding of how environmental and anthropogenic ...Dissolved organic matter(DOM)plays a major role in ecological systems and influences the fate and transportation of many pollutants.Despite the significance of DOM,understanding of how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence its composition and characteristics is limited,especially in urban stormwater runoff.In this article,the chemical properties(pollutant loads,molecular weight,aromaticity,sources,and molecular composition)of DOM in stormwater extracted from three typical end-members(traffic,residential,and campus regions)were characterized by UV–visible(UV–vis)spectroscopy,excitationemission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC),and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS).There are three findings:(1)The basic properties of DOM in stormwater runoff varied obviously from three urban fields,and the effect of initial flush was also apparent.(2)The DOM in residential areas mainly came from autochthonous sources,while allochthonous sources primarily contributed to the DOM in traffic and campus areas.However,it was mainly composed of terrestrial humic-like components with CHO and CHON element composition and HULO and aliphatic formulas.(3)The parameters characterizing DOM were primarily related to terrestrial source and aromaticity,but their correlations varied.Through the combination of optical methods and UPLC-Q-TOF spectrometry,the optical and molecular characteristics of rainwater are effectively revealed,which may provide a solid foundation for the classification management of stormwater runoff in different urban regions.展开更多
Urbanization is the dominant form of land-use change in terms of impacts on water quality, hydrology, physical proper- ties of watersheds and their nonpoint source (NPS) pollution po- tential at present. Urbanization ...Urbanization is the dominant form of land-use change in terms of impacts on water quality, hydrology, physical proper- ties of watersheds and their nonpoint source (NPS) pollution po- tential at present. Urbanization has changed the source, process and sink of urban NPS pollution, especially raised the pollution load of urban runoff NPS in receiving water. Urban runoff pollu- tion is a hot spot of research on NPS. This paper analyzed type, source and harm of the NPS pollutants of urban runoff and its influence on the receiving water. Through estimating NPS pollu- tion load of urban runoff and summarizing the law and character- istics of urban runoff NPS systemically, study on management and control of urban runoff NPS pollution was focused on the applica- tion of BMPs (best management practices). It is a fresh method- ology that management and control on NPS pollution from urban surface runoff was analyzed by methods of landscape ecology, environmental economics and environmental management. The paper provided a scientific reference for mitigating urban water environment pressure and an effective method for management and control of NPS pollution from urban surface runoff..展开更多
Runoff coefficient is an important parameter for the decision support of urban stormwater management. However, factors like comprehensive land-use type, variable spatial elevation, dynamic rainfall and groundwater ele...Runoff coefficient is an important parameter for the decision support of urban stormwater management. However, factors like comprehensive land-use type, variable spatial elevation, dynamic rainfall and groundwater elevation, make the direct estimation of runoff coefficient difficult. This paper presented a novel method to estimate the urban runoff coefficient using the inverse method, where observed time-series catchment outfall flow volume was employed as input for the water balance model and runoff coefficients of different catchments were treated as unknown parameters. A developed constrained minimization objective function was combined to solve the model and minimized error between observed and modeled outfall flow is satisfactory for the presenting of a set of runoff coefficients. Estimated runoff coefficients for the urban catchments in Shanghai downtown area demonstrated that practice of low impact design could play an important role in reducing the urban runoff.展开更多
Urban development generally leads to an increase in impervious cover resulting in a greater volume of surface runoff following storm activity. However, the type of urban development in place strongly controls the degr...Urban development generally leads to an increase in impervious cover resulting in a greater volume of surface runoff following storm activity. However, the type of urban development in place strongly controls the degree of impervious cover generated. Traditional neighborhood designs focus on a medium-to-low urban density spread over larger areas, while new urbanist neighborhood designs incorporate more diversity by increasing urban density across smaller areas. The purpose of this study is to model and compare the potential surface runoff for two urban neighborhoods in Austin, Texas-Circle C Ranch, a traditional neighborhood design, and Mueller, a new urbanist development for a 10-year 24-hour storm scenario. Potential surface runoff was calculated by layering various geospatial datasets representing the physical characteristics of both study sites within the Watershed Modeling System (WMS) to configure the HEC-HMS runoff model. Results initially imply that the higher density new urbanist neighborhood significantly increases total and peak storm runoff compared to the traditional neighborhood. However, a greater number of residential units are available at Mueller over the same area as Circle C Ranch. When taking this into account the increased potential surface runoff is negated at the new urbanist site. Although new urbanist neighborhoods will usually contain more residential units than traditional developments when compared at the same scale, the higher urban density associated with these neighborhoods demand the development of more effective stormwater retention systems to cope with a potential increase in surface runoff.展开更多
In this study, laboratory rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the regulatory effects of grass coverage on rainfallrunoff processes. A total of 80 grass blocks planted with well-grown manilagr...In this study, laboratory rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the regulatory effects of grass coverage on rainfallrunoff processes. A total of 80 grass blocks planted with well-grown manilagrass, together with their root systems, were sampled from an eastern suburban area of Xi'an City in the northwest arid area of China and sent to a laboratory for rainfall simulation experiments. The runoff and infiltration processes of a slope with different grass coverage ratios and vegetation patterns were analyzed. The results show that the runoff coefficient decreases with the increase of the grass coverage ratio, and the influence of grass coverage on the reduction of runoff shows a high degree of spatial variation. At a constant grass coverage ratio, as the area of grass coverage moves downward, the runoff coefficient, total runoff,and flood peak discharge gradually decrease, and the flood peak occurs later. With the increase of the grass coverage ratio, the flood peak discharge gradually decreases, and the flood peak occurs later as well. In conclusion, a high grass coverage ratio with the area of grass coverage located at the lower part of the slope will lead to satisfactory regulatory effects on rainfall-induced runoff.展开更多
文摘The Urban Commune of Maradi in Niger experienced increasingly frequent flooding following rainy episodes generating volumes and water flows that are difficult to control in recent years. This study aims to determine the impacts of runoff water in Commune II of Maradi City and to assess the role of urban planning in runoff management, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of urban sanitation in Maradi. The methodological approach used consisted of: 1) an interpretation of documentary data, 2) gathering information on runoff at several sites in the study area, and 3) interviews and questionnaires with local communities. This approach made it possible to understand the degree of vulnerability of the populations to flooding and then to propose sustainable solutions to reduce the vulnerability of the affected populations, through the implementation of effective urban rainwater management practices (USWMP). The results show that the impacts of runoff are mainly related to the lack of adequate storm water drainage networks in the area, but also to the nature of the habitats. Geomorphological factors such as the nature of the soil, the slope of the terrain and the altitude increase the degree of risk. In addition, the inadequacy and dilapidation of the drainage systems of the canals and above all the anarchic occupation of the land linked to accelerated urbanization are the cause of flooding by stagnation of rainwater. A phenomenon now linked to numerous deteriorations of urban equipment, the runoff of rainwater in the city of Maradi carries so many pollutants that municipalities, businesses and individuals should put in place pollution prevention measures.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences for Young Scientists in Frontier Research (No.07l4161b10)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20807033)
文摘The pollutants in urban storm runoff,which lead to an non-point source contamination of water environment around cities,are of great concerns.The distributions of typical contaminants and the variations of their species in short term storm runoff from different land surfaces in Xiamen City were investigated.The concentrations of various contaminants,including organic matter,nutrients(i.e.,N and P) and heavy metals,were significantly higher in parking lot and road runoff than those in roof and lawn runoff.The early runoff samples from traffic road and parking lot contained much high total nitrogen(TN 6-19 mg/L) and total phosphorus(TP 1-3 mg/L).A large proportion(around 60%) of TN existed as total dissolved nitrogen(TDN) species in most runoff.The percentage of TDN and the percentage of total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively stable during the rain events and did not decrease as dramatically as TN and TP.In addition,only parking lot and road runoff were contaminated by heavy metals,and both Pb(25-120 μg/L) and Zn(0.1-1.2 mg/L) were major heavy metals contaminating both runoff.Soluble Pb and Zn were predominantly existed as labile complex species(50%-99%),which may be adsorbed onto the surfaces of suspended particles and could be easily released out when pH decreased.This would have the great impact to the environment.
基金provided by the Korean Ministry of Environment and Eco Star Project
文摘Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs).Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall,catchment area and runoff coefficient.In this study,runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables.The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads.Overall,the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs;perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51778451)the 111 Project(No.B13017)the Academic Capability Improvement Project(No.0400219422)of Tongji University。
文摘Dissolved organic matter(DOM)plays a major role in ecological systems and influences the fate and transportation of many pollutants.Despite the significance of DOM,understanding of how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence its composition and characteristics is limited,especially in urban stormwater runoff.In this article,the chemical properties(pollutant loads,molecular weight,aromaticity,sources,and molecular composition)of DOM in stormwater extracted from three typical end-members(traffic,residential,and campus regions)were characterized by UV–visible(UV–vis)spectroscopy,excitationemission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC),and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS).There are three findings:(1)The basic properties of DOM in stormwater runoff varied obviously from three urban fields,and the effect of initial flush was also apparent.(2)The DOM in residential areas mainly came from autochthonous sources,while allochthonous sources primarily contributed to the DOM in traffic and campus areas.However,it was mainly composed of terrestrial humic-like components with CHO and CHON element composition and HULO and aliphatic formulas.(3)The parameters characterizing DOM were primarily related to terrestrial source and aromaticity,but their correlations varied.Through the combination of optical methods and UPLC-Q-TOF spectrometry,the optical and molecular characteristics of rainwater are effectively revealed,which may provide a solid foundation for the classification management of stormwater runoff in different urban regions.
基金Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 40576024).
文摘Urbanization is the dominant form of land-use change in terms of impacts on water quality, hydrology, physical proper- ties of watersheds and their nonpoint source (NPS) pollution po- tential at present. Urbanization has changed the source, process and sink of urban NPS pollution, especially raised the pollution load of urban runoff NPS in receiving water. Urban runoff pollu- tion is a hot spot of research on NPS. This paper analyzed type, source and harm of the NPS pollutants of urban runoff and its influence on the receiving water. Through estimating NPS pollu- tion load of urban runoff and summarizing the law and character- istics of urban runoff NPS systemically, study on management and control of urban runoff NPS pollution was focused on the applica- tion of BMPs (best management practices). It is a fresh method- ology that management and control on NPS pollution from urban surface runoff was analyzed by methods of landscape ecology, environmental economics and environmental management. The paper provided a scientific reference for mitigating urban water environment pressure and an effective method for management and control of NPS pollution from urban surface runoff..
基金Project supported by the China’s Major Science and Technology Program on Water Bodies Pollution Control and Treatment(Grant No.2013ZX07304-002)
文摘Runoff coefficient is an important parameter for the decision support of urban stormwater management. However, factors like comprehensive land-use type, variable spatial elevation, dynamic rainfall and groundwater elevation, make the direct estimation of runoff coefficient difficult. This paper presented a novel method to estimate the urban runoff coefficient using the inverse method, where observed time-series catchment outfall flow volume was employed as input for the water balance model and runoff coefficients of different catchments were treated as unknown parameters. A developed constrained minimization objective function was combined to solve the model and minimized error between observed and modeled outfall flow is satisfactory for the presenting of a set of runoff coefficients. Estimated runoff coefficients for the urban catchments in Shanghai downtown area demonstrated that practice of low impact design could play an important role in reducing the urban runoff.
文摘Urban development generally leads to an increase in impervious cover resulting in a greater volume of surface runoff following storm activity. However, the type of urban development in place strongly controls the degree of impervious cover generated. Traditional neighborhood designs focus on a medium-to-low urban density spread over larger areas, while new urbanist neighborhood designs incorporate more diversity by increasing urban density across smaller areas. The purpose of this study is to model and compare the potential surface runoff for two urban neighborhoods in Austin, Texas-Circle C Ranch, a traditional neighborhood design, and Mueller, a new urbanist development for a 10-year 24-hour storm scenario. Potential surface runoff was calculated by layering various geospatial datasets representing the physical characteristics of both study sites within the Watershed Modeling System (WMS) to configure the HEC-HMS runoff model. Results initially imply that the higher density new urbanist neighborhood significantly increases total and peak storm runoff compared to the traditional neighborhood. However, a greater number of residential units are available at Mueller over the same area as Circle C Ranch. When taking this into account the increased potential surface runoff is negated at the new urbanist site. Although new urbanist neighborhoods will usually contain more residential units than traditional developments when compared at the same scale, the higher urban density associated with these neighborhoods demand the development of more effective stormwater retention systems to cope with a potential increase in surface runoff.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51609196)
文摘In this study, laboratory rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the regulatory effects of grass coverage on rainfallrunoff processes. A total of 80 grass blocks planted with well-grown manilagrass, together with their root systems, were sampled from an eastern suburban area of Xi'an City in the northwest arid area of China and sent to a laboratory for rainfall simulation experiments. The runoff and infiltration processes of a slope with different grass coverage ratios and vegetation patterns were analyzed. The results show that the runoff coefficient decreases with the increase of the grass coverage ratio, and the influence of grass coverage on the reduction of runoff shows a high degree of spatial variation. At a constant grass coverage ratio, as the area of grass coverage moves downward, the runoff coefficient, total runoff,and flood peak discharge gradually decrease, and the flood peak occurs later. With the increase of the grass coverage ratio, the flood peak discharge gradually decreases, and the flood peak occurs later as well. In conclusion, a high grass coverage ratio with the area of grass coverage located at the lower part of the slope will lead to satisfactory regulatory effects on rainfall-induced runoff.
